1、1本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文出处ADECISIONAIDFORASSESSINGTHELIKELIHOODOFFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTING2000RNEWYORKAMERICANACCOUNTINGASSOCIATION,2000P1P4外文作者BELLTJCARCELLO原文ADECISIONAIDFORASSESSINGTHELIKELIHOODOFFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTING2000SASNO82,CONSIDERATIONOFFRAUDINAFINANCIALSTATEMENTAUDIT,PROVIDESGUIDANCEON
2、THEAUDITORSRESPONSIBILITYTO“PLANANDPERFORMTHEAUDITTOOBTAINREASONABLEASSURANCEABOUTWHETHERTHEFINANCIALSTATEMENTSAREFREEOFMATERIALMISSTATEMENT,WHETHERCAUSEDBYERRORORFRAUD“AICPA1997FRAUDINCLUDESBOTHFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTINGANDMISAPPROPRIATIONOFASSETSTHEFOCUSOFTHISPAPERISONFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTIN
3、GPRIORSTUDIESHAVEFOUNDTHATFAILINGTODETECTFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTINGCANEXPOSETHEAUDITORTOADVERSELEGALAND/ORREGULATORYCONSEQUENCESFOREXAMPLE,CARCELLOANDPALMROSE1994FOUNDASIGNIFICANTPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONBETWEENTHEPRESENCEOFAFINANCIALREPORTINGIRREGULARITYANDLITIGATIONAGAINSTTHEAUDITORALSO,FEROZETAL1991F
4、OUNDTHATANAUDITORSFAILURETOCONSIDERACLIENTSFRAUDPOTENTIALWASCITEDIN20PERCENTOFTHEACCOUNTINGANDAUDITINGENFORCEMENTRELEASESBROUGHTAGAINSTAUDITORSGIVENTHEADVERSELEGALANDREGULATORYCONSEQUENCESTOAUDITORSFROMFAILINGTODETECTFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTING,RESEARCHTHATCANHELPAUDITORSASSESSFRAUDRISKISOFINTEREST
5、TOBOTHACADEMICSANDPRACTITIONERSTHISSTUDYHASTWOOBJECTIVESFIRST,WEPROVIDEEVIDENCEONTHEEFFICACYOFADECISIONAIDTHATCOULDBEUSEDTOASSESSTHERISKOFFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTINGTHELOGISTICREGRESSIONMODELREPORTEDINTHEPAPERCANPROVIDEANINDEPENDENTASSESSMENT2OFTHELIKELIHOODOFFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTINGTHATCANCOMP
6、LEMENTTHEAUDITORSUNAIDEDRISKASSESSMENTOURMODELEMBODIESASETOFFRAUDRISKFACTORSTHATDEMONSTRATEDBETTERCLASSIFICATORYPOWERTHANALARGENUMBEROFALTERNATIVESETSEVALUATEDDURINGTHESTUDYINUSINGTHEMODEL,THEAUDITORFIRSTASSESSESWHETHERTHESE“BESTMODEL“RISKFACTORSAREPRESENTFORTHECLIENTTHEDECISIONAIDTHENWEIGHTSANDCOMB
7、INESTHESEINDIVIDUALJUDGMENTSINTOANOVERALLASSESSMENTOFTHEPROBABILITYOFFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTINGPRIORRESEARCHSUGGESTSTHATPROPERLYWEIGHTINGANDCOMBININGFRAUDRISKFACTORSISDIFFICULTFORAUDITORSPINCUS1989WINTERSANDSULLIVAN1994USEOFTHEMODELMIGHTREDUCEHUMANBIASORERRORASSOCIATEDWITHTHEWEIGHTINGANDCOMBININGO
8、FFRAUDRISKFACTORSANOTHEROBJECTIVEOFTHEPAPERISTOPROVIDEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEONTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHERISKFACTOREXAMPLESPRESENTEDINSASNO53ANDELSEWHEREINTHEACCOUNTINGLITERATURE,ATDISTINGUISHINGBETWEENFRAUDANDNONFRAUDENGAGEMENTSTHISBASELINEEVIDENCESHOULDBEUSEFULTORESEARCHERSWHOMAYSEEKTOEVALUATETHEINCREMENTALE
9、FFECTSOFADDITIONALRISKFACTORSSUCHASTHEEXAMPLESPRESENTEDINPARAGRAPH17OFSASNO82FOREXAMPLE,RESEARCHERSMIGHTWANTTOCOMPARETHEEFFICACYOFAMODELBASEDENTIRELYONTHESASNO82RISKFACTORSWITHTHEMODELPRESENTEDINTHISPAPEROR,ABETTERFRAUDRISKASSESSMENTMODELMIGHTINCLUDESOMERISKFACTORSFROMTHEMODELPRESENTEDINTHISPAPERCOM
10、BINEDWITHOTHERFACTORSPRESENTEDINSASNO82INTHENEXTSECTION,WEREVIEWFINDINGSFROMPRIORRESEARCHONTHEUSEOFFRAUDRISKFACTORSINSUBSEQUENTSECTIONSWEDISCUSSSAMPLESELECTIONISSUES,PRESENTDEMOGRAPHICINFORMATIONFOROURFULLSAMPLEOF382FRAUDANDNONFRAUDENGAGEMENTS,DISCUSSTHERESULTSOFUNIVARIATEANDMULTIVARIATEANALYSESOFTH
11、EDISCRIMINATORYPOWEROFNUMEROUSFRAUDRISKFACTORS,PRESENTOURFINALDECISIONAID,ANDPRESENTANEVALUATIONOFTHEFINALMODELSCLASSIFICATORYACCURACYINTHEFINALSECTION,WEDISCUSSLIMITATIONSOFTHISRESEARCHANDPRESENTASUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONSPRIORRESEARCHPRIORSTUDIESONASSESSINGTHELIKELIHOODOFFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTINGHAV
12、EFOCUSEDLARGELYONEXAMININGANUMBEROFPOTENTIALFRAUDRISKFACTORSIE,“RED3FLAGS“LOEBBECKEANDWILLINGHAM1988EXAMINEDNUMEROUSSECACCOUNTINGANDAUDITINGENFORCEMENTRELEASESTODETERMINETHEPRESENCEOFFRAUDRISKFACTORSFROMTHISWORKTHEYDEVELOPEDAMODELHEREAFTERLTWMODELTHATPROPOSESTHREECONDITIONSUNDERWHICHFRAUDULENTFINANC
13、IALREPORTINGMIGHTBEPERPETRATEDACCORDINGTOTHEL/WMODEL,THEAUDITORSHOULDCONSIDERTHEDEGREETOWHICH1CONDITIONSCOFTHEENTITYWOULDALLOWTHEPERPETRATIONOFFRAUD,2MANAGEMENTISMOTIVATEDMTOPERPETRATEAFRAUD,AND3MANAGEMENTSETHICALVALUESARESUCHTHATTHEYMIGHTKNOWINGLYCOMMITADISHONESTORCRIMINALACTATTITUDEATHEFRAUDRISKFA
14、CTORSIDENTIFIEDDURINGEXAMINATIONOFTBEENFORCEMENTRELEASESWEREMAPPEDINTOTHESETHREECOMPONENTSOFTHELAVFRAMEWORKLOEBBECKEETAL1989ASSESSEDTHEABOVEMODELUSING77CASESOFMATERIALFINANCIALREPORTINGFRAUDCOLLECTEDINASURVEYOFUSAUDITPARTNERSFROMALARGEINTERNATIONALAUDITFIRMAMAJORITYOFTHE77FRAUDCASESWEREDISCOVEREDDUR
15、INGTHEMIDTOLATE1980SSHORTLYBEFORETHESURVEYWASADMINISTEREDHOWEVER,SOMECASESDATEASFARBACKASTHELATE1960SLOEBBECKEETAL1989REPORTEDTHATATLEASTONERISKFACTORWASPRESENTINALLTHREELAVMODELCOMPONENTSFORAMAJORITY88PERCENTOFTHE77FRAUDCASESTHEYWERENOTABLETOASSESSTHEDISCRIMINATORYPOWEROFTHEIRMODELANDITSINDIVIDUALR
16、ISKFACTORSBECAUSETHEIRSAMPLECONTAINEDONLYCASESWHEREFRAUDHADBEENDISCOVEREDWITHAFRAUDONLYSAMPLE,ITISNOTPOSSIBLETOESTIMATETHERATEOFFALSEPOSITIVESRESULTINGFROMTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHEMODELTONONFRAUDENGAGEMENTSTHELAVMODELWASTESTEDBYBELLETAL1991THEFULLCM,ANDAMODELTHATCONTAINEDALL46RISKFACTORSPRODUCEDAFALSEPOSI
17、TIVESRATEINEXCESSOF25PERCENTTHEBESTMODELOFTHEALTERNATIVESASSESSEDBYBELLETAL1991WASTHEMODELWHERETHETHREECOMPONENTSC,M,ANDACONTAINEDONLYTHOSERISKFACTORSFROMTHEIRORIGINALMAPPEDSETSTHATWERESIGNIFICANTSTANDALONECLASSIFIERSOFTHEOCCURRENCEOFFRAUDTHATMODELCORRECTLYCLASSIFIED74PERCENTOFTHEFRAUDCASES,WHILEMIS
18、CLASSIFYINGONLY11PERCENTOFTHENONFRAUDCASESASDISCUSSEDINALATERSECTIONOFTHISPAPER,USINGTHE“HIGHRISK“CUTOFFOF25,OURFINALMODELCORRECTLYCLASSIFIES80PERCENTOFTHEFRAUDCASES,WHILEMISCLASSIFYING11PERCENTOFTHENONFRAUDCASESSEE4FIGURE1PRESENTEDLATERINTHISPAPERINTHENEXTSECTION,WEDISCUSSTHEAPPROACHUSEDBYBELLETAL1
19、991TOSELECTASAMPLEOFNONFRAUDENGAGEMENTSTOSUPPLEMENTTHESAMPLEOF77FRAUDENGAGEMENTSSTUDIEDBYLOEBBECKEETAL1989,ANDWEPRESENTINFORMATIONABOUTTHEDEMOGRAPHICSOFTHEFINALSAMPLEOF382FRAUDANDNONFRAUDENGAGEMENTSSAMPLESELECTIONANDENGAGEMENTDEMOGRAPHICSTHESAMPLEOF382FRAUDANDNONFRAUDENGAGEMENTSUSEDINTHEBELLETAL1991
20、STUDYWASALSOUSEDINTHISSTUDYBELLETAL1991APPLIEDTHEFOLLOWINGAPPROACHTOSELECTASAMPLEOFNONFRAUDENGAGEMENTSTOSUPPLEMENTTHESAMPLEOF77FRAUDENGAGEMENTSSTUDIEDBYLOEBBECKEETAL1989DURINGAUDITPLANNINGINTHESUMMEROF1990,500AUDITENGAGEMENTSWERESAMPLEDRANDOMLYFROMTHEPOPULATIONOFUSAUDITCLIENTSFORTHESAMEINTERNATIONAL
21、AUDITFIRMWHOSE“FRAUDCASES“WERESAMPLEDBYLOEBBECKEETAL1989THESAMPLEWASSTRATIFIEDSOTHATINDUSTRIESWEREREPRESENTEDINTHESAMEPROPORTIONSFOUNDINTHEPOPULATIONOFTHEFIRMSAUDITENGAGEMENTSENGAGEMENTSWERERANDOMLYDRAWNFROMEACHINDUSTRYFOURHUNDREDTWENTYFIVESURVEYSWERERETURNEDAND305USABLERESPONSESWEREAVAILABLEAFTERCU
22、LLING81ENGAGEMENTSTHATWERENOTFULLSCOPEAUDITS,32CASESWHERESUBJECTSDIDNOTCOMPLETETHESURVEYINSTRUMENTBECAUSECLIENTSHADRECENTLYCHANGEDTOOTHERAUDITORS,ANDSEVENENGAGEMENTSWHEREFRAUDHADBEENENCOUNTEREDBYTHEAUDITORDURINGTHERECENTPASTAUDITORSJUDGMENTSABOUTTHEPRESENCEORABSENCEOFEACHOFTHE46RISKFACTORSCONTAINEDI
23、NTHELAVMODELWERECOLLECTEDFORTHESE305“NONFRAUD“ENGAGEMENTSRESPONDENTSINCLUDED233764PERCENTPARTNERS,71233PERCENTMANAGERS,ANDONE03PERCENTSENIORAUDITORASDISCUSSEDPREVIOUSLY,THEMAJORITYOFTHE77FRAUDCASESUSEDINTHELOEBBECKEETAL1989STUDYOCCURREDINTHEMIDTOLATE1980SHOWEVER,SOMEOFTHEFRAUDOBSERVATIONSOCCURREDASF
24、ARBACKASTHELATE1960SGIVENTHEINFREQUENCYOFFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTING,ARELATIVELYLONGTIMEPERIODWASREQUIREDTOIDENTIFYASAMPLEOFFRAUDOBSERVATIONSOFREASONABLESIZEDURINGTHEMODELESTIMATIONPHASEOFTHESTUDYWETESTEDFORPOSSIBLEDIFFERENCESINTHEPROPENSITYFORFRAUDFORDIFFERENTTIMEPERIODSWEADDEDADUMMYVARIABLEINDICA
25、TINGTHOSEFRAUDSTHATOCCURREDPRIORTO1985ANDFOUNDTHATITWASNOT5SIGNIFICANTSEVERALOFTHERISKFACTORSEVALUATEDINTHESTUDYCONTROLFORTHECLIENTS“CURRENT“ENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONS,EG,“INDUSTRYISDECLININGWITHMANYBUSINESSFAILURES“WHETHERTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESEENVIRONMENTALRISKFACTORSANDTHEOCCURRENCEOFFRAUDISSTAB
26、LEOVERTIME,ANDWHETHERALLSIGNIFICANTENVIRONMENTALRISKFACTORSHAVEBEENCONSIDERED,CANNOTBEDETERMINEDCONCLUSIVELYFROMOURSTUDYTABLE1PRESENTSDEMOGRAPHICINFORMATIONFORTHECOMBINEDSAMPLEOF77FRAUDENGAGEMENTSAND305NONFRAUDENGAGEMENTSPANELAPRESENTSSAMPLEFREQUENCIESANDRELATEDPERCENTAGESBYINDUSTRYANDTYPEOFOWNERSHI
27、PMOSTOFTHEINDUSTRYPROPORTIONSARECOMPARABLEFORTHEFRAUDANDNONFRAUDSAMPLESEXCEPTIONSAREBANKING,HIGHTECH,ANDSAVINGSLOANSWHEREHIGHERPROPORTIONSWEREFOUNDINTHEFRAUDSAMPLE,ANDEDUCATION,GOVERNMENT,ANDOTHERNOTFORPROFITWHEREAHIGHERPROPORTIONWASFOUNDINTHENONFRAUDSAMPLEWETESTEDSEVERALINDUSTRYCATEGORICALVARIABLES
28、DURINGTHEMODELSPECIFICATIONSTAGEOFTHERESEARCHANDFOUNDTHATTHEYDIDNOTHAVESIGNIFICANTINCREMENTALCLASSIFICATORYPOWERPANELAOFTABLE1PRESENTSACOMPARISONOFTHEOWNERSHIPCHARACTERISTICSPUBLICVSPRIVATEFORTHEFRAUDANDNONFRAUDSAMPLESSINCETHEREISTYPICALLYMOREPRESSUREONPUBLICCOMPANIESTHANPRIVATECOMPANIESTOPRODUCEEAR
29、NINGS,ITISNOTSURPRISINGTHATTHEREISAHIGHERPROPORTIONOFPUBLICCOMPANIESINTHEFRAUDSAMPLE506PERCENTTHANINTHENONFRAUDSAMPLE144PERCENTFORTHEINDUSTRIESBANKING,HIGHTECH,ANDMANUFACTURING,THEFRAUDSAMPLEHASAHIGHERPROPORTIONOFPUBLICLYOWNEDCOMPANIESPANELBOFTABLE1SHOWSTHENUMBEROFYEARSTHEAUDITFIRMHADBEENTHEAUDITORF
30、ORTHESAMPLEDENGAGEMENTSFIRSTYEARAUDITSAREMOREPREVALENTINTHEFRAUDSAMPLE221PERCENTTHANINTHENONFIRAUDSAMPLE85PERCENTALSO,THEREISAHIGHERPROPORTIONOFFRAUDSINENGAGEMENTSWHERETHEAUDITFIRMHADBEENTHEAUDITORFORSIXTO10CONSECUTIVEYEARSINTHEMODELESTIMATIONSTAGEOFTHESTUDY,WETESTEDSEVERALCATEGORICALVARIABLESINDICA
31、TINGAUDITORLONGEVITYANDFOUNDTHATTHEIRINCREMENTALEFFECTSWERENOTSIGNIFICANTUNIVARIATEANALYSESOFFRAUDRISKFACTORSTHEFRAUDRISKFACTORSANALYZEDINTHISSTUDYARETHESAME46FACTORSCONTAINEDIN6THEL/WMODELDISCUSSEDABOVETWENTYONEOFTHESERISKFACTORSWERESIMILARTOTHOSEPRESENTEDINSASNO53PRESENTEDINTABLE2THEREMAINING25RIS
32、KFACTORSWERESIMILARTOFACTORSDISCUSSEDINTHEEXTANTLITERATUREPRESENTEDINTABLE3FOREACHOFTHE46RISKFACTORS,WETESTEDFORSIGNIFICANTCLASSIFICATORYPOWERUSING2X2CONTINGENCYTABLESANDTHERELATEDCHISQUARETESTOFINDEPENDENCETHETWOVARIABLESFOREACHCONTINGENCYTABLEWERE“AUDITORRISKFACTORJUDGMENT“AND“OCCURRENCEOFFRAUD,“A
33、NDTHETWOLEVELSFOREACHVARIABLEWEREPRESENT/ABSENTACTUALLY,THEREARETHREEPOSSIBLEOUTCOMES1AUDITORFINDSFRAUD,2AUDITORDOESNOTFINDFRAUDTHATISSUBSEQUENTLYDISCOVEREDBYOTHERS,AND3AUDITORDOESNOTFINDFRAUDANDNOFRAUDISLATERDISCOVEREDWECODEDBOTHOUTCOMES1AND2ASFRAUDBECAUSEWEWEREMOSTINTERESTEDINTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEE
34、NTHEAUDITORSJUDGMENTSABOUTTHEPRESENCEOFRISKFACTORSANDTHEULTIMATEOCCURRENCEOFFRAUD,WHETHERDISCOVEREDORUNDISCOVEREDBYTHEAUDITOREACHFRAUDRISKFACTORWASPRESENTEDTOAUDITORSUBJECTSINTHEFORMOFAQUESTIONEGFORTHISENGAGEMENT,DOESMANAGEMENTPLACEANUNDUEEMPHASISONMEETINGEARNINGSPROJECTIONSTHEQUESTIONNAIREPROVIDEDT
35、WORESPONSESYESANDNOANDREQUIREDTHESUBJECTTOCHOOSEONERESPONSEWEUSEDABINARYSCALERATHERTHANALIKERTSCALEWITHTHREEORMOREPOINTSBECAUSEWEWANTEDTHEAUDITORSUBJECTSTOFORMFINALCONCLUSIONSABOUTTHEPRESENCEORABSENCEOFRISKFACTORSEVENWHENSUCHJUDGMENTSWEREDIFFICULTTHERESULTSOFOURUNIVARIATEANALYSESAREPRESENTEDINTABLES
36、2AND3THE21FACTORSLISTEDINTABLE2INABBREVIATEDFORMCORRESPONDCLOSELYTOTHEFACTORSPRESENTEDINSASNO53RESULTSFORTHE25ADDITIONALFACTORS,WHICHWERESIMILARTOOTHERFACTORSPRESENTEDINTHEFRAUDLITERATURE,AREPRESENTEDINTABLE3TABLE2SASNO53FACTORSPRESENTSTHEABSOLUTEANDRELATIVEPERCENTAGEFREQUENCIESOF“RISKFACTORPRESENT“
37、RESPONSESFORTHE77FRAUDAND305NONFRAUDCASESTHERELATEDCHISQUARESTATISTICS,PHICOEFFICIENTS,ANDOBSERVEDSIGNIFICANCELEVELSAREALSOPRESENTEDINTHETABLETHECHISQUARESTATISTICISUSEDTOTESTTHESIGNIFICANCEOFTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENINDIVIDUALRISKFACTORJUDGMENTSANDOCCURRENCEOFFRAUD7SOURCEADECISIONAIDFORASSESSINGTHELI
38、KELIHOODOFFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTING2000RNEWYORKAMERICANACCOUNTINGASSOCIATION,2000P1P48译文关于舞弊评价体系的2000年报告SAS发布了关于对财务报表舞弊审计的若干注意事项即第82号条例,此条例为审计人员的职责提供了一个指导方向审计人员的职责为“做好事先策划并按照策划完成审计,目的为取得财务报表是否有错报、此错报是因为账务错误还是因为舞弊引起的所有材料。”(此定义为AICPA在1997年的定义)舞弊不仅仅包括财务报告舞弊,也包括不恰当估计并上报所拥有的资产,而这篇论文的主要注意点集中在财务报表舞弊。之前的
39、研究已经很清楚地表明了如果审计者无法侦测到财务报表舞弊的存在,那么将陷自己于不利的境地甚至会招来牢狱之灾。CARCELLOANDPALMROSE(1994)这两人就研究了审计者递交不规范甚至错误的财务表报与审计者遭到起诉的关系,结果发现此这两者正相关。同样,FEROZ和他的同事们在1991年也发现了将近20的针对会计和审计人员的起诉中提出了这么一条罪状审计者没有考虑或故意忽略了客户潜在的舞弊动机。正是因为审计失败可能会给审计者带来非常严重的后果,无论学术界还是实际应用中,人们都对如何帮助审计者识别舞弊有着很大的兴趣。本篇论文致力于解决两个目标。首先,我们会提供可以用来识别财务报表舞弊的有效方法
40、,在这篇论文里的逻辑回归模型可以提供一个独立的可以用来评价财务舞弊可能性的评估,以帮助审计者独立完成风险评估。我们的评估模型里包含有一系列风险评价因素,这些因素被仔细地归类分级,它们所阐述的分类严密程度超过论文里阐述的其他的替代风险评估因素。使用这个模型的时候,审计者首先判断顾客是否具有模型里阐述的风险因素,然后把这些因素汇总、加权以评价顾客总体的财务报表舞弊的可能性。以前的研究提出审计者很难正确衡量和评价舞弊风险因素,但是利用模型,可以最大程度地降低个人偏见和错误对整体评价的影响程度。另外一个目标就是提供SAS第53号条例和其他会计文献有效性的实证证据,并区别舞弊和非舞弊。研究额外风险增效作
41、用(比如说在SAS地82号文件第17段的材料的例子所反映的问题)的研究者也许会用得到这些基础材料。另外,研究者也许会想要比较完全基于SAS第82号文件的模型和在本文中所阐述模型的效率到底谁更出色。或者,研究者可以利用本文中所提及的风险因素加上SAS9第82号文件中所涉及的因素来组合成一个更好的舞弊风险评估模型。下一节,我们会回顾以前研究中所总结出的风险因素。在接下去的章节里,我们会讨论关于样本选择问题,为了阐述这个问题,我们会对我们382个关于舞弊和非舞弊的全样本进行全面分析,并得出关于舞弊风险识别能力的单因素和多因素的分析结果。阐述我们的最终研究决定并提出一个最终模型的分层精度分析研究。在最
42、后一节,我们将讨论本研究的局限性并呈述关于本研究的总结。以前的研究结果关于评估欺诈性财务报告的可能性之前的研究主要集中在测试一些潜在的欺诈风险因素(如“REDFLAGS”)。LOEBBECKEANDWILLINGHAM(1988)测试了很多SEC的关于审计和会计的实施细则来确定一部分舞弊风险。他们开发了一个模型(以下简称L/W的模型)并提出三个条件可能导致财务报表舞弊。根据L/W模型,审计者需要考虑以下事务的程度以做出判断第一,公司的环境是否允许舞弊的发生。第二,管理层是否有舞弊的动机。第三,管理者的道德观是否正确,比如他们是否允许不诚实甚至犯罪的行为。这三个因素将被以LAV的框架体系综合考虑
43、以得出结论。LOEBBECKE等人(1989)利用从一家大型国家会计师事务所所得到77宗重大财务舞弊案件评估了上述模型。这77宗案件大多属于19世纪80年代末期也就是比LOEBBECKE等人调查时期稍早些时候的案件,不过也有很久之前的比如19世纪60年代的。LOEBBECKE等人的研究发现,在L/W所包含的三个风险因素中,至少有一个风险因素出现在绝大部分的这77个案例中(88的比例)。但是他们无法评价此评价体系是否没有偏见,也无法评价个别风险因素因为所有的样本都是已经被发现的舞弊案例,也正是因为只有被发现的舞弊案例,研究者无法估计模型的误报率。BELL等人在1991年又对L/W模型进行了测试,
44、在全部46个测试样本中,完整的L/W模型产生了25的错报率,而由BELL等人进行改良的模式则表现极佳,他们的模型是从原有的风险因素中选出一些意义重大的组成而得。这个新的模型改正了原本被错判的74的案例而且仅有11的错判率。本论文接下来即将进行的讨论也即将印证此观点,仅仅使用25的“高风险”风险因素就可以正确判断80的舞弊案件。10在下一节中,我们将讨论BELL等人所使用的方法,并呈述我们的关于382例案例的分析。样本选择以及相关分析我们现在所使用的这382例舞弊和非舞弊案例也是当年BELL所使用的。BELL等人是用以下的方法来选择样本的他们在总数为1990,500的审计案例中随机挑选,而LOE
45、BBECKE仅仅是从舞弊案例中挑选。BELL等人对样本进行了分层,这样就可以从各个行业中挑选并确保每个行业拥有相同的人口比例,而行业内的抽样则是完全随机的。剔除了81份不全面的,32例中途中断调查的和7例审计师最近刚刚碰到过舞弊案例的,他们从425份调查中选取了305份有效调查。在这305份问卷中,含有回答者对于L/W模型的46中风险因素是否会导致舞弊的职业判断。回答人的中有233个(764)的合伙人,71个(233)经理和1个(03)资深审计师。前文已经提到,LOEBBECKE所使用的77个案例大多数来自于19实际80年代中末期但也有一部分上溯至19世纪60年代,这是因为在那个时期财务报表舞
46、弊的案例并不常见,LOEBBECKE必须把相当长一段时间内的所有案例集合在一起以形成一个具有一定规模的样本。在研究的模型测试阶段,我们估计可能存在差异欺诈倾向在不同的时间段,所以我们增加了一个虚拟变量即以1985年为分界线对比前后的报表舞弊数量,但是发现差异并不大。研究中也包含有一些关于当前现状的因素,比如“工业衰退导致许多企业倒闭”,可是环境风险与舞弊发生概率的联系是否稳定以及我们是否考虑了所有环境风险因素这两个问题,则无法在本篇论文中给出答案。表一给出了77个舞弊案例和305个非舞弊案例的人口统计学信息。表中的A组的样本是按照行业分类的,在此中我们发现银行业、高科技业和有关储蓄贷款的行业是
47、舞弊的高发区。与之形成对应的则是教育业、政府部门和其他非盈利组织的舞弊倾向并不严重。在测试期间,我们尝试着以不同的方式去分组结果显示这并没有什么突出的作用。A组中同时把样本公司以所有权不同分类为小型和上市公司。由于上市公司比小型公司承受着更高的盈利压力,我们毫不惊讶地发现,上市公司占据了更多数的舞弊案例(506)而仅占非舞弊的案例的144。在那些特殊的行业比如银行业、高科技行业和制造业,上市公司同样占据着舞弊公司的大头。11B组给出了审计年份与舞弊可能性的联系,研究显示首年审计更容易产生舞弊(221的概率舞弊而85的概率非舞弊),而另外一个舞弊高发审计年份出现在审计师已经担任该公司审计工作61
48、0年之后。在研究中,我们同时采用了其他的年份分组方法,但是发现其效果都不如这样分组来得显著。对于审计风险因素的总体分析我们在这个研究中所分析使用的审计风险因素就是L/W模型包含那46个因素,其中21个审计风险因素与SAS第53号条例所呈述的类似,而其余的25个审计风险因素则来自于其余的外部文献。对于每一个审计风险因素,我们都分类使用了2倍2列联表和相关卡方独立性测定。每个因素的分析变量为“审计师对于舞弊的判断”和“舞弊是否存在”,每个变量只能2选1,即存在和不存在。这样就可能有三种结果,即1审计师发现了舞弊。2审计师未能发现存在的舞弊。3审计师未能发现舞弊,而事实上舞弊也不存在。我们标记了所有
49、第一和第二种结果,因为在本文中我们对审计师对审计风险因素的职业判断与审计是否最终被侦测到这两者之间的联系感兴趣。每个审计风险因素都以问题的形式呈现给目标对象即审计师。比如说管理机构对于盈利过分强调会不会导致舞弊的发生回答这个问题只能是“是”或者“否”,不像LIKERT衡量表具有多个选项可供选择,我们几乎采取2选1的答题方式来强迫审计师给出一个明确的答案。我们的单因素分析结果列于表2和表3,。其中表2陈列了与SAS第53号准则相近的21项审计风险因素分析结果,而表3则显示了其他25项的结论。表2表示了该21项审计风险因素与77项舞弊以及305项非舞弊的联系的比率。相关的卡方统计,披系数和测试意义等级等方法也使用在了表二中。卡方统计是用来测试各个体间的风险因素的判断和欺诈行为的发生关系的意义。
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