英美文学复习重点.doc

1、英美文学重点English to suffer or to take actionFrancis Bacon philosopher, scientist, essayist, lay the foundation for modern scienceHis Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature.Bacons essays are famous for their brevity, compactness & powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Bi

2、blical allusions（典故）, metaphors（隐喻） and cadence（韵律）.mans understanding consists of three parts: history to mans memory, poetry to mans imagination and creation, and philosophy to mans reason.written in Latin on methodology 方法论Bacon suggests the inductive reasoning 归纳法 ( i.e. proceeding from the part

3、icular to the general)in place of Aristotelian method, the deductive reasoning 演绎法 ( i.e. proceeding from the general to the particular)READING : Of Studiesuses and benefits of study studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Di

4、fferent ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary (互补) to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing a

5、n exact man.John Donne Metaphysical poetry（玄学诗）- break away from love poetry, the diction(用语) is simple, the imagery is from the actual, the form is frequently an argument with the poets beloved, with God, or with himself.A)conceits B)syllogism (三段论)Poetry 早期: holds that the nature of love is the un

6、ion of soul and body.晚期: religious poemProse: his sermons, which are both rich and imaginativeREADING : 1. The Sun Rising 2. Death, Be Not Proud ( a sonnet,14 lines)the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you ar

7、e living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because whom the gods love die young. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provide

8、s a rest for a mans body and a birth for his soul.John Milton Achievement: 1)the early poetic works 2) the middle prose(散文) 3)the last great poemsElegy(挽歌) -利西达斯 (his early work)Epic(史诗) - Dramatic poem(诗剧) - 力士参孙 the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.READING :

9、 excerpt from Paradise Lostthe only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Miltons creed(纲领).Take from the Old Testament, the theme is the “Fall of Man”: Satan rebel against Go

10、d and are driven from Heaven. He determined to revenge by seduce(引诱) Adam and Eve to eat the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge against Gods instructions. So, Adam and Eve are exiled by God from the paradise.The Neoclassical Period : 1660-1798 with the publication of Lyrical ballads by Wordsworth and

11、Coleridge- a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) &accuracythe Age of Enlightenment/Reason the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15thand 16th centries,a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science (t

12、he 18thcentury)modern English novel newly rising literary form 现实主义小说诞生（the mid-century）Gothic novel(哥特式小说) - mystery, horror & castles (from middle part to the end of century)John BunyanREAING: The Vanity Fair 名利场 an excerpt form The Pilgrims Progress (天路历程), a religious allegory(寓言), its purpose i

13、s to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation(拯救) through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. Its predominant metaphor life as a journeyAlexander Popeone of the first to introduce rationalism to England, for him the supreme value was orde

14、r.READING: excerpt from An Essay on Criticism(论批评 )a poem written in heroic couplets(对句), criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, true wit which is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.Daniel Defoe - the first writ

15、er study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular(方言).READING : excerpt from Robinson crusoepraise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude (清教徒坚韧). an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned(放逐 ) on a lo

16、nely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. Robinson grew from a nave and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.Jonathan SwiftIn his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently fla

17、wed (缺点)Achievement: 1)a master satirist. 2) one of the greatest of English prose, he defined a good style as “Proper words in proper places”READING: excerpt from Gullivers Travels (格列佛游记)fictional work, four parts Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island & Houyhnhnm(小人国) (大人国) (飞岛 ) (有人类理性的马) the book

18、is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the thenEnglish and European life.Henry Fielding - Father of English novel, he was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose” (散文体史诗), the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. He adopted “the third-person narration”.(约瑟夫安德鲁)(伟大的乔纳森怀尔德)a masterpiece on the subject of human naturethe unfortunate life of an idealized woman, a maudlin(伤感的) picture of the social life at the time.READING : excerpt from Tom JonesBrings the author the name of the “Prose Homer”