公允价值会计，金融经济和可靠性重塑【外文翻译】.doc

1、本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译外文出处ACCOIINLINGANDBUSINESSRESEARCH，INTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGPOLICYFORUM外文作者MICHAELPOWER原文FAIRVALUEACCOUNTING,FINANCIALECONOMICSANDTHETRANSFORMATIONOFRELIABILITYFAIRVALUEANDTHERESHAPINGOFRELIABILITYTHECONCEPTOFFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTEMERGEDINFINANCIALACCOUNTINGANDWASACCEPTEDINTHEABSTRACTLONG

2、BEFOREITWASASUBJECTOFANALYSISANDDISPUTEBROMWICH,2007FURTHERMORE,FAIRVALUEISNOTITSELFASINGLEMEASUREMENTMETHODOLOGYBUTENCOMPASSESAVARIETYOFAPPROACHESFORTHEESTIMATIONOFANEXITVALUESOITISHARDLYSURPRISINGTHATMANYOFTHEARGUMENTSWHICHHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDFORANDAGAINSTTHEUSEOFFAIRVALUESINACCOUNTINGARENOTWELLSUPPO

3、RTEDBYEVIDENCEDISPUTANTSOFTENTALKPASTEACHOTHERHOWEVER,THERELATIVEABSENCEOFJUSTIFICATIONSBYSTANDARDSETTERSISALSORESPONSIBLEFORTHEPOWEROFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGASAREFERENCEPOINTINDEBATEASWITHOPERATIONALRISK,POLICYCONCEPTSCANBEARTICULATEDINTHEABSTRACTBYREGULATORSANDACCEPTEDBYINDUSTRYBEFORECOMPLEXANDMESSYIS

4、SUESOFIMPLEMENTATIONCOMEINTOPLAYPOWER,2005DEFINITIONSOFFAIRVALUEVARYINSUBTLEWAYSTHATMAYENDUPMATTERINGINLAWBUTFROMAFAR,ANDTOTHEUNTUTOREDEYE,THEYLOOKSIMILARFAS157FASB,2006DEFINESFAIRVALUEASTHEPRICETHATWOULDBERECEIVEDTOSELLANASSETORPAIDTOTRANSFERALIABILITYINANORDERLYTRANSACTIONBETWEENMARKETPARTICIPANTS

5、ATTHEMEASUREMENTDATELASB2009REPRODUCESTHISASACOREPRINCIPLETHISDEFINITION,WHICHHASEXISTEDINVARIOUSSLIGHTLYMODIFIEDFORMSFORMANYYEARS,MIGHTAPPEARUNCONTENTIOUSYET,ITISACOMPLEXHYBRIDOFIDEASANDASSUMPTIONS2WHICHPOINTTOTHEESTIMATEDPRICESTHATMIGHTBERECEIVEDINAMARKET,ONEWHICHTURNSOUTTOHAVESPECIFICANDASSUMEDCH

6、ARACTERISTICSTHISCAUSESSEVERALCOMMENTATORSTOREMARKONTHEFICTIONALANDIMAGINARYNATUREOFFAIRVALUESEGCASSONANDNAPIER,1997ANDTOBEMOANTHEIRSUBJECTIVITYANDPOTENTIALFORMANIPULATIONANDBIASINDEED,BROMWICH2007OUTLINESHOWMANYASSUMPTIONSUNDERLIETHEPRODUCTIONOFFAIRVALUESANDDRAWSTHECONCLUSIONTHATTHEUNDERSTANDINGOFF

7、AIRVALUEMAYVARYCONSIDERABLYREGARDLESSOFWHETHERTHESECRITICISMSHAVESUBSTANCE,ITISALSOTHECASETHATIFENOUGHPEOPLEBELIEVEINFICTIONS,THENTHEYCANPLAYAROLEINCONSTITUTINGMARKETSMACKENZIEANDMILLO2003ARGUEINTHECONTEXTOFTHEDEVELOPMENTANDINSTITUTIONALISATIONOFOPTIONPRICINGMODELSTHATSIMPLIFYINGASSUMPTIONSBEGANLIFE

8、ASBEINGNODESCRIPTIVEOFPRICINGPROCESSES,THENCAMETOBETHEPREFERREDANDDOMINANTMETHODOLOGYONCEACCEPTED,THEBLACKSCHOLESMODELCONTRIBUTEDTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEDEPTHANDLIQUIDITYOFTHEMARKET,ALTHOUGHMACKENZIEANDMILLONOTEHOWTHISRELATIONSHIPWASLOOSERAGAINAFTERTHE1987CRASHTHEGENERALMESSAGEISTHATIFKEYCOMMUNITIESACC

9、EPTTHEUSEFULNESSOFFICTIONS,THEYHAVEREALCONSEQUENCESANDCANBECOMEREGARDEDASREALPROPONENTSOFFAIRVALUESINACCOUNTINGOFTENAPPEALTONOTIONSOFTELLINGTHINGSASTHEYAREANDOFIMPROVINGTRANSPARENCYTHEYPOINTTOAREASSUCHASPENSIONACCOUNTINGORTHESAVINGSANDLOANSINDUSTRYINNORTHAMERICAWHEREFAIRVALUESWOULDHAVEMADEPROBLEMSDE

10、FICITS,POORPERFORMINGLOANSVISIBLEMUCHEARLIER,THEREBYENABLINGCORRECTIVEACTIONANOFTENHEARDTROPEISTHATONESHOULDNOTSHOOTTHEMESSENGEROFPOORASSETQUALITYYETSCEPTICSARGUETHATFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGHASCREATEDAFALSESHORTTERMVISIBILITYINTHECASEOFPENSIONFUNDINGANDHASTENEDTHEDEMISEOFDEFINEDBENEFITSCHEMESKIOSSEANDPEA

11、SNELL,2009MOREGENERALLY,CRITICSARGUETHATTHEFINANCIALCRISISDEMONSTRATESTHEPROCYCLICALITYOFFAIRVALUESWHENACCOUNTINGISTIGHTLYCOUPLEDTOPRUDENTIALREGULATORYSYSTEMS,ANDTHEUNRELIABILITYOFMARKINGTOMODELINLESSTHANLIQUIDASSETMARKETS,ESPECIALLYFORASSETSWHICHAREBEINGHELDFORTHELONGTERMACCORDINGTOLAUXANDLEUZ2009T

12、HEFAIRVALUEDEBATESHOULDNOTBEPOLARISEDTHEUSEOFFAIRVALUESISNEITHERRESPONSIBLEFORTHEFINANCIALCRISISNORENTIRELYINNOCENT3FURTHERMORE,ARGUMENTSAGAINSTFAIRVALUEDONOTAUTOMATICALLYTRANSLATEINTOARGUMENTSFORHISTORICALCOSTACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONABOUTCURRENTVALUES,ORBESTESTIMATESOFTHOSECURRENTVALUES,ISLIKELYTOBEUS

13、EFULFORMANAGEMENTANDMARKETANALYSTSINCONJUNCTIONWITHLOTSOFOTHERBITSOFINFORMATIONCONTRACTSANDCOVENANTSMAYBEHIGHLYSENSITIVETOMARKTOMARKETSTRATEGIESINACRISIS,WHEREBREATHINGSPACEMAYBEVALUEDOVERSHORTTERMVOLATILITYINCONTRACTUALANDREGULATORYCOMPLIANCETHISISECHOEDBYTHEANALYSISINPLANTINETAL2004OFTHEDIFFERENTW

14、INNERSANDLOSERSFROMTHESHIFTTOMARKTOMARKETFORFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSINGENERAL,ANDHELPSTOEXPLAINTHEINTENSITYOFTHEPOLITICSOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTING,EVENPRIORTOTHEFINANCIALCRISISWHILEMUCHOFTHEHEATGENERATEDBYFAIRVALUECONCERNSTHEPOLITICSOFREPORTINGDISCRETIONFORBANKINGINSTITUTIONS,LAUXANDLEUZ2009SUGGESTTHATTHEPOL

15、ARISATIONINTHEDEBATEISFOUNDEDPRIMARILYONDIFFERENTVIEWSABOUTTHEGOALSOFACCOUNTINGINPARALLELBUTSOMEWHATDIFFERENTLY,ITCANBEARGUEDTHATTHEDEBATEISALSODRIVENBYDIFFERENT,ALMOSTUNCONSCIOUS,VIEWSABOUTWHATITISFORANESTIMATEDACCOUNTINGVALUETOBERELIABLEONEOFTHEEXPLICITMOTIVATIONSFORTHEEXPANDEDSIGNIFICANCEOFTHEUSE

16、OFFAIRVALUESISITSPERCEIVEDPOTENTIALTOMINIMISETHEFREEDOMTOMANIPULATEACCOUNTINGNUMBERSCFA,2007MARKETBASEDVALUESARE,ALMOSTBYDEFINITION,ANONMANAGEMENTBASEDREFERENTANDTHISISCONSISTENTWITHEARLYSTANDARDSONAUDITEVIDENCEQUALITYHIERARCHIESWHICHPRIORITISESOURCESOFEVIDENCEWHICHAREINDEPENDENTOFBOTHAUDITEEANDAUDI

17、TORSOANIMPORTANTASPECTOFTHEFAIRVALUECONCEPTISTOESTABLISHDISTANCEFROMENTITYVIEWSOFVALUEANDTOLOCATERELIABILITYASFARASPOSSIBLEINTHECOLLECTIVEJUDGMENTOFTHEMARKETRELIABILITYISONEOFTHEFUNDAMENTALQUALITATIVECHARACTERISTICSOFACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONASARTICULATEDINEARLYCONCEPTUALFIAMEWORKSFASB,1980YETTHERELIABI

18、LITYOFACCOUNTINGNUMBERSISNOTAGIVENITISALWAYSFOUNDEDONACONSENSUSWHOSESTRENGTHISANEMPIRICALANDNOTACONCEPTUALFACTTHECONSENSUSISOFTENIMPLICITANDTAKENFORGRANTED,BUTBECOMESMOREPROBLEMATICATTIMESOFCONFLICTANDCOMPETITIONWHENQUESTIONSOFPOWERANDAUTHORITYBECOMEVISIBLEIDEASOF4ACCOUNTINGRELIABILITYMAYCHANGEOVERT

19、IME,MAYHAVERELATIVERATHERTHANABSOLUTESIGNIFICANCE,ANDMAYONLYBEGROUNDEDINTHEFICTIONOFANIDEALCONSENSUSAMONGACOMMUNITYOFREASONABLEMEASURERSBARTHCHALLENGESTHETRANSACTIONALLYBASEDVIEWOFRELIABILITYBYARGUINGTHATITISNOLONGERTOBEIDENTIFIEDWITHVERIFIABILITYBUTHASTODOESSENTIALLYWITHFAITHFULREPRESENTATIONJUSTBE

20、CAUSEANAMOUNTCANBECALCULATEDPRECISELY,ITISNOTNECESSARILYAFAITHFULREPRESENTATIONOFTHEREALWORLDECONOMICPHENOMENAITPURPORTSTOREPRESENTTHISSTATEMENT,ANDOTHERSLIKEIT,CONSTITUTEAREFRAMINGOFTHECONCEPTOFRELIABILITY,ESSENTIALLYCOLLAPSINGRELIABILITYINTORELEVANCEAGAINSTATRANSACTIONALLYGROUNDEDCONCEPTIONOFRELIA

21、BILITYINVOLVINGAUDITTRAILSLINKINGACCOUNTINGEVENTSTOREPORTING,BARTHSCONCEPTIONSHIFTSTHECENTREOFGRAVITYFORTHINKINGABOUTRELIABILITYTOMARKETSANDTHEVALUESTHEYPRODUCETHISNEWCONCEPTIONOFACCOUNTINGRELIABILITYTAKESASITSBENCHMARKTHEMOSTLIQUID,ORDERLYMARKETS,THOSETYPICALLYASSOCIATEDWITHFINANCIALASSETSANDLIABIL

22、ITIESTHISBENCHMARK,ANDTHEIDEAOFRELIABILITYITEMBODIES,ISEXTENDEDTOANALOGIESANDMODELSWHICHSIMULATEMARKETPRICESUSINGACCEPTEDECONOMICMETHODOLOGIESTHESOCALLEDLEVELS2AND3INTHEFAIRVALUEHIERARCHYOFVALUATIONMETHODSITISNOTUNUSUALFORPOLICYSOLUTIONSINONESETTINGTOMIGRATEFIOMTHEIRORIGINALCONTEXTANDEXPANDTHEIRAPPL

23、ICATIONINTHISWAYITSHOULDBEREMEMBEREDTHATACCOUNTINGPOLICYDISCUSSIONSHAVEVISITEDTHEISSUEOFMEASUREMENTRELIABILITYMANYTIMESBEFOREFOREXAMPLE,INTHELATE1980S,BRANDVALUERSUSINGAMIXOFANALOGICALANDMODELBASEDREASONINGCHALLENGEDTHEPREVAILINGPROHIBITIONAGAINSTVALUINGINTERNALLYGENERATEDBRANDSTHEDEBATE,WHILECONDUC

24、TEDINTECHNICALTERMS,WASHIGHLYSENSITIVETOTHECREDIBILITYOFVALUATIONEXPERTISEPROPOSEDBYNONACCOUNTANTVALUERSEGINTERBRANDTHEUKACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSCOMMITTEESOUGHTTOUNDERMINETHEANALOGYBETWEENACCEPTEDPRACTICEOFRELIANCEONCHARTEREDSURVEYORSANDBRANDVALUERS,BUTTHEYWEREONINCREASINGLYWEAKGROUND,ESPECIALLYWHENACCOU

25、NTINGFIRMSDEVELOPEDTHEIROWNBRANDVALUATIONCAPACITYPOWER,1992ATHEBRANDACCOUNTINGDEBATEREMINDSUSTHATCONCEPTIONSOFRELIABILITYINFINANCIALREPORTINGCANCHANGEASBODIESOFVALUATIONKNOWLEDGEBECOMEACCEPTEDASABASISFOR5TRANSACTIONSINTURN,MARKETLIQUIDITYMAYBEINCREASEDBYTHECREDIBILITYOFSUCHMETHODOLOGIESWHICHFURTHERI

26、NCREASESTHEIRCREDIBILITYINAVIRTUOUSPERFORMATIVECIRCLENAPIERANDPOWER,1992JUSTASWITHTHEBRANDDEBATEOFTHELATE1980S,LEVEL2AND3FAIRVALUESPOSERESOURCEANDEXPERTISECHALLENGESBOTHFORAUDITFIRMSWHOMUSTDRAWONVALUATIONSPECIALISTSTRAINEDINFINANCIALECONOMICS,ANDFORGLOBALREGULATORYBODIESINADDRESSINGTHENEEDFORGUIDANC

27、EONHOWTOFINDEVIDENCEFORESTIMATESIAASB,2008THEMODELDEPENDENCYOFLEVEL3FAIRVALUESPOSESKNOWLEDGEPROBLEMSFORAUDITORSWHOMUSTGAINCONFIDENCEABOUTTHEINPUT,ASSUMPTIONS,ANDPARAMETERSOFVALUATIONMODELSONECOMMONMECHANISMFORTHECREATIONOFAUDITORCONFIDENCEISTHEOUTSOURCINGOFOPINIONORRELIANCEONOTHEREXPERTSPOWER,1996IN

28、THISRESPECTTHEREEMERGENCEOFTHEINTERNATIONALVALUATIONSTANDARDSCOUNCILIVSCIN2009ISSIGNIFICANTCREATEDORIGINALLYTOPROVIDEGUIDANCEONPROPERTYVALUATION,THEIVSCHASDEVELOPEDCLOSERRELATIONSWITHIASBWITHAVIEWTOPROVIDINGGUIDANCEONTHEVALUATIONOFFINANCIALINSTRUMENTSSIGNIFICANTLY,IVSCCRITICISEDTHEIASBEXPOSUREDRAFTO

29、NFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTFORBEINGTOONARROWLYPRESCRIPTIVEABOUTTHERANGEOFPOSSIBLEVALUATIONMETHODSITARGUEDTHATACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSETTERSSHOULDPRESCRIBEATTHELEVELOFPRINCIPLEANDLEAVESPACEFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFDETAILEDVALUATIONMETHODSIVSC,2009THEIMPLICATIONISTHATFAIRVALUATIONMIGHTMOVEOFFSHOREINRELATIONTOACCOUNTIN

30、GSTANDARDSETTERSLEAVINGACCOUNTANTSASCOMPILERSRATHERTHANVALUERSFROMTHISPOINTOFVIEW,FAIRVALUECANBEUNDERSTOODASAPOTENTIALLYRADICALCHANGEPROGRAMMEFORTHEEXPERTISEBASEOFACCOUNTINGFARFROMBEINGTRADEDOFFAGAINSTONEANOTHER,RELIABILITYISPROGRESSIVELYCOLLAPSEDINTORELEVANCEWHITTINGTON,2008WITHCLEARIMPLICATIONSFOR

31、THENEEDFOREXTERNALVALUATIONEXPERTISETHISCHANGEPROGRAMMEHASBEENCONTESTEDBYPROPONENTSOFOTHERCURRENTVALUEMEASUREMENTBASES,SUCHASREPLACEMENTCOSTWITHINADEPRIVALVALUEDECISIONLOGICTHESECRITICSOFFAIRVALUEARGUETHATTHEYARESUBJECTTOTHEVERYFORMSOFMANAGEMENTMANIPULATIONWHICHTHEYAREINTENDEDTOCORRECTDISCOUNTINGCAS

32、HFLOWSTODERIVEAFAIRVALUEINVITESDECEPTIONRONEN,2008FAIRVALUESARENEVERREALMARKETVALUESBUT6ONLYESTIMATESOFMARKETPRICESWHICHWOULDORCOULDBEOBTAINEDTHEYARENECESSARILYASIFORFICTIONALCONSTRUCTSWHICHDEPENDONCRITICALASSUMPTIONSABOUTORDERLYMARKETSBROMWICH,2007NEVERTHELESS,MANYCRITICSOFTHESUBJECTIVITYOFFAIRVALU

33、ESMISSTHEREALPOINTOFBARTHSCHALLENGETHEVERYIDEAOFRELIABILITYISBEINGRECONSTRUCTEDINFRONTOFTHEIREYESBYSHIFTINGTHEFOCUSFROMTRANSACTIONSTOECONOMICVALUATIONMETHODS,ANDBYGIVINGTHESEMETHODSAFIRMERINSTITUTIONALFOOTINGDEEPDOWNTHEFAIRVALUEDEBATESEEMSTOHINGEONFIINDAMANTALLYDIFFERENTCONCEPTIONSOFTHEBASISFORRELIA

34、BILITYINACCOUNTING,MAKINGITLESSOFATECHNICALDISPUTEANDMOREONEOFTHEPOLITICSOFACCEPTABILITYINDEED,THEAPPARENTTHREELEVELHIERARCHYOFRELIABILITYISMUCHFLATTERTHANMIGHTBEIMMEDIATELYAPPARENTUNDERLEVEL1,ACCOUNTINGSYSTEMSARE,INTHEORY,PASSIVEOBSERVERSOFPRICESUNDERLEVEL3,ACCOUNTINGISAMARKETVALUEDISCOVERYSYSTEMWI

35、THTHEHELPOFMETHODOLOGIESFROMFINANCIALECONOMICSYETONCEITISADMITTEDTHATMARKETPRICESMAYNOTREVEALFIANDAMENTALVALUE,DUETOLIQUIDITYISSUESOROTHERREASONS,THENITCANBEARGUEDTHATTHEREALFOUNDATIONOFFAIRVALUELIESINECONOMICVALUATIONMETHODOLOGIESLEVEL3METHODSAREINFACTTHEENGINEOFMARKETSTHEMSELVES,CAPABLEOFDISCOVERI

36、NGVALUESFORACCOUNTINGOBJECTSWHICHCANONLYBESOLDINIMAGINARYMARKETSITFOLLOWSTHATTHEHIERARCHYISMOREOFALIQUIDITYHIERARCHYTHANONEOFMETHOD,BUTOVERALLITEXPRESSESTHEIMPERATIVEOFMARKETALIGNMENTWHICHINFORMSFAIRVALUEENTHUSIASTSTHESOCIOLOGYOFRELIABILITYTOEMERGEFROMTHESEARGUMENTSSUGGESTSTHATSUBJECTIVITYANDUNCERTA

37、INTYCANBETRANSFORMEDINTOACCEPTABLEFACTVIASTRATEGIESWHICHAPPEALTOBROADERVALUESINTHEINSTITUTIONALENVIRONMENTWHICHEVENOPPONENTSMUSTACCEPTACCOUNTINGESTIMATESCANACQUIREAUTHORITYWHENTHEYCOMETOBEEMBEDDEDINTAKENFORGRANTEDROUTINESHENCETHESIGNIFICANCEOFTHEIVSCANDSIMILARBODIESSOLONGASASUFLICIENTCONSENSUSHOLDS,

38、ANDASSETMARKETSAREORDERLYANDGENERALLYLIQUID,THENTHECIRCLEWHICHLINKSMODELSANDMARKETSISVIRTUOUSANDBROADLYPERFORMATIVEINTHISWAYFAIRVALUES,FORALLTHEIRFICTIONALITYANDAPPARENTINTELLECTUALINCOHERENCERAVENSCROFTANDWILLIAMS,2009,COULDDEFINEWHATITISTOBERELIABLEATAPOINTINTIMEMARKETLIQUIDITYWOULDBETHEEFFECTOFCO

39、NSENSUSTHEFLIP7SIDEOFRELIABILITYHOWEVER,EVENBEFORETHE20072009FINANCIALCRISIS,THECONSENSUSSUPPORTINGTHEUSEOFFAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTBEYONDHIGHLYLIQUIDFINANCIALASSETMARKETSWASPROBLEMATIC,THUSMAKINGITSSOCIALANDINSTITUTIONALFOUNDATIONSMOREVISIBLETHANTHEYMIGHTORDINARILYBEINSUMMARY,ITHASBEENARGUEDTHATDIFFEREN

40、TCONCEPTIONSOFWHATITISFORANACCOUNTINGESTIMATETOBERELIABLEUNDERLIETHEFAIRVALUEDEBATEASITHASTAKENSHAPEINTHELASTDECADETHELANGUAGEOFSUBJECTIVITYANDOBJECTIVITYISUNHELPFULINCHARACTERISINGWHATISATSTAKEITISMOREUSEFIALTOFOCUSONTHEQUESTIONOFHOWCERTAINVALUATIONTECHNOLOGIESDOORDONTBECOMEINSTITUTIONALLYACCEPTEDA

41、SPRODUCINGFACTSNAPIERANDPOWER,1992THISISASOCIOLOGICALQUESTIONWHICHWILLBEFURTHEREXPLOREDBELOWTHEANALYSISWHICHFOLLOWSISLESSCONCERNEDTOADJUDICATEONTHERIGHTSANDWRONGSOFFAIRVALUEANDMOREFOCUSEDONUNDERSTANDINGTHEDEEPCONDITIONSOFPOSSIBILITYFORFAIRVALUESTOBEWIDELYPROMOTEDFROMTHISPOINTOFVIEW,THEUSEOFFAIRVALUE

42、SINACCOUNTINGREPRESENTSANEWBASISFORACCOUNTINGFACTPRODUCTIONWHICH,ASWESHALLSEE,ISGROUNDEDINTHECULTURALAUTHORITYOFFINANCIALECONOMICSSOURCEMICHAELPOWERFAIRVALUEACCOUNTING,FINANCIALECONOMICSANDTHETRANSFORMATIONOFRELIABILITYJACCOUNTINGANDBUSINESSRESEARCH，INTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGPOLICYFORUM，2010，4031972108

43、译文公允价值会计，金融经济和可靠性重塑公允价值与可靠性重塑公允价值的计量概念出现在财务会计，它在成为分析和争端的焦点之前，长期以抽象概念存在。更进一步讲，公允价值本身不是一个单一的测量方法，而是包括了对一出口值估计的各种方法。不足为奇的是，已经有些与反对使用公允价值会计发展的论点，但是很多没有充分证据支持。然而，按标准制定者的理由也相对缺乏对公允价值会计作为一个负责任的辩论参考点。正如操作风险，政策概念可体现在监管部门以及行业接受其抽象实施过程中的复杂和混乱的问题。公允价值的定义不尽相同，体现在许多细微的方面，可能最终在法律上。FAS的157的公允价值定义为将要收到的出售资产或负债支付给市场参

44、与者之间的有序交易价格在计量日。这个定义，它以不同的形式修改了多年，可能不会出现争议。然而，它是一种思想和假设，指向可能的一个市场，一种原来有具体的特点，承担收到估价复杂的混合体。这将引起一些评论家的说法（例如卡森和内皮尔，1997年）公允价值虚构性质，并为操纵和偏见哀叹他们的主体性和潜力。事实上，布罗米奇概述了假设依据的公允价值的生产，得出的结论与公允价值的理解可能有很大的不同。不管这些批评是否有实质的情况，它确实是存在的，如果有足够人相信小说，然后他们在构成的市场可能扮演一个角色。麦肯齐和MILLO2003争论的是简化选择定价模型的发展和制度化中，假定开始了生活作为是没有描写的定价过程，然

45、后来是首选的和统治方法学。一旦接受，BLACKSCHOLES模型对市场的深度和流动资产的发展有用，在1987崩溃之后，虽然麦肯齐和MILLO注意这个关系怎么再是更加宽松的。一般的情况，如果关键社区接受小说的有用性，他们产生真正的后果，并且可以变得认为真实存在的。公允价值的拥护者经常呼吁一些相关的概念，他们努力改进透明度。他们指定一些区域例如退休金会计或储款和贷款业在公允价值作为很大问题的北美洲缺乏，贫寒执行贷款随处可见，从而使其变得易于管理整治。经常听见的比喻是一个不应该射击的恶劣资产质量的信使。怀疑者争辩说，公允价值会计创9造了错误短期可见性在退休金资助情况下，并且导致了错误理解的受益计划K

46、IOSSE和PEASNELL2009。通常，评论家争辩说，金融危机展示赞成周期性的计量公允价值，当会计是紧密结合对谨慎管理系统时，按市值计价的不确定性塑造了流动资产市场的差别，特别是为长期所持有的财产。根据LAUX和LEUZ2009不应该反对公允价值辩论。使用公允价值对金融危机和完全清白的人不负责。此外，反对公允价值的论据不自动地翻译成历史成本会计的论据。关于当前值的信息或者那些当前值的最佳估计，可能是呼吁管理和市场分析家的许多其他信息。合同和契约也许是敏感体现销售的危机性战略。一般从转移的不同优胜者和失败者的角度来说，金融证券与帮助对市场能有利于金融危机之前解释公允价值会计政治的强度。当公允

47、价值引起的许多热有关报告谨慎政治银行结构的时，LAUX和LEUZ2009极力建议在辩论中关于主要不同会计目标看法的建立，但是有些不同的方面，自然而然的，关于估计的看法被认为的价值是最为可靠的。其中使用的这种膨胀的意义，明确刺激公允价值。它使其自由程度减到最小操作账号。根据市场的价值，根据定义，是非管理基于指示物，并且这与在审计证据给予证据优先的来源，这在被审单位独立性和审计员的质量阶层的标准是一致的。因此公允价值概念的一个重要方面是建立从价值个体视图的距离，以及尽可能的找出可靠性市场的集体评断。可靠性是其中一个账户信息的根本定性的特征，被明确表达在早概念性FIAMEWORKSFASB1980。

48、账号的可靠性不是指定的它的作用是建立经验主义而不是一个概念性事实的公众舆论。当产生的问题与当局的问题变得可见时，公众舆论经常是含蓄的并且理当如此，但是有些问题在冲突和竞争中变化。可靠性想法在理想的公众舆论的小说中也许随着时间的推移改变，也许有关联而不是绝对的有意义，也许只是合理的体现在某个领域中。BARTH争辩说，质询可靠性的交易基于的看法是它不再将辨认与可证实性，但是本质上，这与最初的表示法有关正因为数额可以精确地被计算，它不一定是声称代表现实世界的经济现象的一个准确的表示法。这个声明，构成引申可靠性的概念，本质上可靠性关系到相关性里。反对介入查账索引的可靠性的一个交易性地面构想连接会计事件

49、与报告，BARTH他们导致结构转移，考虑到可靠性到10市场和价值。会计可靠性的这个新的构想作为基础，使得市场井然有序，这是典型的金融性资产和责任。这个基础和相关联，延伸到比喻和模型，模仿市场价值使用接受的经济方法学估价方法是公允价值阶层的所谓的第2级和第3级可靠性的想法。不是异常的对一个政策解答设置从他们原始的上下文转移和以及某些扩展他们的应用。应该记住记账策略讨论以前参观了许多次测量可靠性的问题。例如，在20世纪80年代末期，使用类推和基于模型的推理的混合品牌估价人禁止质询反对重视内部地引起的品牌的战胜的。当采用技术性术语时，是敏锐的对非会计估价人提议的估价专门技术的可信程度。英国会计标准委员会寻求破坏信赖被接受的实践，对被特许的测量员和品牌估价人之间的比喻，但是他们变得越来越低微，特别是当会计师事务所开发了他们自己的品牌估价。品牌会计辩论提醒我们在财务报告的可靠性的概念，可以更改估价知识机构成作为接受事务的基础。依次通过这种方法的公信力，进一步增加了他们信誉的一种良心循环，可增加市场的流动性。正如1980年代后期的该品牌进行辩论级别2和3的公允价值构成资源和专门知识，挑战的两人必须依靠估价专家培训金融经济学，审计公司和全球的监管机构，以解决如何查找证据估计的需要。模型依赖项的第3级公允价值构成的核数师，必须获得有关输入、假设和