1、1本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译外文题目THEINFLUENCEOFTAXONCORPORATEBEHAVIOR外文出处TAXANDCORPORATEGOVERNANCE外文作者WOLFGANGSCHON原文THEINFLUENCEOFTAXONCORPORATEBEHAVIORECONOMICANDLEGALPERSPECTIVESTHEANALYSISOFTHEBASICLEGALFRAMEWORKWHERETHEINTERACTIONOFTAXANDCORPORATEGOVERNANCETAKESPLACEHASTOCOMMENCEWITHTHEQUESTIONOFWHETHERTHERE
2、EXISTSANYDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEECONOMICPERSPECTIVEPRESENTEDINTHEPRECEDINGCONTRIBUTIONBYMIHIRDESAIANDDHAMMIKADHARMAPALA1ANDTHELEGALPERSPECTIVEWHICHISTHETOPICOFTHISCHAPTERINTHEOLDDAYS,THEDISTINCTIONHASBEENQUITECLEARTHELEGALANALYSISWOULDLOOKATTHELAWASITSTANDS,THESTATUTORYANDJUDGEMADERULESINTHEFIELDOFTAXA
3、TION,COMPANYLAWANDFINANCIALMARKETSFROMANORMATIVESTANDPOINT,WHILETHEECONOMICANALYSISWOULDFOCUSONTHEEFFECTSOFSUCHRULESINMATHEMATICALMODELSANDTHEREALWORLD,TRYINGTODESCRIBETHEIRIMPACTONEFFICIENCYANDDISTRIBUTIONOVERTHEYEARS,THISDISTINCTIONHASBECOMECONSIDERABLYBLURREDLEGALSCHOLARSEMPLOYTHETOOLSOFECONOMICA
4、NALYSISOFLAW,CAPITALMARKETTHEORYANDINFORMATIONECONOMICSINCORPORATEAFFAIRSASWELLASTHEFINDINGSOFPUBLICFINANCEANDPUBLICCHOICEINTAXMATTERSTODISCUSSTHECURRENTSTATEOFTHEIRFIELDWHILEECONOMISTSUSETHEIRTHEORETICALANDEMPIRICALFINDINGSINORDERTOBRINGFORWARDNORMATIVERECOMMENDATIONSFORLEGISLATIONINDIFFERENTAREASO
5、FTHELAWLAWYERSSTILLFEELONTHEIROWNWHENTHEYENGAGEINTHEINTERPRETATIONANDAPPLICATIONOFEXISTINGRULES,BUTTHEYHAVEREALIZEDTHATTHEYHAVETOSHARETHETASKOFPUBLICPOLICYRECOMMENDATIONSWITHTHEIRECONOMICBRETHRENITMAKESNOSENSEANYMORETOSEPARATETHETHEORETICAL,EMPIRICALANDNORMATIVEASPECTSOFTAXANDCORPORATE2GOVERNANCEINT
6、HISRESPECTNEVERTHELESS,ITMAKESSOMESENSEFORAPOLICYORIENTEDBOOKLIKETHISTOFINDSOMECOMMONLEGALGROUNDONACOMPARATIVEBASIS,STARTINGWITHACLOSERLOOKATTHELEGALFRAMEWORKWHICHWECURRENTLYFINDINMAJORJURISDICTIONSINTHISRESPECT,THEFOCUSWILLBEONEXISTINGSTATUTORYANDJUDGEMADERULESANDSTANDARDS,PUTTINGTHEEMPHASISONUS,UK
7、ANDGERMANLAWINCOMEMEASUREMENTINTAXANDFINANCIALACCOUNTINGTHEMOSTIMPORTANTEFFECTOFCORPORATEANDFINANCIALLAWRULESONTHEWAYTAXABLEINCOMEISMEASURED,ISENSHRINEDINTHEALIGNMENTOFCORPORATEANDTAXABLEPROFITSWHICHWEFINDINSEVERALIMPORTANTJURISDICTIONSINTHISBOOK,JUDITHFREEDMANPRESENTSANINDEPTHANALYSISOFTHELEGALBACK
8、GROUNDOFSUCHATECHNIQUEUNDERSUCHSYSTEM,THEBASICSTRUCTURALELEMENTSOFFINANCIALACCOUNTINGFINDTHEIRWAYINTOTAXACCOUNTINGAGAINWECANASKOURSELVESWHETHERFINANCIALRULESHAVEAPOSITIVEIMPACTONTHETAXMANAGEMENTOFTHECOMPANYANDTHEFULFILLMENTOFITSOBLIGATIONSUNDERTAXLAWTHEEFFECTSAREMANIFOLDFIRSTLY,THETAXMANCANRELYONASE
9、TOFFINANCIALACCOUNTSWHICHHAVEBEENAUDITEDBYAPUBLICACCOUNTANTBEFORETHETAXINSPECTORARRIVESTHISISAVALUABLESTARTINGPOINTINTHEPROCESSOFTHETAXAUDITITSELFMOREOVER,ATTHEINDIVIDUALLEVELOFTHECOMPANY,ALIGNMENTMEANSTHATTHEMANAGEMENTWILLCONSIDERTHEEFFECTSOFAPARTICULARACCOUNTINGPOSITIONBOTHONTHECAPITALMARKETANDONT
10、HETAXSITUATIONTHEOUTCOMEWILLDEPENDONTHEBENEFITSMANAGERSRECEIVEFROMDIFFERENTOPTIONSIFANDINSOFARASTHEMANAGEMENTISPAIDONTHEBASISOFTHEFINANCIALRESULTSOFTHECOMPANY,THEREWILLBEATENDENCYOFTHEMANAGEMENTTOGIVEANOPTIMISTICPICTUREOFTHECOMPANYSOVERALLPROFIT,THEREBYINCREASINGTHETAXBILLASWELLNEVERTHELESS,THISEFFE
11、CTMIGHTBEMITIGATEDBYTHEFACTTHATMANAGEMENTCOMPENSATIONISNORMALLYBASEDONAFTERTAXPROFITMOREOVER,INACORPORATIONORIENTEDTOTHESTOCKMARKET,ITISIMPORTANTTOSHOWGOODRESULTSTOTHEINVESTORSINORDERTOMAKESTOCKSRISEANDKEEPTAKEOVERATBAYINADDITION,GOODRESULTSCANLEADTOANAPPRECIATIONOFTHEMANAGEMENTSSTOCKOPTIONSAGAIN,TH
12、ETAXMANSHOULDBEGLADINTHISRESPECTONTHEOTHERHANDTHEREMIGHTBECLOSELYHELDFIRMSWHERE3SHAREHOLDERSDONOTLOOKATTHEFINANCIALACCOUNTSINTHEFIRSTPLACEANDWHERETHEYDONOTREGARDDIVIDENDSTOBETHEMOSTIMPORTANTBENEFITTHEYRECEIVEFROMTHECOMPANYINTHESECASES,THESHAREHOLDERSWHOAREOFTENTHEMSELVESTHEMANAGERSOFTHEFIRMMAYPRESSF
13、ORLOWNUMBERSBOTHINTHEFINANCIALANDINTHETAXACCOUNTS,THUSDISTORTINGBOTHCALCULATIONSTAXANALLYTOCORPORATEGOVERNANCEITISWELLKNOWNTHATTAXRULESHAVEAMAJORINFLUENCEONTHEWAYACOMPANYSBUSINESSISCONDUCTED,HOWTHECORPORATIONISFINANCEDANDSTRUCTURALCHANGESAREBROUGHTABOUTTHETAXNEUTRALITYOFCOMPANYREORGANIZATIONSISATOPI
14、CINEVERYTAXSYSTEMANDCAPITALGAINSTAXATIONWILLSURELYIMPACTTHEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREOFANENTERPRISETHEDEDUCTIBILITYOFPENSIONLIABILITIESINGERMANTAXLAWHASCONTRIBUTEDLARGELYTOINTERNALFINANCINGOFBIGANDSMALLCORPORATIONSANDTHECHOICEBETWEENAPARTNERSHIPANDACOMPANYFORCLOSELYHELDFIRMS,INCLUDINGTHEMOSTRECENTPRODUCTSIN
15、THELLCANDLLPSECTORCANTELLASTORYABOUTTAXREASONSFORSPECIFICLEGALFORMSINTHESAMEWAYINOURCONTEXT,WEFINDSOMETAXPROVISIONSWHICHHAVEADIRECTIMPACTONTHEINTERNALGOVERNANCESYSTEMOFCORPORATIONSINTHISRESPECTWEHAVETODISTINGUISHBETWEENTAXPROVISIONSWHICHARESPECIFICALLYAIMEDATTHISSORTOFREGULATIONANDOTHERSWHERETHEPOSI
16、TIVEORNEGATIVEIMPACTONCORPORATEGOVERNANCEISMOREORLESSASIDEEFFECTTAXPROVISIONSWHICHAREMEANTTOHAVEADIRECTIMPACTONCORPORATEGOVERNANCECANSPECIFICALLYBEFOUNDINTHEUNITEDSTATESWELLKNOWNEXAMPLESFORSUCHREGULATORYTAXATIONINCLUDELIMITATIONSTOTHEDEDUCTIBILITYOFGOLDENPARACHUTEPAYMENTSINTHECASEOFTAKEOVER,GREENMAI
17、LTAXATIONWHENCOMPANIESDOLEOUTLARGEPAYMENTSTOCORPORATEBIDDERSORTHENONDEDUCTIBILITYOFEXAGGERATEDMANAGEMENTCOMPENSATIONAREWIDELYDISCUSSEDMOREOVER,TAXINCENTIVESREFERRINGTOPARTICULARSTOCKOPTIONSCHEMESTRYTOALIGNSHAREHOLDERANDMANAGEMENTINTERESTTHESERULESBELONGTOTHEBROADAREAOFREGULATORYTAXATIONWHICHGOESFARB
18、EYONDTHETOPICSOFCORPORATEBEHAVIORINTHEUSCONTEXT,THESERULESAREPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTASCORPORATELAWISSUBJECTTOSTATELEGISLATIONWHILECORPORATETAXISPREDOMINANTLYINTHEHANDSOFTHEFEDERALLEGISLATORTHECASEISSIMILARTOSECURITIESLAWWHICHISINTHE4HANDSOFCONGRESSANDTHESECANDTHEREFORESERVESASACOMPLEMENTTOTHELIBERALCO
19、RPORATERULESWHICHWEFINDATTHESTATELEVELTHESARBANESOXLEYACT2002ISAMAJOREXAMPLEOFTHESTRONGINFLUENCESECURITIESREGULATIONCANHAVEONTHEINTERNALAFFAIRSOFACORPORATIONINSOFAR,FEDERALTAXRULESCANINFLUENCETHEINTERNALAFFAIRSOFACORPORATIONINGERMANYANDINTHEUKBOTHCOMPANYANDTAXLAWAREGOVERNEDBYTHESAMELEGISLATIVEBODIES
20、OFTHECENTRALSTATETHEREFORE,THELEGISLATORSDONOTHAVEAPARAMOUNTINTERESTINTHEREGULATIONOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCESTRUCTURESBYTAXMEANSMOREOVER,THEREARELIMITSTOTHEFUNCTIONINGOFSUCHREGULATORYINSTRUMENTSFIRSTLY,THEYWORKWITHPRETTYBROADBRUSHSTROKES,THEREBYCATCHINGGOODANDBADCASESALIKESECONDLY,THEYDONOTFULLYPREVENTU
21、NWANTEDBEHAVIORTHEYSIMPLYATTACHHIGHERAFTERTAXCOSTSTOITWHICHFINALLYFALLONTHESHAREHOLDER,WHOSEINTERESTWASMEANTTOBEPROTECTEDBYTHESERULESIFTAXLAWLIMITSTHEDEDUCTIBILITYOFHIGHFIXEDSALARIESFORDIRECTORSANDMANAGERS,ANYINCREASEINTHESALARYWILLCOSTTHESHAREHOLDEREVENMOREDEPENDENTONTHEFUNCTIONINGOFTHEPRINCIPALAGE
22、NTRELATIONSHIPWITHINTHECOMPANY,THERESPECTIVETAXPROVISIONWILLPUTABRAKEONTHESUSPECTOPERATIONSOFTHEMANAGEMENTORITWILLNOTINTHISCASEWEENDUPWITHACOMBINATIONOFTHEUNWANTEDBEHAVIORANDANEXTRATAXCOSTFALLINGONTHESHAREHOLDERSPROFITTAXLAWRESTRAINTSONFIXEDREMUNERATIONSHAVESTRONGLYSUPPORTEDTHERISEOFSTOCKOPTIONSWHIC
23、HHAVETHEMSELVESLEDTOAWIDESPREADTRANSFEROFWEALTHFROMSHAREHOLDERSTOTHEMANAGEMENTHAVINGINMINDTHESEUNCLEARANDCOUNTERPRODUCTIVEEFFECTS,STEVENBANKCONCLUDES“TAXCANBECONSIDEREDANALLYOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCE,BUTNOTADEFACTOSYSTEMOFFEDERALCORPORATELAWEVENMORERELEVANTFORTHEOVERALLSTABILITYOFTHECORPORATELAWFRAMEWOR
24、KSEEMTOBETHOSETAXLAWPROVISIONSWHICHARENOTSPECIFICALLYINTENDEDTOINFLUENCECORPORATEBEHAVIORBUTWHICHSIMPLYEXERTEXTERNALCONTROLONTHEACTIVITIESOFTHEMANAGEMENTTHISSTARTSWITHTHEMEREEXISTENCEOFTHECORPORATETAXWHICHPRODUCESTHENECESSITYTOENGAGEINANNUALINCOMEMEASUREMENT,TOFILERETURNSANDTOHAVETHEMAUDITEDBYTHETAX
25、INSPECTORONAREGULARBASISTHISPUTSANEXTRALAYEROF“CERTIFICATION”ONTHECALCULATIONOFCORPORATEPROFITS,INADDITIONTOTHECONTROL5MECHANISMSAPPLIEDBYSHAREHOLDERSTHEMSELVESANDPUBLICACCOUNTANTSASTAXINSPECTORSDONOTFACETHESAMECOLLECTIVEACTIONPROBLEMSWHICHSHAREHOLDERSENCOUNTERANDEVENMOREIMPORTANTRARELYARESUBJECTTOT
26、HESAMECONFLICTSOFINTERESTASAUDITORSARE,THENATURALPROCESSOFTAXAUDITINGPROVESTOBEHELPFULFORTHEOVERALLFRAMEWORKOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCEITISNOTEXTREMELYRARETHATTAXINSPECTORSDETECTCORPORATEFRAUDWHICHHASNOTBEENUNVEILEDBYBIGACCOUNTINGFIRMSTHEREALPROBLEMISWHETHERTHEYAREBOUNDORENTITLEDHAVINGTAXSECRECYINMINDTOMA
27、KETHEIRFINDINGSPUBLICINANYCASEFROMTHEGERMANPERSPECTIVE,THEMOSTIMPORTANTEFFECTCORPORATETAXATIONEXERTSONCORPORATEGOVERNANCEREFERSTOHIDDENDISTRIBUTIONSOFPROFITSUNDERCOMPANYLAW,ITISWELLKNOWNTHATMINORITYSHAREHOLDERSHAVETOBEPROTECTEDIFMAJORITSHAREHOLDERSOFTENINCOLLUSIONWITHDIRECTORSDIVERTTHECOMPANYSASSETS
28、TOTHEMSELVES,DEPARTINGFROMARMSLENGTHCONDITIONSINTHEIRCONTRACTUALRELATIONSHIPSWITHTHECOMPANYTHESEHIDDENWITHDRAWALSWOULDHARDLYBEDISCOVEREDBYMINORITYSHAREHOLDERSTHEMSELVESBUTREGULARTAXEXAMINATIONSBRINGTHEMTOTHESURFACEANDPUTANEFFECTIVEBRAKEONSUCHMANIPULATIONSITISWIDELYACKNOWLEDGEDINGERMANCOMPANYLAWPRACT
29、ICE,THATTHETAXAUTHORITIESAREAMAJORPLAYERWHENITCOMESTOTHEPROTECTIONOFMINORITYINTERESTSTOBESURE,THEREMIGHTBESOMECRAZYEFFECTSOFTAXLAWONCORPORATEGOVERNANCEGERMANYPROVIDESACASEINPOINTUNDERALONGSTANDINGRULE,THECOMPENSATIONPAIDTOMEMBERSOFTHESUPERVISORYBOARDISONLYPARTIALLYDEDUCTIBLEATTHECORPORATELEVELTHISPR
30、OVISIONSTEMSFROMTHE1920SWHENLARGEBLOCKHOLDERSUSEDEXCESSIVEHONORARIAASMEMBERSOFTHESUPERVISORYBOARDINORDERTOCIRCUMVENTDOUBLETAXATIONOFCORPORATEPROFITSPAIDOUTASDIVIDENDSUNDERCURRENTLAW,NOBODYWANTSTOUPHOLDDOUBLETAXATION,THEREFORETHISRULEONLYWORKSASANADDITIONALCOSTFACTORPROHIBITINGTHECOMPANYFROMHIRINGAND
31、PAYINGHIGHCLASSPEOPLEASMEMBERSOFTHEIRADVISORYBOARDSITISEVENCLAIMEDTHATTHISEFFECTRUNSFOULOFBASICCONSTITUTIONALPRINCIPLESCONCLUSION6FROMALEGALPOINTOFVIEW,ONEHASTOSTARTWITHTHEFACTTHATRIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONSUNDERCORPORATELAWAREBASICALLYDIFFERENTFROMRIGHTSANDOBLIGATIONSUNDERTAXLAWWHILECORPORATELAWLOOKSATTHE
32、INTERNALAFFAIRSOFACORPORATION,DEALINGWITHAGENCYPROBLEMSANDSOMETHIRDPARTYENTITLEMENTS,TAXLAWLOOKSATTHECORPORATIONASSUCH,ATTHETAXPAYERTHATDOESNTEXISTANYCHANGEINTHECONTRACTUALNETWORKOFTHECORPORATIONWILLWORKTOTHEADVANTAGEORTOTHEDISADVANTAGEOFSHAREHOLDERS,MANAGEMENTANDSOMETHIRDPARTIESLIKECREDITORSORTHEWO
33、RKFORCETAXAUTHORITIESMIGHTREAPWINDFALLPROFITSFROMGOODCORPORATEGOVERNANCEWHENSHAREHOLDERSPUTPRESSUREONMANAGERSTOREFRAINFROMTAXSAVINGACTIVITIESBUTITISHARDTOTHINKOFAPOINTWHERETAXAUTHORITIESTHEMSELVESCANRELYONTHESEINTERNALCOMMITMENTSIFTAXAUTHORITIESWANTTOEXERTPRESSUREONCORPORATETAXPAYERSTHEYHAVETOFINDTH
34、EIROWNWAYWITHINTHEFRAMEWORKOFTAXLAWASISMOSTIMPRESSIVELYSHOWNINTHEIRWORKONTAXSHELTERSMOREOVER,ANYINTENSIFICATIONOFTAXOBLIGATIONSSHOULDNOTLOOKATTHECORPORATECHARACTEROFANENTITYBUTRATHERATITSOVERALLFINANCIALANDECONOMICSITUATIONANDTRYTOTREATALLTAXPAYERSALIKEWHICHAREIRRESPECTIVEOFTHEIRLEGALFORMINCOMPARABL
35、ECIRCUMSTANCESTHEPOSITIVEINFLUENCEOFTAXATIONONTHEINTERNALGOVERNANCESTRUCTUREOFCOMPANIESISANOTHERSTORYHEREWEFINDBOTHEXPLICITDEFACTORULESFORTHECORPORATESECTOR,DISGUISEDASTAXINCENTIVESORDISINCENTIVES,ANDCERTIFICATIONPROCEDURESWHICHHAVEAPOSITIVESIDEEFFECTONCORPORATECONDUCTTHEQUESTIONWHICHWEHAVETOFACEINT
36、HEFUTUREISWHETHERWESHOULDKEEPTHINGSAPARTASTHEYCURRENTLYSTANDORWESHOULDOPTFORSTRONGERINTERACTIONBETWEENTAXANDCORPORATELAWTHISWILLBETHEGOALOFMOREINTERDISCIPLINARYWORKOFECONOMISTSANDLAWYERSSOURCETAXANDCORPORATEGOVERNANCESPRINGERVERLAGBERLIN200831617译文纳税对企业行为的影响以经济和法律观点有一个积极的影响的工具,资本市场理论和信息经济在公司事务上和对于公共
37、选择在税务的问题上,来讨论这一领域的现实状况。可是,经济学教用他们的理论和实践的结论来提出规范的建议对于法律规定在不同领域内的法律。仍然坚信自己的想法放他们的解释,但是他们也意识到他们应该分享来自经济方面的公共建议。然而,对于一个像这样的向的书来说,发现一些普遍的以法律为基础的,并以法律框架来支配主要的管制是有一定意义的。在这方面,我们要集中力量在现有的条款和判定的规定和标准,特别关注的是美国,英国和德国。收入的计量和财务会计公司的应纳税和利润保持一致起到了一个衡量税收收入的重要作用。在这本书中展示了一个全面的分析的方法以法律背景。在这种体系下,最基础的结构中找到了财务会计变成税务账务的方法。
38、我们又问,财务会计上的规定是否有一个积极的影响在公司的税务管理和并满足税务法律的条件。影响是多种多样的。首先,在税务检查员到来之前,财务人员只能依照一系列被公共会计审要求来调整账户。这是审计过程中的一个重要环节。之后,在公司的上层,进行校对特定账户管理,因为它可能既出现在资本市场同时又出现在税务的环境中。这个结果取决于经理在不同的选择中所得到的好处。到此为止,管理将在公司的财务结果的基础上产生一个趋势,乐观的描绘公司的总收益,因此,增加公司税收账单。但是,这种趋势主要以税后利润为基础。进一步说,在以一个公司为导向的股票市场,为投资者现时好的结果是十分重要的,这样就会使股票增值并继续接管这种好的
39、势头。此外,好的结果可以是期权增值。同时,税收员也很高兴在这种层面上。在另一个角度上说,这里可能有关系十分紧密的股东,他们不是先看财务账户,也不在意分红,因为这不是他们在公司中能够获得的最大收益。在股东同时是公司的主管的情况下,希望在会计和税务账户上达到以上的效果,因此扭曲了账户的计算。税务是公司管理的一个重心8总所周知的是,税务条款对公司的运营有很重要的影响,影响着公司如何运用资金和资金结构的变动。无论在哪个税务系统中,税务都是公司组建的一个重要话题,并一定会影响公司所有全的结构。福利债务在德国的税务中的规定,很大程度上决定了对于大小的公司在所有权形式上的选择,包括最近的有限责任企业和有限合
40、伙企业的有关条例能够告诉我们税务法规的影响有多大。我们发现了一些税务规定直接的影响在公司内部的系统管理。在这层面上,我们需要分辨税务影响,分类的正面和负面的影响和在公司管理哪一方面的影响。税务条款有一个直接的影响在公司的管制,尤其是美国。一个熟悉的例子,这些规定的税务包括减少黄金降落伞的支付和绿票讹诈。这些规定属于规定的税务中的广泛的领域,并超出了公司行为的范围。在美国,这些条款是特别重要的,由于公司法属于政府要的规定,然而公司税务是在联邦立法者。这个情况和安全法相似,安全法是在国会和美国证监会的管制下并辅助政府中的公司法。萨班斯奥克斯利法案是一个主要例证,对于安全规定的强烈的影响在公司内部事
41、务上。在德国和英国,公司和税务法都在同样的立法机构中被控制。因此,立法者在政府管理和企业之间没有利益关联。进一步说,这种法律的工具和作用是有限制的。首先,他们有同样的工作技巧,因此得到了相似的好处和坏处。其次,他们没有完全的防止不希望的结果,他们只是依附于更高的税后的成本,并最后为股东承担,股东的这些利益被法律所保护。如果税法限制了高的固定工资的扣除,任何工资的增长都会增加股东的成本。由于这种原则关系在这个公司中,这个税法规则将会制止这种有怀疑的操作。停止不希望的行为和额外的成本导致股东利润的减少。税法,限制了固定的补偿并坚定的支持这个股票期权的增长,并把利润从股东广泛的转向企业管理。要把这个
42、记在心里,税务是公司管理的一个重心。对于公司法结构的稳定,这些税务规定不是特意的去影响公司的行为。但是给公司管理的外部活动施加了影响。这个开始于公司法的存在并对于年收入的计量很关键,把企业的留存收益给税务检查员审计。对于计算公司利润上增加了一个层面,为了控制股东和社会审计的机制。作为税务检查员,不会面对同样的股东面对的集体的行动问题,他们很少出现像审计员那样的利益矛盾。对于税务审计,公司自然的展现出其整体的管理框架。这不是特别少见的,当税务检查员发9现公司欺骗,却没有揭去公司面纱。这个真正的问题在,他们是有权利和义务,保持他们的头脑中有税务秘密,或使他们知道的结论公布于众。在德国的角度,公司税
43、务的施加对于公司管理来说是关于潜在的利益分布。在公司法下,总所周知的是,如果大多数的股东和主管勾结,并把公司的财产转移到自己的手里,违背疏远原则在公司协议的关系条款中,则少数的股东不能被保护。这些股东隐藏的取钱时很难被发现的,但是税务检查让他们浮出水面并有效的制止了这种操作。这在德国的法律条款中被广泛的认识到了,税务权力机构是起到了一个主要的作用在他们保护股东的利益。德国出了一个事例,在这种长期的规定中,赔偿金付给监管组的成员只是一部分的减少在公司层面上。这些规定来自于1920年,当一些大公司用过多的谢礼来给监管组的成员,为了规避双倍的税务来增加公司的红利和利润。在现有的法律下,没有人希望维持
44、双倍的税务,因此这个规定只作为一个额外的成本因素,甚至被宣布这个作用与基本的宪法原则相违背。总结从一个法律的角度上看,一个人的权利和义务在公司法和税务法下是不同的。然而,公司法注重于公司内部的事务,处理代理机构的问题,和一些第三方的权利。税务法则注重于纳税人不存在的公司。任何协议关系的改变都会影响股东,管理和第三方(债主,员工)的利益和弊端。但是很难想象,税收权力机构仅仅依赖于自身的贡献。如果税收机构想要给公司施加纳税人的压力,他们将在这种框架中找到他们自己的方式,这将在他们的税务庇护中被明显的展现。更近一步说,任何税务规定都应该注重公司的特点而不是单纯的注重公司的总体财务数量和经济环境并试图采用一样的方式对待纳税人,而不顾立法形式和相对的条件。税收对于公司内部结构的正面的影响是另外的一个问题。我们发现了对于公司部门的税务刺激和非税务刺激,并证明这个过程在公司的行为上有一个积极的影响。问题在于,我们需要面对未来的是,我们是否应该把它与现实分开,我们应该选择税收和法律相结合。是和经济学家和法律学家在跨学科合作的目标。来源税收与企业管理20083161
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