1、毕业论文外文翻译一、外文原文标题PERCEIVEDVARIABILITYANDINFERENCESABOUTBRANDEXTENSIONS原文RECENTRESEARCHONCONSUMERREACTIONSTOBRANDEXTENSIONSHASFOCUSEDONTHEJUDGMENTALEFFECTSOFTHEMATCHBETWEENTHEATTRIBUTES,BENEFITS,ANDUSESOFESTABLISHEDVERSUSNEWPRODUCTSSHARINGTHESAMEBRANDNAMETHEPRESENTEXPERIMENTEXTENDSTHISRESEARCHBYINVEST
2、IGATINGTHEEFFECTSOFTWOTYPESOFPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYONCONSUMERSINFERENCESABOUTBRANDEXTENSIONSATHEPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYOFAFIRMSCURRENTOFFERINGS,ANDBTHEPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYOFBRANDSINANENTRYCATEGORYINFERENCESABOUTTHEPOTENTIALQUALITYOFTHEBRANDEXTENSION,ANDABOUTTHEMANUFACTURERSREASONSFORATTEMPTINGTOENTERTHEN
3、EWPRODUCTCATEGORYWEREMEASUREDREPERCUSSIONSOFTHESEINFERENCESONJUDGMENTSOFTHEFIRMLAUNCHINGTHEBRANDEXTENSIONWEREALSOEXAMINEDIMPLICATIONSOFTHERESULTSFORPRODUCTMANAGEMENTAREDISCUSSEDAGREATDEALOFRECENTRESEARCHHASFOCUSEDONTHECONCEPTOFBRANDEQUITY,WHICHREFERSTOTHEVALUEADDEDTOAPRODUCTBYABRANDNAMEFARQUHAR1989L
4、EUTHESSER1988ASUCCESSFULBRANDNAMEISSTRONGLYASSOCIATEDWITHCONCEPTSDESIGNEDTOAENHANCETHEPERCEIVEDVALUEOFAPRODUCT,ANDBDIFFERENTIATEAPRODUCTFROMCOMPETITORSOFFERINGSHOWEVER,BUILDINGASUCCESSFULBRANDNAMEREQUIRESTHECOMMITMENTOFALARGEPOOLOFRESOURCESFORANEXTENDEDPERIODOFTIMEPARK,JAWORSKI,ANDMACLNNES1986BECAUS
5、EORGANIZATIONSHAVELIMITEDRESOURCES,RISKSANDCOSTSMUSTBEMANAGEDINANEFFICIENTMANNERONEWAYTOMANAGERISKSANDCOSTSISTHROUGHBRANDLEVERAGE,WHICHREFERSTOTHEUSEOFSSUCCESSFUL,ESTABLISHEDBRANDNAMETOFACILITATEENTERINGNEWMARKETSTHISCANBEACHIEVEDBYATTACHINGTHEESTABLISHEDBRANDNAMETOANEWOFFERINGINEITHERTHESAMEALINEEX
6、TENSIONORANEWABRANDEXTENSIONPRODUCTCATEGORYEXTENDINGASTRONGBRANDNAMESHOULDRESULTINEASIERANDWIDERACCEPTANCE,ONTHEPARTOFBOTHCONSUMERSANDDISTRIBUTORSRECENTRESEARCHONCONSUMERACCEPTANCEOFBRANDEXTENSIONSHASFOCUSEDPRIMARILYONTHEEFFECTSOFTHECATEGORIZATIONPROCESSONJUDGMENTANDCHOICEFORREVIEWSOFTHECATEGORIZATI
7、ONLITERATURE,SEEALBAANDHUTCHINSON1987COHENANDBASU1987SUJANANDBETTMAN1989SEVERALSTUDIESHAVESHOWNTHATJUDGMENTSOFORIGINALBRANDSAREGENERALIZEDTOJUDGMENTSOFNEWBRANASONLYWHENTHEREISAGOODMATCHBETWEENTHEATTRIBUTES,BENEFITS,ANDUSESOFPARENTANDNEWBRANDSAAKERANDKELLER1990FARQUHAR,HERR,ANDFAZIO1990LEUTHESSER1988
8、TAUBER1988HENCE,NEWPRODUCTSSHOULDBENEFITFROMESTABLISHEDBRANDNAMESIFACONCEPTSHAVINGFAVORABLEIMPLICATIONSFORTHEPURCHASEDECISIONARESTRONGLYLINKEDTOTHEBRANDNAME,ANDBGENERALIZATIONISLIKELYDUETOAHIGHDEGREEOFOVERLAPBETWEENTHEATTRIBUTES,BENEFITS,ANDUSESOFPARENTANDNEWBRANDSALTHOUGHTHEDEGREEOFSIMILARITYBETWEE
9、NNEWANDPARENTBRANDSISCLEARLYANIMPORTANTMEDIATOROFCONSUMERRESPONSETOEXTENSIONS,OTHERFACTORSARELIKELYTOBEIMPORTANTASWELLWESUGGESTTHATSOMEPARENTBRANDSPROVIDEGREATERLEVERAGETHANOTHERS,ANDTHATSOMENEWPRODUCTENTRYCATEGORIESAREMORERECEPTIVETOEXTENSIONS,EVENWHENONECONTROLSFORSIMILARITYSPECIFICALLY,WEFOCUSONT
10、WONEWVARIABLESTHATSHOULDINFLUENCECONSUMERRESPONSETOEXTENSIONSTHEPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYOFAPARENTBRANDSCURRENTOFFERINGS,ANDTHEPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYOFEXISTINGBRANDSINANENTRYCATEGORYPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYANDTHEGENERALIZATIONPROCESSWHYDOPEOPLEMAKESWEEPINGGENERALIZATIONSONTHEBASISOFLIMITEDEVIDENCE,INSOMECASES,
11、WHEREASINOTHERS,THEYFAILTOGENERALIZEEVENWHENEXTENSIVEEVIDENCEISAVAILABLEINADDRESSINGTHISISSUE,ITBECOMESIMMEDIATELYAPPARENTTHATOTHERFACTORSBESIDESPERCEIVEDSIMILARITYAREALSOLIKELYTOINFIUENCETHEGENERALIZATIONPROCESSTHEORIESOFCATEGORIZATIONMUSTADDRESSNOTONLYTHEABSTRACTIONANDUSEOFDISTRIBUTIONALKNOWLEDGES
12、UCHASKNOWLEDGEABOUTTHECENTRALTENDENCYOFCATEGORYMEMBERSONAGIVENDIMENSIONEG,ATTRIBUTES,BENEFITS,USES,BUTALSOKNOWLEDGEABOUTTHEPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYORDISPERSIONOFCATEGORYMEMBERSONFOCALDIMENSIONSFLANNAGAN,FRIED,ANDHOLYOAK1986FRIEDANDHOLYOAK1984FOREXAMPLE,SOCIALJUDGMENTRESEARCHHASSHOWNTHATGENERALIZATIONISG
13、REATERWHENPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYONATARGETDIMENSIONISLOW,ASOPPOSEDTOHIGHLINVILLE,FISCHER,ANDSALOVEY1989NISBETT,KRANTZ,JEPSON,ANDKUNDA1983PARKANDHASTIE1987QUATTRONEANDJONES1980THATIS,WHENPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYISLOW,THEOBSERVEDCHARACTERISTICSOFONEINDIVIDUALISATTRIBUTEDTOALLMEMBERSOFTHEINDIVIDUALSSOCIALCATE
14、GORY“YOUVESEENONE,YOUVESEENTHEMALL“BECAUSEPERCEPTIONSOFVARIABILITYARELOWERFORUNFAMILIARCATEGORIESEG,OUTGROUPS,ANDFORABSTRACTIONBASEDASOPPOSEDTOINSTANCEBASEDCATEGORIES,GREATERGENERALIZATIONOCCURSFORUNFAMILIARANDFORABSTRACTIONBASEDCATEGORIESPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYOFAPARENTBRANDSCURRENTOFFERINGSSOMEFIRMSA
15、TTACHASINGLEBRANDNAMETOAWIDEVARIETYOFPRODUCTSINSEVERALDIFFERENTCATEGORIESOTHERFIRMSUSEONEBRANDNAMEFORONECURRENTOFFERINGHENCEFORTH,TJIESEENDPOINTSOFTHEBREADTHCONTINUUMWILLBEREFERREDTOASUMBRELLAVSNICHEBRANDS,RESPECTIVELYBECAUSETHEREAREADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESASSOCIATEDWITHEACHOFTHESEILTERNATIVES,STR
16、ATEGYSELECTIONCALLSFORANANALYSISOFCOSTSANDBENEFITSONEADVANTAGEOFTHEUMBRELLASTRATEGYISTHATTHEMIUUFACTURERISLIKELYTOBEPERCEIVEDASHAVINGAWIDEVARIETYOFSTRENGTHSANDSKILLSINSEVERALDIFFERENTPRODUCTCATEGORIESSUCHAFIRMMAYBEPERCEIVEDTOHAVETHEREQUISITEKNOWLEDGEANDSKILLSFORENTERINGNEWMARKETS,AND,CONSEQUENTLY,BR
17、ANDEXTENSIONSSHOULDSEEMLEGITIMATEAFIRMADOPTINGANICHISTRATEGY,ONTHEOTHERHAND,MAYBEPERCEIVEDTOPOSSESSHIGHLYSPECIALIZEDKNOWLEDGEANDSKILLSTLIATCANNOTBETRANSFERREDREADILYTONEWMARKETSOFCOURSE,ANUMBRELLAFIRMRUNSTHERISKOFBEINGPERCEIVEDASA“JACKOFALLTRADES“MASTEROFNONEFURTHEREXTENSIONSINTONEWMARKETSSUPPORTAND
18、STRENGTLIENTHISPERCEPTIONMOREOVER,IMAGESANDVALUESASSOCIATEDWITHABRANDNAMEBECOMEMOREIINBIGUOUSANDMOREDIFFUSEASEXTENDINGINCREASESRIESANDTROUT1981INCONTRAST,ANICHEFIRMCANMOREREADILYBUILDASTRONGBRANDNAMEBYLINKINGITTOUNAMBIGUOUSCONCEPTSTHATCLEARLYDIFFERENTIATETHEOFFERINGPERCEIIEDVARIABILITYOFEXISTINGBRAN
19、DSINTHEENTRYCATEGCRYSOMEPRODUCTCATEGORIESMAYBEMORERECEPTIVETONEWBRANDSTHANOTHERSWHENPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYOFANENTRYCATEGORYISLOW,CATEGORYMEMBERSSHOULDBEPERCEIVEDASUNDIFFCRENTIATEDNEWBRANDSENTERINGTHISCATEGORYSHOULDBEPERCEIVEDASLEGITIMATEEG,IFEVERYONEELSEISDOINGIT,YOUCAN,TOO,BUTNOTREALLYNEWOREXCITINGCO
20、NVERSELY,WHENPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYISHIGH,IHEREIS“ROOM“FOREXTENSIONS,BUTGENERALIZATIONISDIFFICULTANDCONSUMERSMAYBEUNABLETOMAKEPREDICTIONSABOUTTHEQUALITYOFNEWBRANDSRESEARCHPROPOSITIONSANDTHEEXPERIMENTALDESIGNINFERENCESABOUTBRANDEXTENSIONSSHOULDBEAFFECTEDBYTHESETWOTYPESOFPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYATHEPERCEIVE
21、DVARIABILITYOFAFIRMSCURRENTOFFERINGSIE,UMBRELLAVSNICHEBRANDS,ANDBTHEPEICEIVEDVARIABILITYOFEXTANTBRANDSINANENTRYCATEGORYPERCEPTIONSOFVARIABILITYMAYBEFORMEDFORSEVERALDIFFERENTDIMENSIONSOFANEXISTINGCATEGOIYWEFOCUSEDONONEKEYDIMENSIONPERCEIVEDQUALITYQUALITYJUDGMENTSOFPARENTBRANDSSHOULDGENERALIZEMOREREADI
22、LYTOBRANDEXTENSIONSWHENPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYISLOWINENTRYCATEGORIESTOINVESTIGATETHEROLEOFPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYINCONSUMERINFERENCE,ANEXPERIMENTWASCONDUCTEDINWHICHBRANDNAMEANDNEWPRODUCTCONCEPTINFORMATIONWASMANIPULATEDSUBJECTSRECEIVEDEITHERANUMBRELLABRANDNAME,ANICHEBRANDNAME,ORNOBRANDNAME,PAIREDWITHCONCEP
23、TSFORSIXDIFFERENTPACKAGEDGOODSIE,THEENTRYCATEGORIESONTHEBASISOFIDIOTHETICRATINGSJACCARDANDWOOD1986,THEENTRYCATEGORIESWERESPLITINTOHIGHANDLOWPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYGROUPSHENCE,A3UMBRELLA,NICHE,ORNOBRANDNAMEBETWECNSUBJECTSX2HIGHORLOWPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYINTHEENTRYCATEGORYWITHINSUBJECTSFACTORIALDESIGNWASEM
24、PLOYEDTHISDESIGNHASSEVERALADVANTAGESOVERPREVIOUSCORRELATIONALRESEARCHONBRANDEXTENSIONSASUBJECTSWERERANDOMLYASSIGNEDTOBRANDNAMECONDITIONS,BREACTIONSTOALLPOSSIBLECOMBINATIONSCFBRSMDNAMEANDCONCEPTINFONNATIONWEREEXAMINED,ANDCTHENOBRANDNAMECONTROLCONDITIONENABLESONETOMEASUREINFERENCESABOUTANEWPRODUCTCONC
25、EPTWHILECONTROLLINGFORPRIORKNOWLEDGEABOUTABRANDDISCUSSIONTOGETHER,THEQUALITYINFERENCE,CAUSALINFERENCE,ANDCONDITIONALINFERENCEDATASUGGESTSTHATBRANDEXTENSIONCANTARNISHGLOBALEVALUATIONSOFAPARENTBRANDEVENWHENFAVORABLYEVALUATEDPARENTBRANDNAMEAREPAIREDWITHFAVORABLYEVALUATEDBRANDIXTENSIONS,ALESSFAVORABLEOV
26、ERALEIMPRESSIONOFTHEPARENTBRANDCANRESULTFURTHERMORE,TLIISNEGATIVEREACTIONSEEMSMOREPRONOUNCEDFORUMBRELLABRANDTHUS,ANUMBRELLABRANDDOESNOTAUTOMATICALLYPROVIDEMORELEVERAGETHANANICHEBRANDWHENAPARENTBRANDNAMEISSTRETCHEDTOOFAR,ADDITIONALEXTENSIONSCANHAVENEGATIVEREPERCUSSIONSONJUDGMENTSABOUTTHEPARENTBRANDTH
27、ERESULTALSOIMPLYTHATTHEPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYOFBRANDSINANENTRYCATEGORYISANIMPORTANTMODERATOROFCONSUMERSINITIALINFERENCESABOUTINEWOFFERINGWHENPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYISHIGH,JENERALIZATIONISDIFFICULTANDCONSUMERTENDTOFORMCONSERVATIVE,MODERATEJUDGEMENTSINCONTRAT,WHENTHEPERCEIVEDVARIABILITYOFEXISTINGPRODUCTSIN
28、ANENTRYCATEGORYISLOW,THEREAPPEARSTOBEIOMEOPPORTUNITYFORBRANDLEVERAGEWHYISTHEBRANDEXTENSIONSTRATEGYSODIFFICULTTOMANAGETOADDRESSTHISCOMPLEXISSUE,WESHOULDCONSIDERTHEMULTIPLEINFERENTIALIMPLICATIONSOFBRANDNAMEINFORMATIONWHENTHEBRANDNAMEISUNKNOWN,CONSUMERSAREUNABLETODETERMINEIFAGIVENNEWPRODUCTEXTENDSANEXI
29、STINGPRODUCTLINEORIFTHENEWPRODUCTISTHEFIRMSONLYOFFERINGINCONTRAST,WHENTHEBRANDNAMEISKNOWNLESSEXTREMEUNIQUESKILLSANDMOREEXTREMECOPYCATATTRIBUTIONSTENDTOBEFORMEDIFANEWPRODUCTISNOTPERCEIVEDTOBEANATURALSEQUELTOPRIOROFFERINGS,ITMAYBEPERCEIVEDTOBEANINFERIORBRANDBECAUSETHEMANUFACTURERMAYLACKTHEEXPERIENCENE
30、EDEDTODEVELOPASUPERIORBRAND,ORITMAYBEPERCEIVEDTOBETHERESULTOFAQUICKLYIMPLEMENTEDTACTICDESIGNEDTOEXPLOITARECENTLYEMERGINGOPPORTUNITYIFITDOESNOTCAPITALIZEONUNIQUESTRENGTHS,WHYELSEWOULDITBELAUNCHEDTHEFORMERCASESUGGESTSTHATLINEEXTENSIONMAYBEEFFECTIVE,ANDTHELATTERCASESUGGESTSTHATBOTHLINEANDPRODUCTEXTENSI
31、ONSARELIKELYTOBEINEFFECTIVEFUTURERESEARCHSHOULDATTEMPTTOREPLICATETHEFINDINGSFORMTHISPROJECTUSINGAMOREGENERALIZABLESETOFUMBRELLATHATANDNICHEBRANDSWEEMPLOYEDONLYTWOBRANDSALTHOUGHWEATTEMPTEDTOSELECTENTRYCATEGORIESTHATWEREEQUALLYAPPLICABLETOBOTHPARENTBRAND,MORERIGOROUSCONTROLSFORSIMILARITYORFITBETWEENPA
32、RENTANDEXTENDEDBRANDSARENEEDEDFUTURERESEARCHSHOULDALSOEXAMINECONSUMERRESPONSETOLINEANDBRANDEXTENSIONSUSINGDIFFERENTPARENTBRANDNAMESANDDIFFERENTENTRYCATEGORIESFINALLY,FUTURERESEARCHONBRANDEQUITYSHOULDAINCLUDEANOBRANDNAMECONTROLCONDITIONTOESTABLISHTHEGENERALAPPEALOFANEWPRODUCTCONCEPTWHILECONTROLLINGFO
33、RPRIORKNOWLEDGEABOUTTHEPARENTBRAND,ANDBEMPLOYPREANDPOSTLAUNCHMEASURETOASSESSTHERAMIFICATIONSOFEXTENDINGFORJUDGMENTSOFTHEORIGINAL,PARENTBRANDSOURCEKARDES,FRANKRALLEN,CHRISTADVANCESINCONSUMERRESEARCH,1991,VOL18ISSUE1,P392398,7P,4CHARTS二、翻译文章标题知觉变异和有关品牌延伸推论译文消费者对品牌延伸反应的最新研究,表明消费者已经对使用同品牌名称的新产品的判断产生了影响,
34、这就就好比一场在属性,收益,用途等方面的竞争。本实验扩展了消费者在品牌延伸推论方面对两种知觉变异类型的效果的研究对一个公司的现有的产品知觉变异;对品牌条目类别的认知变化,包括对品牌延伸后的资产的推论,对有关制造商进入新产品的原因的类别的测定,对该公司推出的品牌延伸判断的推论反响进行审议,对产品管理的结果的意义进行了讨论。最近的大量研究都集中在品牌权益。品牌权益是指品牌给产品带来的价值增值。(FARQUHAR1989LEUTHESSER1988)的产品概念。一个成功的品牌名称是和它的概念强烈相关的,它的设计是为了加强产品的认知价值和区分竞争对手的产品。但是,建立一个成功的品牌需要从长远角度去准备
35、大量的资源(PARK,JAWORSKI,和MACLNNES1986)。由于组织资源有限,风险和成本管理必须以一种有效的方式去管理。管理风险和成本的一种方法是通过品牌的杠杆作用,通过把已经建立的品牌附加到一个新的产品,可以是相同的(一线延伸)或一个新的(品牌延伸)产品类别,从而得到实现。品牌的杠杆作用是指的使用已经成功建立的品牌名称进入新的市场。一个知名品牌的延伸可以导致更容易和更广泛地被消费者和经销商接受。消费者对品牌延伸接受程度领域的最新相关研究主要集中在消费者对产品的判断与选择这个过程的影响(ALBAANDHUTCHINSON1987,COHENANDBASU1987SUJAN和BETTM
36、AN1989)。一些研究表明,只有当原品牌与新品牌在属性、利益与用途方面是一个良性竞争时才能让消费者从对原品牌的判断推广到对新品牌的判决(AAKERANDKELLER1990年FARQUHAR,HERR,ANDFAZIO1990年LEUTHESSER1988TAUBER1988年)。因此,新产品应该使已经建立的品牌受益,如果这个概念对购买决策有良好的影响,且跟品牌名称密切相关,或原品牌和新品牌在属性,利益和用途方面的高度相关。虽然原品牌和新品牌的相似程度是消费者对品牌延伸反应的最重要的因素,但是影响它的其他因素也是很重要的。我们认为,一些原品牌提供了比其他因素更大的杠杆作用,而一些产品项目类的
37、扩展别更容易被消费者接受,即使新产品与原品牌相似度不高。具体来说,我们侧重于两个影响消费者对品牌延伸反应的新的变量,母品牌的现有产品的知觉变异性,对现有品牌感知变化的条目分类。知觉变异及演化过程为什么有些情况下,在有限的证据的基础上人们可以一概而论,而在其他情况下,却不能够一概而论,即使这时提供了广泛的证据这个问题,很明显地验证了除知觉相似性因素之外的其他因素对品牌推广泛化过程的影响。分类理论要解决的不仅是品牌发行人提取和使用品牌的能力,比如在给定的范围内集中分类成员的能力(例如,属性,利益,用途),而且强化对知觉变异或类成员分散的能力(FLANNAGAN,FRIED,ANDHOLYOAK19
38、86FRIEDANDHOLYOAK1984)例如,社会判断研究表明,当目标的知觉变异性低而不是高时,推广则更能显示出它的强大性(LINVILLE,FISCHER,ANDSALOVEY1989NISBETT,KRANTZ,JEPSON,ANDKUNDA1983PARKANDHASTIE1987QUATTRONEANDJONES1980)。也就是说,当知觉变异性低,消费者所观察到的特点是归因于个体社会的所有成员(“你看到其中一个,你就看到了全部”)。由于消费者对变异的看法比对不熟悉或抽象的类别反应低(如外组),所以,应该把更大的推广放在对陌生和抽象的类别上。母品牌的现有的产品的知觉变异一些公司对几
39、个不同类别的多种产品使用同一个品牌而另一些公司对一个产品使用一个品牌。此后,产品间最终的广度连续点将被称为伞主场迎战利基品牌。因为这些与产品类别相关的优势和劣势,策略选择需要进行成本和效益分析。伞策略的一个优势是,制造商可能被视为在多种不同类别的产品具有非常广泛的各种长处和技能。可能这样的企业才会被认为有必要的知识和技能去进入新市场,它的品牌延伸也应该是合法的。甲公司采用立基战略,也许会被认为拥有高度的专业知识和技能,然而不能被轻易转移到新的市场。当然,运用伞策略的公司的运行风险被视为一种“全行业的自升式”(不控制的方式),即对新市场的进一步延伸是支持和加强新市场的这种看法。此外,一个品牌的图
40、像和价值的联系作为品牌延伸的增量变得分散(里斯和特劳特1981)。相比之下,利基公司可以通过毫不含糊的概念,明确区分与竞争者的产品,从而更容易地建立强大的品牌。现有品牌在条目类别的觉察变焦镜头变异某些产品类别的新品牌可能比类别人更容易被消费者接受。当知觉条目分类变异性低,分类的成员应被视为无差别的和可获利的,亦或是新品牌进入这一类别应视为是合法的(例如,如果别人都这么做,你也可以这么做),但这并不是真正新的或令人兴奋的。相反,当知觉变异性高,如果对“空间”的扩展,但这是很困去概括的,并且消费者可能无法做出关于新品牌质量的预测。研究命题与实验设计关于品牌延伸应该受到这两种类型的知觉变异影响的推论
41、对一个公司现有产品的知觉变异(即伞主场迎战利基品牌);对现存品牌条目类别的知觉变异。现有品牌类别的几个不同层面可能形成知觉变异。我们专注于一个主要方面感知质量。当条目类别只觉差异性低时,母品牌品牌延伸的质量的判断应该更容易推广。探讨知觉作用根据品牌和新产品概念的信息被操纵时消费推理的变异专门进行了一项实验。接受伞主场品牌、利基品牌,或无品牌名称其中一项的实验对象,与六种不同包装商品(即条目类别)进行配对。在对个体评级的基础上(JACCARD和WOOD1986),条目类别被分成高知觉变异群体和低知觉变异群体。因此,3(伞主场品牌,立基品牌,或无品牌名称各受试者之间)2(条目类别的高知觉变异性和低
42、知觉变异性各受试者之间)这种设计被采用。这种设计在品牌延伸上有比前几个相关研究更有优势受试者是被随机分配到各品牌名称的;受试者对品牌及概念定义的所有可能组合的反应比照进行研究;当对相关品牌先验知识进行控制时,无品牌的控制条件成为衡量一个新产品概念的推论。讨论总之,质量推理,因果推理,条件推断三者的数据表明品牌延伸会损害母品牌的全球评价。即使品牌延伸的评估是有利的,也可能导致母品牌较差的外在印象。此外,负面反应似乎更可以反应伞主场品牌。因此,一个伞主场品牌不比立基品牌能提供更高水平的不自动影响力。当母品牌延伸得太远,额外的扩展会对母品牌的判决产生负面影响。这个结果同样也意味着条目类别的品牌知觉变
43、异对消费者的初步推论是重要的。当知觉变异性高,消费者认可是困难的,消费者往往形成保守,温和的判断。相反,当现有产品的条目类别变异性低时,将会出现品牌杠杆的机会。为什么品牌延伸策略如此难经营对于这个复杂的的问题,我们应该考虑品牌名称的推理的多重含义。当品牌为被大家认可时,消费者无法确定新产品是延长了现有产品的生命线还是创造了一个新产品。相反,当品牌被消费者认可,则将会形成更少的高端独特技能和更多的盲目模仿者。如果新产品不是被被消费者感知为是自然衔接之前的产品时,它可能被人视为一个杂牌因为生产厂家可能缺乏必要的经验去开发一个驰名品牌,或开发证券市场短线机会的速战策略的机会如果新产品不利用企业的特有
44、优势,那为什么的优势其可能会被利用呢。前者案件建议那产品线扩展可能有效,而后者案件建议产品线扩展和产品延伸都可能无效。以后的研究将尝试复制可以更多的地概括伞主场品牌和立基品牌我们雇用只有二种商标的构成对象。尽管我们尝试选择条目类别,这些条目分类一样适合母品牌,且更严格控制母品牌和延伸品牌所需要的相似性和适应性。以后的研究也将检查消费者响应直线,品牌延伸使用的不同的母品牌,不同的条目类别。最终,日后在品牌资产的研究应该包括建立在一个呼应新品牌概念的母品牌的控制条件上;2、采取之前或之后双措施措施评估母品牌的延伸衍生物。来源KARDES,FRANKRALLEN,CHRISTADVANCESINCONSUMERRESEARCH,1991,VOL18ISSUE1,P392398,7P,4CHARTS
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