1、0外文文献翻译原文CORPORATEGOVERNANCEANDINTERNALCONTROLOVERFINANCIALREPORTINGACOMPARISONOFREGULATORYREGIMESUDIHOITASHRANIHOITASHJEANCBEDARDTHISSTUDYEXAMINESTHEASSOCIATIONBETWEENCORPORATEGOVERNANCEANDDISCLOSURESOFMATERIALWEAKNESSESMWININTERNALCONTROLOVERFINANCIALREPORTINGWESTUDYTHISASSOCIATIONUSINGMWREPORTEDU
2、NDERSARBANESOXLEYSECTIONS302AND404,DERIVINGDATAONAUDITCOMMITTEEFINANCIALEXPERTISEFROMAUTOMATEDPARSINGOFMEMBERQUALIFICATIONSFROMTHEIRBIOGRAPHIESWEFINDTHATALOWERLIKELIHOODOFDISCLOSINGSECTION404MWISASSOCIATEDWITHRELATIVELYMOREAUDITCOMMITTEEMEMBERSHAVINGACCOUNTINGANDSUPERVISORYEXPERIENCE,ASWELLASBOARDST
3、RENGTHFURTHER,THENATUREOFMWVARIESWITHTHETYPEOFEXPERIENCEHOWEVER,THESEASSOCIATIONSARENOTDETECTABLEUSINGSECTION302REPORTSWEALSOFINDTHATMWDISCLOSUREISASSOCIATEDWITHDESIGNATINGAFINANCIALEXPERTWITHOUTACCOUNTINGEXPERIENCE,ORDESIGNATINGMULTIPLEFINANCIALEXPERTSWECONCLUDETHATBOARDANDAUDITCOMMITTEECHARACTERIS
4、TICSAREASSOCIATEDWITHINTERNALCONTROLQUALITYHOWEVER,THISASSOCIATIONISONLYOBSERVABLEUNDERTHEMORESTRINGENTREQUIREMENTSOFSECTION404OURPREVIOUSANALYSISSHOWSTHATAUDITCOMMITTEECOMPOSITIONMATTERSAMONGACCELERATEDFILERSINTHESECTION404REGIMEESSENTIALLY,THATANALYSISCONSIDERSTHEQUALIFICATIONSOFALLINDIVIDUALSWITH
5、ASEATATTHETABLEWHILETHESECINITIALLYCONSIDEREDREQUIRINGDISCLOSURESOFQUALIFICATIONSONALLAUDITCOMMITTEEMEMBERS,THEFINALPOLICYTHATIMPLEMENTSSECTION407OFSOXREQUIRESIDENTIFICATIONOFATLEASTONEINDIVIDUALAUDITCOMMITTEEMEMBERASTHEDESIGNATEDFINANCIALEXPERTORANEXPLANATIONASTOWHYNOONEISSODESIGNATEDWENOWBUILDONTH
6、ETABLE2ANALYSISBYFOCUSINGONSECTION407DESIGNATIONS,TODETERMINEWHETHERFINANCIALEXPERTSASDETERMINEDBYQUALIFICATIONSHAVETHESAMENEGATIVEASSOCIATIONWITHMW,WHETHERTHEIRCOMPANIESDESIGNATETHEMASSECTION407FINANCIALEXPERTS27PRESUMABLY,IF1COMPANIESDESIGNATETHEMOSTHIGHLYQUALIFIEDINDIVIDUALSASFINANCIALEXPERTS,WES
7、HOULDOBSERVEANEGATIVEASSOCIATIONOFMWWITHHIGHERPROPORTIONSOFINDIVIDUALSINTHEDESIGNATEDGROUP,BUTLESSORNOASSOCIATIONWITHINDIVIDUALSNOTDESIGNATEDHOWEVER,ASNOTEDBYCARCELLOETAL2006,SOMEINDIVIDUALSMAYSEEKTOAVOIDBEINGDESIGNATEDOUTOFCONCERNFORADDITIONALLITIGATIONEXPOSUREIFMOREQUALIFIEDINDIVIDUALSPREFERNOTTOB
8、EDESIGNATED,THISDECREASESTHELIKELIHOODOFFINDINGANASSOCIATIONOFMWAMONGTHEDESIGNATEDGROUPASNOTEDINTHEMETHODSECTION,WEINVESTIGATETHISISSUEUSINGASUBSETOFOURORIGINALSAMPLE2,391ACCELERATEDFILERSWITH275SECTION404MWDISCLOSURESPRIORTOESTIMATINGTHEMODELINTHESUBSAMPLE,WEPRESENTDESCRIPTIVESTATISTICSCOMPARINGQUA
9、LIFICATIONSTODESIGNATIONOFTHE8,424AUDITCOMMITTEEMEMBERSINTHISSUBSAMPLE,3,495414PERCENTAREDESIGNATEDASFINANCIALEXPERTSOFTHE2,391COMPANIES,687COMPANIES29PERCENTDESIGNATEMORETHANONEFINANCIALEXPERTINFACT,13PERCENTDESIGNATEMORETHANTWOFINANCIALEXPERTSSUBSAMPLEDATASHOWTHATBOARDSOFTENHAVEACHOICEOFWHICHTYPEO
10、FEXPERTTODESIGNATEOFTHEAUDITCOMMITTEEMEMBERSTHATAREDESIGNATED,337PERCENTAREACCOUNTINGFINANCIALEXPERTS,428PERCENTARESUPERVISORY,AND237PERCENTAREUSERSINTERESTINGLY,OUTOFTHETOTALNUMBEROFAUDITCOMMITTEEMEMBERSWITHSUPERVISORYEXPERTISE,60PERCENTARENOTDESIGNATED,BUTONLY27PERCENTOFAUDITCOMMITTEEMEMBERSHAVING
11、ACCOUNTINGQUALIFICATIONSARENOTDESIGNATEDASFINANCIALEXPERTSTHISIMPLIESTHATWHENACCOUNTINGEXPERTSAREONTHEAUDITCOMMITTEE,THEYAREOFTENDESIGNATED,BUTASIGNIFICANTPROPORTIONOFINDIVIDUALSWITHSUPERVISORYEXPERTQUALIFICATIONSARELESSLIKELYTOBEIDENTIFIEDASFINANCIALEXPERTSINCORPORATEPROXYSTATEMENTSTHUSFAR,OURANALY
12、SISHASFOCUSEDONACCOUNTINGANDSUPERVISORYEXPERTISEASPREVIOUSLYNOTED,WEWEREUNABLETOACCURATELYPARSEBIOGRAPHICALINFORMATIONINTHESECSTHIRDUSERCATEGORYDUETOTHEDIVERSITYOFALLOWEDQUALIFICATIONSHOWEVER,FOCUSINGONDESIGNATIONDECISIONSINTHISSUBSAMPLEALLOWSUSTOCONSIDERUSERFINANCIALEXPERTS,BECAUSESECRULESALLOWCOMP
13、ANIESTODESIGNATEONLYINDIVIDUALSWITHQUALIFICATIONSINONEOFTHETHREECATEGORIESTHUS,ADESIGNATEDEXPERTWHODOESNOTHAVEAFEORSFEQUALIFICATIONSMUST,BYDEFAULT,HAVEUFEQUALIFICATIONSWE2NEXTASSESSCOMPANIESDECISIONSTODESIGNATEANINDIVIDUALINONEOFTHETHREEEXPERTISECATEGORIES,ANDTODESIGNATEMULTIPLEINDIVIDUALSASFINANCIA
14、LEXPERTS28TOMODELTHESECHOICES,WEINCLUDECOMPANIESDESIGNATINGASINGLEACCOUNTINGEXPERTINTHEINTERCEPTTHUSCOMPARINGMWDISCLOSUREOFOTHERCOMPANIESTOTHISBASELINE,FORTWOREASONSFIRST,THESECORIGINALLYPREFERREDFINANCIALEXPERTSWITHACCOUNTINGBACKGROUNDSSECOND,PRIORRESEARCHCONSISTENTLYFINDSTHATACCOUNTINGFINANCIALEXP
15、ERTSAREASSOCIATEDWITHHIGHERFINANCIALREPORTINGQUALITY,WHILEPRIORSTUDIESSEPARATINGSUPERVISORANDUSERFINANCIALEXPERTSAREFEW,ANDTHEIRRESULTSMOREVARIABLEWEEXPECTPOSITIVECOEFFICIENTSONTHEDESIGNATIONINDICATORSINTHISMODELCOMPANIESDESIGNATINGASINGLEINDIVIDUALWITHSUPERVISORYEXPERTISESFEDESORUSEREXPERTISEUFEDES
16、,ORDESIGNATINGMULTIPLEFINANCIALEXPERTSMULTDESRESULTSINTABLE5SHOWPOSITIVEANDSIGNIFICANTCOEFFICIENTSONDESIGNATIONOFUSERFINANCIALEXPERTS,ASWELLASONMULTIPLEFINANCIALEXPERTSP_005INADDITION,THECOEFFICIENTONDESIGNATINGSUPERVISORYFINANCIALEXPERTSISPOSITIVEANDMARGINALLYSIGNIFICANTP_010THESERESULTSIMPLYTHATCO
17、MPANIESDESIGNATINGONLYONEACCOUNTINGEXPERTAREMORELIKELYTOHAVEEFFECTIVECONTROLSTHANCOMPANIESUSINGTHEOTHERDESIGNATIONSTRATEGIESMEASUREDINTHISSTUDY,WEEXAMINETHEASSOCIATIONOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEWITHPUBLICDISCLOSUREOFMATERIALWEAKNESSESMWININTERNALCONTROLSOVERFINANCIALREPORTINGICFR,ASAMEASUREOFQUALITYOFCORP
18、ORATESYSTEMSTHATGENERATEFINANCIALREPORTSWEESTIMATESEPARATEMODELSUSINGMWDISCLOSEDUNDERREGULATIONSARISINGFROMSECTIONS302AND404OFTHESARBANESOXLEYACT,INORDERTOADDRESSDIFFERENCESINASSOCIATIONSOFGOVERNANCECHARACTERISTICSANDINTERNALCONTROLQUALITYINTHESEREGULATORYREGIMESWEINVESTIGATETHESEISSUESUSINGLOGISTIC
19、REGRESSIONMODELSFORWHICHTHEDEPENDENTVARIABLEISDISCLOSUREOFMWINICFR,WITHINDEPENDENTVARIABLESINCLUDINGCORPORATEGOVERNANCECHARACTERISTICSANDCONTROLSOURSAMPLECOMPRISES5,480FIRMYEAROBSERVATIONSCOMPANIESANDOVER19,000AUDITCOMMITTEEMEMBERS,OBTAINEDTHROUGHCOMPUTERIZEDPARSINGOFDATAFROMAUDITANALYTICSTHISMETHOD
20、CONTRIBUTESTOTHELITERATUREINDEMONSTRATINGAMEANSOFEFFICIENTLYCAPTURING3DATAONAUDITCOMMITTEEQUALIFICATIONS,ENABLINGALARGERSAMPLEMOREREPRESENTATIVEOFTHEBROADMARKETWEPRESENTANUMBEROFFINDINGSTHATCONTRIBUTETOKNOWLEDGEREGARDINGTHEROLEOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEANDOTHERCOMPANYCHARACTERISTICSINAFFECTINGINTERNALCON
21、TROLSFIRST,OURDESCRIPTIVESTATISTICSSHOWTHATTHERATEOFMWDISCLOSUREAMONGNONACCELERATEDFILERSUNDERSECTION302ISSUBSTANTIALLYLOWERTHANTHATOFCOMPANIESREPORTINGUNDERSECTION404THELOWERRATEOFREPORTEDMWAMONGNONACCELERATEDFILERSINOURSAMPLEIMPLIESTHATDISCLOSUREOFMWISLESSCOMPLETEUNDERSECTION302THANSECTION404WHILE
22、WEFINDSIGNIFICANTASSOCIATIONSWITHVARIOUSCOMPANYCHARACTERISTICSUNDERBOTHREGIMES,THENONACCELERATEDFILERMODELUSINGSECTION302DATAFAILSTOSHOWTHEEXPECTEDNEGATIVEASSOCIATIONSOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEQUALITYAUDITCOMMITTEEFINANCIALEXPERTISEANDOVERALLBOARDQUALITYWITHMWDISCLOSURETHATAREEVIDENTAMONGACCELERATEDFILER
23、SFURTHER,WHENTHEMWDISCLOSURESFORACCELERATEDFILERSDERIVEDFROMSECTIONS404AND302AREMODELEDSEPARATELY,WEFINDTHATCORPORATEGOVERNANCEMEASURESARESIGNIFICANTONLYFORSECTION404DISCLOSURESTAKENTOGETHER,THESERESULTSSUGGESTTHATHIGHERQUALITYCORPORATEGOVERNANCEISASSOCIATEDWITHMOREEFFECTIVEINTERNALCONTROLSAND/ORWIT
24、HREMEDIATIONOFDETECTEDMWPRIORTOTHEREQUIREDDISCLOSUREDATE,BUTTHATTHISASSOCIATIONISONLYDETECTABLEUNDERSECTION404INOTHERWORDS,COMPANIESWITHWEAKERGOVERNANCEENVIRONMENTSARENOTDETECTINGORDISCLOSINGTHEIRMWUNDERSECTION302,WITHOUTSECTION404SMANDATORYTESTINGANDTHETHREATOFANADVERSEAUDITORSOPINIONTHISFINDINGISI
25、MPORTANTBECAUSEPRIORRESEARCHHASNOTSEPARATELYANALYZEDMWDISCLOSUREBYINTERNALCONTROLREGIMEHOWEVER,THEFINDINGSOFBEDARDANDGRAHAM2008PROVIDEFURTHEREVIDENCETHATDETECTIONOFINTERNALCONTROLWEAKNESSESBYMANAGEMENTISINSUFFICIENTINTHESECTION404ENVIRONMENTINWHICHMANAGEMENTISREQUIREDNOTONLYTODOCUMENTCONTROLS,BUTALS
26、OTOTESTTHEM,THEYFINDTHAT84PERCENTOFMWAREDETECTEDBYAUDITORSTHEIRFINDINGSUNDERSCORETHECONCLUSIONOFTHECURRENTSTUDYTHATAUDITORINVOLVEMENTISCRUCIALTOIDENTIFYINGANDIMPROVINGICFROURRESULTSONAUDITCOMMITTEEFINANCIALEXPERTISEALSOHELPRECONCILEDISPARATEFINDINGSOFPRIORRESEARCHASPREVIOUSLYNOTED,STUDIESGENERALLYFI
27、NDASDOWETHAT4ACCOUNTINGFINANCIALEXPERTISEONTHEAUDITCOMMITTEEISPOSITIVELYASSOCIATEDWITHTHEQUALITYOFFINANCIALREPORTINGORINTERNALCONTROLSOVERTHEFINANCIALREPORTINGFUNCTIONEG,DEFONDETAL2005CARCELLOETAL2008ZHANGETAL2007HOWEVER,RESULTSOFPRIORRESEARCHVARYONFINANCIALEXPERTSWITHTHESUPERVISORYANDUSERQUALIFICAT
28、IONSALSOALLOWEDBYTHESECINDIVIDUALSWITHTHESETYPESOFEXPERTISEBRINGDIFFERENTKNOWLEDGETOBEARONTHETASKPARTICULARLY,SUPERVISORYEXPERTISEISBASEDONAMOREINTERNALFOCUS,WHILEUSEREXPERTISEISBASEDONAMOREEXTERNALFOCUSFEWSTUDIESSEPARATETHESECATEGORIES,ANDTHOSETHATDOUSEACCRUALSQUALITYASTHEFINANCIALREPORTINGMEASUREX
29、IEETAL2003DHALIWALETAL2007CARCELLOETAL2008XIEETAL2003ANDCARCELLOETAL2008FINDTHATUSEREXPERIENCEISASSOCIATEDWITHHIGHERACCRUALSQUALITY,BUTONLYXIEETAL2003FINDSIGNIFICANTRESULTSFORSUPERVISORYEXPERIENCE,ANDTHEIRMEASUREISCONFINEDTOOUTSIDECORPORATEDIRECTORSRATHERTHANAFINANCIALREPORTINGOUTCOMEMEASURE,OURDEPE
30、NDENTVARIABLEISAFINANCIALREPORTINGPROCESSMEASUREWEFINDTHATBOTHACCOUNTINGANDSUPERVISORYEXPERTISEAREASSOCIATEDWITHHIGHERQUALITYINTERNALCONTROLSINTHESECTION404ENVIRONMENTWEFINDTHATACCOUNTINGEXPERTSAREASSOCIATEDWITHBETTERCONTROLSOVERPROCESSESDIRECTLYRELATEDTOTHEFINANCIALREPORTS,WHILESUPERVISORYEXPERTSAR
31、EASSOCIATEDWITHBETTERCONTROLSOVERMANAGEMENTPROCESSESEG,PERSONNELCOMPETENCETHUS,OURRESULTSSUGGESTTHATONLYACCOUNTINGEXPERTSAREASSOCIATEDWITHEFFECTIVENESSOFCONTROLSDIRECTLYASSOCIATEDWITHCURRENTFINANCIALSTATEMENTLINEITEMS,CONSISTENTWITHOTHERSTUDIESFINDINGTHATTHESEFINANCIALEXPERTSAREASSOCIATEDWITHHIGHERA
32、CCRUALQUALITYOURFINDINGTHATSUPERVISORYFINANCIALEXPERTSAREASSOCIATEDWITHHIGHERQUALITYOFINTERNALCONTROLSINPERSONNELANDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYISSUES,BUTNOTTHOSEDIRECTLYRELATEDTOFINANCIALSTATEMENTS,ISCONSISTENTWITHSTUDIESFINDINGNOASSOCIATIONOFSUPERVISOREXPERTISEWITHACCRUALSQUALITYEG,DHALIWALETAL2007CARCEL
33、LOETAL2008HOWEVER,OURRESULTTHATBOARDSCHOOSINGTODESIGNATEUSERFINANCIALEXPERTSAREMORELIKELYTOREPORTMWTHANTHOSEDESIGNATINGACCOUNTINGFINANCIALEXPERTSISNOTCONSISTENTWITHTHESESTUDIESTHISSTUDYALSOPROVIDESOTHERFINDINGSTHATCONTRIBUTETOTHELITERATUREONCORPORATEGOVERNANCEANDFINANCIALREPORTINGFORINSTANCE,WEFINDA
34、POSITIVE5ASSOCIATIONBETWEENTHENUMBEROFAUDITCOMMITTEEMEETINGSANDMW,USINGBOTHSECTION302ANDSECTION404DATATHISCONTRADICTSPRIORFINDINGSTHATLESSFREQUENTMEETINGSAREASSOCIATEDWITHNEGATIVEOUTCOMESMCMULLENANDRAGHUNANDAN1996BEASLEYETAL2000FARBER2006ARCHAMBEAULTANDDEZOORT2001INTHEMWCONTEXT,MOREFREQUENTAUDITCOMM
35、ITTEEMEETINGSMAYBEINREACTIONTOTHEDISCOVERYOFPROBLEMSININTERNALCONTROLS,RATHERTHANINCREASEDDILIGENCECAUSINGBETTERCONTROLOVERFINANCIALREPORTINGWEALSOFINDTHATAUDITCOMMITTEESIZEISNOTASSOCIATEDWITHMWDISCLOSURE,EITHERFORACCELERATEDORNONACCELERATEDFILERSFINALLY,WEOBSERVETHATCOMPANIESTHATDESIGNATEMULTIPLEFI
36、NANCIALEXPERTSHAVEHIGHERLIKELIHOODOFDISCLOSINGMWTHISCOULDSUGGESTANATTEMPTBYCOMPANIESWITHMWTOSIGNALTHATTHEIRAUDITCOMMITTEESAREEQUIPPEDTOOVERCOMETHEIRINTERNALCONTROLSFLAWSALTERNATIVELY,THEABSENCEOFSAFEHARBORFROMLIABILITYASRECENTLYDECIDEDBYTHESECMIGHTCAUSEBOARDSOFPROBLEMCOMPANIESTODESIGNATEMORETHANONEA
37、CCOUNTINGFINANCIALEXPERTAFETOSPREADTHELIABILITYASSUGGESTEDBYCARCELLOETAL2006WENOTESEVERALLIMITATIONSOFOURANALYSISFIRST,WEASSESSTHEASSOCIATIONOFGOVERNANCEMETRICSWITHINTERNALCONTROLMWINTHEFIRSTTWOFISCALYEARSFOLLOWINGIMPLEMENTATIONOFSECTION404IE,THROUGHMID2006FURTHERRESEARCHSHOULDINVESTIGATETHISIMPORTA
38、NTISSUEINSUBSEQUENTPERIODS,ASCOMPANIESADAPTTHEIRGOVERNANCESTRUCTURESTOTHECHANGINGREGULATORYCLIMATEPARTICULARLY,IFTHESECHOLDSTOITSCURRENTCOURSEOFEXPANDINGSECTION404AUDITORTESTINGTOALLPUBLICCOMPANIES,RESEARCHSHOULDINVESTIGATETHEROLEOFGOVERNANCEININTERNALCONTROLSASTHENONACCELERATEDFILERSBECOMESUBJECTTO
39、THOSEREGULATIONSSECOND,THECROSSSECTIONALAPPROACHUSEDINTHISSTUDYISSUBJECTTOTHEENDOGENEITYPROBLEMOFTENACKNOWLEDGEDINCORPORATEGOVERNANCERESEARCHEG,LARCKERETAL2007,1003WEADDRESSTHISISSUEBYUSINGBOTHALAGANALYSISANDAHECKMANSELECTIONBIASMODEL,ANDFINDTHATOURRESULTSCONTINUETOHOLDSOURCEUDIHOITASH,RANIHOITASH,J
40、EANCBEDARDCORPORATEGOVERNANCEANDINTERNALCONTROLOVERFINANCIALREPORTINGACOMPARISONOFREGULATORYREGIMEJACCOUNTING6REVIEW,2009,843839867译文公司治理与作用于财务报告的内部控制监督制度比较伍迪郝傝瞿拉尼郝傝瞿珍希贝达德本研究探讨公司治理和作用于财务报告的内部控制薄弱环节之间的关系。根据审计委员会财务专家从数据库中具备会员资格的成员中进行自动分析得到的数据,以萨班斯奥克斯利法案下302和404条款指出的薄弱环节为基础,来研究此关系。我们发现揭露第404条款的低可能性与更多拥
41、有会计和管理经验的审计委员会成员及董事会实力有关。进一步说,薄弱环节的本质随经验类型的变化而变化。然而,使用302条款不能发现这些关系。我们还会发现,薄弱环节的披露与指定一个没有会计经验的财务专家或多个财务专家有关。我们推断董事会和审计委员会特征与内部控制质量有关。然而,这种关系只有在更严格的404条款下观察才能被发现。我们之前的分析了第404条款下的审计委员会的构成事项。从本质上讲,这个分析考虑到每个关联个体的资格。证券交易委员会首先考虑对审计委员会成员资格进行披露,最终实现使至少有一个独立审计委员会成员成为“指定”财务专家。最后,萨班斯第407条款要求至少一个以上的审计委员会成员被指定为财
42、务专家,这作为政策付诸实施。我们现在建立在表2分析上,注重第407条款的说明,来判断财务专家按资格是否与内部控制薄弱环节有相同的负面影响,是否他们的公司指定他们作为第407条款的财务分析专家。据推测,如果公司指定最高资格的人员作为财务专家,我们注意到指定薄弱环节工作人员在委员会比例较高所产生的负面关系,却更少或没有关注没有指定人员的委员会。然而,正如凯撒勒等(2006年)指出,有些人可能寻求避免被起诉而产生不必要的曝光的方法。如果有更多的合格人员偏好不被指定,这降低了寻找指定委员会中薄弱环节的可能性。正如在方法部分里指出,我们采用原来的样本子集对这个问题进行调查。在推测子样本的模式之前,对比指
43、定资格,我们作出描述性统计。在子样的8424个审计委员会成员中,3495(414)被指定为财务专家。2,391个公司中,687个(29)指定一个以上的财务专家。子样本数据显示,董事会经常7对指定哪种类型的专家进行选择。指定的审核委员会成员,337是会计财务专家,428是监督专家,237是用户。有趣的是,出于对审计委员会成员总数(包括监督人员)中,没有被指定的占60,但只有27审计委员会成员拥有会计资格但没有被指定为财务专家。这意味着,当会计专家在审计委员会,他们往往是被指定的,但相当大比例的具备监管专家资格的人员不太可能被认为是编制公司委托声明书的财务专家。至今,我们的分析集中于会计和监督领域
44、。就像以前提及的,由于资格允许导致的差异的存在,我们无法准确地解析在证券交易委员会的第三类别用户的自传信息。然而,聚焦于这个子样本里的指定决策方式让我们考虑到用户财务专家,因为证券交易委员会规则允许公司指定的三个类别之一的资格是个体的。因此,指定的专家谁没有模拟前端或超临界流体萃取资格,默认情况下,必须有统一测验的资格。我们下次评估公司指定三个专业知识范畴之一的人员的决定时,指定多个人员作为财务专家。为了模拟这些选择,我们把公司指定一个会计专家监督因此在这个基线上比较其他公司薄弱环节披露情况包括在内有两个原因。首先,美国证券交易委员会优先考虑拥有会计背景的财务专家。第二,先前的研究不断发现使用
45、会计金融专家会带来更高的财务报告的质量,而以前的分离研究和财务专家用户较少,其结果更多变。我们期望在这个模型中的指定指标是正系数公司指定单个监管专家或用户专家,或指定多个的财务专家。表5的结果显示对用户财务专家和多个财务专家的指定产生积极和重要的影响,此外,对监管财务专家的指定产生积极和轻微重要的影响。这些结果意味着,公司只指定一个会计专家比使用其他策略更能有效控制。在本研究中,我们对公司治理有关公开披露财务报告作为衡量公司质量系统的资料内部控制的资料弱点进行研究。为了说明治理特征的区别和管理制度的内部控制质量,我们估计根据不同的类型,采用第302条款和萨班斯法案第404的规定指出的薄弱环节披
46、露进行研究。我们采用逻辑回归模型探讨这些问题,在这个模型里,应变量是薄弱环节所披露得信息,自变量是公司治理特征和控制。我们的样本包括全年观测的5480家公司和超过19,000名审计委员会成员,通过计算机对审计分析得到的数据进行剖析。这种方法有助于有效获8取数据审计委员会资格的办法的文字描述,使样本更大、更具有市场代表性。我们目前的研究结果有助于了解关于公司治理和其他公司特征对内部控制的影响。首先,我们的描述性统计显示,我国由第302条款内部控制薄弱环节非快速申报者披露比率明显低于萨班斯法案第404的规定下的公司报告披露。样本中,第302条款下薄弱环节的披露较低意味着我国根据第302条款比第40
47、4条款揭露的概率低。虽然我们找到公司特征在两种制度下的重要关系,非加速编模型未能显示公司治理质量的预期消极影响。此外,从薄弱环节第404和302条款派生出的加速申报者,我们发现,企业治理措施只适用于第404重大信息披露。总之,这些结果表明,公司治理质量高低与内部控制有效与否相关,但是,这个关系只根据第404条款得出。换句话说,治理环境较差的公司不检测或不披露302条款下的薄弱环节信息,也没有第404条款强制检测和审计师不利观点的威胁。这一发现非常重要,因为以前的研究并没有分别分析内部控制制度薄弱环节的披露。但是,贝达德和格雷厄姆的结果(2008年)所提供的证据进一步表明,由管理人员实施的内部控
48、制检测薄弱环节是不够的。在第404条的环境,他们发现,84的薄弱环节由审计师发现。他们的研究结果支持目前的研究结论,审计师的参与对ICFR的确定和改善至关重要。我们得出的关于审计委员会财务专家的研究结果,也有助于调和以前研究得出的不同结果。如前所述,研究普遍发现,审计委员会的会计财务专家财务报告或内部控制的财务报告质量呈正相关。然而,以前的研究结果因证券交易委员会允许金融专家监管和用户资格变化而变化。这些类型的专家带来不同的知识来承担这个任务。特别是,监管专家基于一个内部焦点,而用户专家更多地关注的外部。极少的研究分开这些类别,那些使用盈余额如财务报告来衡量(谢等,2003DHALIWAL等2
49、007CARCELLO等2008)。谢等人(2003年)和CARCELLO等(2008年)发现,用户体验与较高的盈余质量有关,但只有谢等(2003年)发现管理经验的显著效果,他们的措施仅限于公司外部董事。我们的应变量是财务报告的过程评价,而不是财务报告的成果评价。我们发现,会计和监管的专业知识与在第404条款下高质量内部控制环境有关。我们发现,会计专家与财务报告进程直接联系的更好的控制有关,而监督管理专家与管理9流程更好的控制有关。因此,我们的结果表明,只有会计专家与直接控制的有效性、现行的财务报表行项目相关,与其他研究发现的成为专家伴随着更高的收益质量这个规律相符。我们发现,监管财务专家与较高质量的人事和信息技术问题的内部控制有关,但不包括直接相关的财务报表,与管理专家与盈余质量不存在关系这个研究结果一致。然而,我们的结果认为董事会选择指定用户金融专家比那些指定会计金融专家报告薄弱环节比指定会计财务专家更具可能性,这不符合以上这些研究结果。这项研究还有助于公司治理和财务报告的文字描述。例如,使用302和第404条数据量,我们均发现的审计委员会会议数量和薄弱环节之间呈正相关。这与以前的调查得出的会议频率低于带来消极结果有关这一发现相矛盾。在内部控制薄弱背景下,更频繁的审计委员会会议可以发现内部控制问题并作出反应,而不是更加勤奋才使财务报告的控制更好。我们还发现,审计
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