终身收入选项退休计划【外文翻译】.doc

1、原文LIFETIMEINCOMEOPTIONSFORRETIREMENTPLANSHERR,DANIELPTHEARTICLEOFFERSINFORMATIONONVARIOUSRETIREMENTINCOMEOPTIONSINTHEUSTHEGOVERNMENTAIMSTOREDUCEPROBLEMSINANNUITIZATIONOF401KPLANASSETSANDPROMOTELIFETIMEINCOMEITALSODISCUSSESSEVERALGOVERNMENTEFFORTSTHATADDRESSTHERETIREMENTINCOMEOPTIONSINCLUDINGTHEREQUE

2、STOFINFORMATIONONTHELIFETIMEINCOMEOPTIONSFORTHERETIREMENTPLANSOFBENEFICIARIESOFGOVERNMENTAGENCIES,THERETIREMENTSECURITYPROJECT,ANDTHELEGISLATIVEPROPOSALSMOSTDEFINEDCONTRIBUTIONDCPLANSPAYBENEFITSINALUMPSUM,HOWEVER,FOCUSISBEINGSHIFTEDTOINVESTMENTALTERNATIVESDESIGNEDTOPAYRETIREMENTBENEFITSINALIFETIMEST

3、REAMOFINCOMERECENTLY,THEEMPLOYEEBENEFITSSECURITYADMINISTRATIONEBSARELEASEDAREQUESTFORINFORMATIONWITHRESPECTTOANNUITYPAYMENTSFROMDCPLANSTODATE,EBSAHASRECEIVEDMORETHAN700RESPONSESQWHYWASTHISREQUESTFORINFORMATIONPUBLISHEDBYEBSAAPARTOFTHEOBAMAADMINISTRATIONS“SUPPORTINGMIDDLECLASSFAMILIES”PROGRAMFOCUSESO

4、NWAYSTOMAKE401KANDOTHERDCPLANSMORELIKEDEFINEDBENEFITDBPLANS,WHICHGUARANTEERETIREESALIFETIMEPENSIONBYPUBLISHINGTHISREQUESTFORINFORMATION,THEEBSAISATTEMPTINGTOGAUGEAMERICANSRETIREMENTSECURITYINLIGOFTHERECENTTRENDAWAYFROMSPONSORSHIPOFDBPLANS,TOWARDSPONSORSHIPOFDEFINEDCONTRIBUTIONPLANSTHENUMBEROFACTIVEP

5、ARTICIPANTSINDBPLANSFELLFROMABOUT27MILLIONIN1975TOAPPROXIMATELY20MILLIONIN2006,WHEREASTHENUMBEROFACTIVEPARTICIPANTSINDCPLANSINCREASEDFROMABOUT11MILLIONIN1975TO66MILLIONIN2006THEREQUESTINCLUDESQUESTIONSONABROADRANGEOFTOPICSFROMGENERALDISCUSSIONSOFANNUITIESTODISCLOSURE,INVESTMENTSELECTION,ANDPARTICIPA

6、NTEDUCATIONITISHOPETHATTHERESPONSESTOTHISPUBLICATIONWILLSETTHESTAGEFORFUTUREGUIDANCEWITHRESPECTTOANNUITYPAYMENTSFROMDCPLANSANDIDENTIFYSTEPSTHATTHEAGENCIESCOULDORSHOULDTAKETOOVERCOMEATLEASTSOMEOFTHECONCERNSTHATKEEPPLANPARTICIPANTSFROMREQUESTINGORELECTINGLIFETIMEINCOMEQWHYAREANNUITYPAYMENTSFROMDCPLANS

7、DIFFERENTFROMDBPLANSADCPLANSAREACCOUNTBALANCEPLANSWHERETHEPARTICIPANTBEARSTHEINVESTMENTRISKINADDITION,MOSTDCPLANSARE401KPLANSINWHICHPARTICIPANTSPLAYAROLEINFUNDINGTHERETIREMENTBENEFITTHEVALUEOFAPARTICIPANTSDCACCOUNTISEXPRESSEDASALUMPSUMTHEPROBLEMISTHATONCECONVERTEDINTOAMONTHLYPAYMENTFORTHELIFEOFTHERE

8、TIREE,INMANYCASES,THEAMOUNTISINSUFFICIENTTOPROVIDESUFFICIENTLYFORTHEPARTICIPANTSPOSTRETIREMENTSTANDARDOFLIVINGASOCIALMODELTODCPLANMANAGEMENTVIEWSTHEGOALOFTHEPLANDIFFERENTLYINSTEADOFPORTRAYINGTHEDCPLANASASAVINGSVEHICLE,THESOCIALMODELPOSITIONSITASTHEMEANSBYWHICHTHEEMPLOYERFACILITATESACHIEVEMENTOFRETIR

9、EMENTOBJECTIVESBYTHEEMPLOYEEESSENTIALLYEMBRACINGAVERYLONGTERMRELATIONSHIPBETWEENEMPLOYERANDEMPLOYEEINTHESOCIALMODEL,THEDCPLANADHERESTOANAPPROACHWHEREOUTCOMES,NOTJUSTPROCESS,MATTERMOREOVER,THESOCIALMODELRECOGNIZESTHATITISTHEROLEOFTHEPLANSPONSORNOTONLYTOPROVIDETHEBESTPOSSIBLEDCPLAN,BUTTOMAXIMIZETHEPRO

10、BABILITYTHATEMPLOYEESWILLSUCCEEDINTHEIRRETIREMENTINCOMEGOALSTHROUGHTHEPLAN,THATEMPLOYEESPARTICIPATEEARLYANDWELL,THATTHEYMAINTAINTHEIRBALANCESTORETIREMENT,ANDTHATTHEYMANAGETHEMWELLTHROUGHRETIREMENTWHETHERCALLEDAPATERNALISTICMODELORTHEDBIZATIONOFDCPLANS,THISMODELEMBRACESANOUTCOMESBASEDAPPROACHTODCPLAN

11、MANAGEMENTUNLIKEANANNUITYPAYMENTFROMADBPLAN,ATYPICALSYSTEMATICWITHDRAWALFROMADCPLANHASNOGUARANTEEIFTHEWITHDRAWALRATEISSETTOOHIGH,INVESTMENTPERFORMANCEMAYNOTBESUFFICIENTTOPROVIDEFORLONGTERMINCOMEFORTHEPARTICIPANTIFTHEWITHDRAWALRATEISSETTOOLOW,INVESTMENTPERFORMANCEMAYBESUFFICIENTTOPROVIDEFORLONGTERMIN

12、COMEFORTHEPARTICIPANT,BUTTHEPARTICIPANTSSTANDARDOFLIVINGMAYBECOMPROMISEDASLIFEEXPECTANCIESINCREASE,MOREANDMOREINDIVIDUALSAREFACEDWITHTHEPROSPECTOFOUTLIVINGTHEIRRETIREMENTSAVINGSQWHATISALIFETIMEINCOMEANNUITYALIFETIMEINCOMEANNUITYPRODUCTSAREDIFFERENTFROMANANNUITYFORMOFPAYMENTBECAUSETHEGUARANTEEDSTREAM

13、OFPAYMENTSISSETFORTHATTHETIMETHEMONEYISINVESTED,NOTATTHETIMEOFDISTRIBUTIONALIFETIMEINCOMEANNUITYISANINVESTMENTALTERNATIVETHATPAYSINTHEFORMOFAPERIODICSTREAMOFPAYMENTSFORTHELIFEOFTHEPARTICIPANT,ORTHEJOINTLIVESOFPARTICIPANTSANDTHEIRSPOUSESOROTHERBENEFICIARYUNLIKEANANNUITYFORMOFPAYMENTFROMARETIREMENTPLA

14、N,THISISANINVESTMENTALTERNATIVETHISISDIFFERENTFROMANANNUITYFORMOFPAYMENTPAIDFROMARETIREMENTPLANFOREXAMPLE,INATYPICAL401KPLANAPARTICIPANTWILLINVESTHISORHERACCOUNTBALANCEINVARIOUSINVESTMENTALTERNATIVESOFFEREDUNDERTHEPLANIF,ATTHETIMEOFDISTRIBUTION,APARTICIPANTWISHESTORECEIVEHISORHERACCOUNTBALANCEINSOME

15、THINGOTHERTHANALUMPSUMPAYMENT,HEORSHEWILLEITHERTAKETHEDISTRIBUTIONINPERIODICINSTALLMENTSORUSETHEACCOUNTBALANCETOPURCHASEANANNUITYALIFETIMEINCOMEANNUITY,ONTHEOTHERHAND,ISANINVESTMENTDESIGNEDTOPAYOUTINMONTHLYGUARANTEEDPAYMENTSFORTHEPARTICIPANTSLIFETIMEQWHATARESOMEOFTHEDRAWBACKSOFLIFETIMEINCOMEANNUITIE

16、SASADISTRIBUTIONOPTIONFROMADCPLANAASSUMINGTHATTHELIFETIMEINCOMEOPTIONISANINVESTMENTOPTIONASOPPOSEDTOAFORMOFDISTRIBUTIONTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTDRAWBACKISALACKOFPORTABILITYORDINARILY,APARTICIPANTCANROLLMONEYFROMAFORMEREMPLOYERS401KPLANINTOANINDIVIDUALRETIREMENTACCOUNTORINTOTHENEWEMPLOYERS401KPLANBUT,UNLESS

17、THEPLANACCEPTINGTHEROLLOVEROFFERSTHESAME401KANNUITYOPTION,THENEWPLANWILLPROBABLYNOTACCEPTTHEROLLOVERIFTHEPARTICIPANTLEFTTHEANNUITYINTHEOLDPLAN,THEBENEFITSOFGRADUALLYINVESTINGOVERTIMEWOULDBELOSTLIQUIDATINGTHEINVESTMENTPRIORTOTHEROLLOVERCOULDRESULTINLOSINGTHEGUARANTEEDINCOMEOPTIONANDEXTRAFEESARECENTPR

18、UDENTIALSURVEYFOUNDTHAT65OFWORKERSAGES21TO30FAVORHAVINGPARTOFTHEIRSAVINGSAUTOMATICALLYCONVERTEDINTOGUARANTEEDRETIREMENTINCOME,ANDTHAT70OFWORKERSAGES55TO64WISHTHEYDHADTHATOPTIONQHOWWILLTHESEINVESTMENTSASSUREECONOMICSECURITYATRETIREMENTATHEPORTIONOFANINDIVIDUALSRETIREMENTACCOUNTALLOCATEDTOTHEANNUITYWO

19、ULDINCREASEOVERTIMEPROPONENTSOFTHISNEWDESIGNAPPROACHFEELTHATBYINCREASINGTHEINVESTMENTINTHEANNUITYOPTIONOVERTIME,ASAFEINCOMESTREAMINRETIREMENTCANBEPROVIDEDWITHOUTLOSINGTHEPOTENTIALFORGROWTHTHROUGHOTHERINVESTMENTSAPARTICIPANTISEXPOSEDTOLESSRISKASHEORSHEGETSCLOSERTORETIREMENTINADDITION,SINCETHEANNUITYI

20、SANINVESTMENTOPTIONWITHINARETIREMENTACCOUNT,INDIVIDUALSAREPURCHASINGTHEANNUITYOVERTIMEASOPPOSEDTOWITHALUMPSUMOFMONEYATTHETIMEOFDISTRIBUTIONTHISMAKESTHEPRODUCTMORECOSTEFFECTIVEANDPROVIDESANAFFORDABLEANNUITYOPTIONTHATMAYNOTHAVEBEENAVAILABLEINTHEPASTQWILLLIFETIMEINCOMEANNUITIESBECOMEMANDATORYAWHILEITIS

21、LIKELYTHATREGULATORSANDLAWMAKERSWILLMAKELIFETIMEINCOMEANNUITIESADISTRIBUTIONOPTION,PERHAPSTIEDTOTHEEXISTINGQUALIFIEDDEFAULTINVESTMENTALTERNATIVES,ITISUNLIKELYTHATLIFETIMEINCOMEWILLBEREQUIREDTHEFINANCIALNEEDSANDAPPROPRIATEFINANCIALSTRATEGIESOFOURDIVERSEWORKFORCEDIFFERGREATLYWHILEYOUNGERWORKERSWOULDFI

22、NDCOMFORTINANINVESTMENTPRODUCTTHATGUARANTEESTHEYWONTOUTLIVETHEIRMONEY,THEMONTHLYPAYOUTSFORCERTAINOLDERWORKERSMAYBETOOSMALLTOJUSTIFYTHEADDEDEXPENSEOFTHEANNUITYOPTIONAMYCAVANAUGHISARETIREMENTPLANCONSULTANTANDFREQUENTAUTHORANDPUBLICSPEAKERONAWIDERANGEOFRETIREMENTTOPICSSHEISAPARTNERINPENSIONPODCASTSCOMD

23、EFINEDCONTRIBUTIONDCPLANS38TIMESPAYONAVERAGE,ACCUMULATIONSOFEMPLOYERSADDITIONSTODCPLANS27TIMESPAYONAVERAGE,ANDSOCIALSECURITY47TIMESPAYONAVERAGEWHILESIGNIFICANT,THESERESOURCESFALL15SHORTOFTHEAVERAGERETIREMENTNEEDSOF157TIMESPAYATRETIREMENTTHATTHESEEMPLOYEESAREPROJECTEDTOREQUIREMAINTAININGTHEIRPRERETIR

24、EMENTLIVINGSTANDARDSTHROUGHOUTTHEIRPOSTRETIREMENTYEARSEMPLOYEESSAVINGFORRETIREMENTWILLREQUIRERETIREMENTRESOURCESOFABOUT11TIMESPAYATRETIREMENTINADDITIONTOSOCIALSECURITY,ONAVERAGETHEREISAFAIRLYWIDEDISTRIBUTIONOFRESULTSAMONGFULLCAREERCONTRIBUTINGEMPLOYEESABOUT190,00018AREEXPECTEDTOSATISFY100OFTHEIRNEED

25、SATRETIREMENTWHILEABOUT200,00019AREEXPECTEDTOHAVEASHORTFALLOFMORETHANFIVETIMESPAYATRETIREMENTAGETHESEDIFFERENCESARELARGELYATTRIBUTABLETOINDIVIDUALFACTORSSUCHASTHERETIREMENTPLANSINWHICHTHEYPARTICIPATE,THEIRSAVINGSPLANBEHAVIORS,ANDTHEIRGENDERRETIREMENTPLANSTHEAVERAGEEMPLOYEEWITHONLYADCRETIREMENTPLANIS

26、NOTPROJECTEDTOACHIEVETHESAMELEVELOFRETIREMENTRESOURCESASANEMPLOYEECOVEREDBYBOTHDEFINEDBENEFITDBANDDCPLANSTHISISBECAUSEDCONLYEMPLOYEESTENDTOPARTICIPATELESSANDSAVELESSASAPERCENTAGEOFPAYCOMPAREDTOTHEIRCOUNTERPARTSWHOARECOVEREDBYAPENSIONPLANTHEAVERAGESHORTFALLFOREMPLOYEESWITHACCESSTOADBPLAN,WHETHERFROZE

27、NORNOT,ISONLY14TIMESPAYATRETIREMENTAGE,COMPAREDTOASHORTFALLOF43TIMESPAYATRETIREMENTAGEFOREMPLOYEESWITHACCESSTOONLYADCPLANASMOREEMPLOYERSSHIFTTOADCONLYRETIREMENTSTRATEGY,FUTUREGENERATIONSOFRETIREESMAYNOTBEPOSITIONEDTOACHIEVETHESAMELEVELSOFRETIREMENTRESOURCESASTHEIRPREDECESSORSGENDERDIFFERENCESFEMALES

28、ANDMALESINOURSTUDYHAVESIMILARAGE,SERVICE,ANDSAVINGSPROFILESHOWEVER,FEMALESTENDTOHAVELOWERPAYANDSMALLERACCOUNTBALANCESTHEAVERAGEPROJECTEDSHORTFALLFORWOMENISHIGHERBY13TIMESPAYATRETIREMENT31TIMESPAYFORFEMALESVERSUS18TIMESPAYFORMALESBEHAVIORALCHANGESEMPLOYEESCONTROLANUMBEROFELEMENTSTHATWILLHELPDETERMINE

29、THEIRRETIREMENTOUTCOMESEARLYRETIREMENTAGE62SIGNIFICANTLYINCREASESTHESHORTFALLEMPLOYEESWILLSEEATRETIREMENTDUETOFEWERYEARSOFSAVINGS,INCREASEDMEDICALCOSTS,ANDINCREASEDYEARSOVERWHICHTOSPREADRETIREMENTRESOURCESLATERETIREMENTAGE67SIGNIFICANTLYIMPROVESPROJECTEDRETIREMENTINCOMEADEQUACYONAVERAGE,EMPLOYEESCOM

30、EVERYCLOSETOHAVINGSUFFICIENTRESOURCESTOMEETALLTHEIRNEEDSBYWORKINGTWOADDITIONALYEARSTHISISDUETOEXTRASAVINGSACCUMULATION,INCREASEDSOCIALSECURITYBENEFITS,ANDFEWERYEARSOVERWHICHTOSPREADRETIREMENTRESOURCESBESIDESRETIRINGLATER,SAVINGMOREHASTHEBIGGESTPOSITIVEIMPACTONFUTUREADEQUACYPOTENTIALIFEMPLOYEESINCREA

31、SEDTHEIRSAVINGSRATEBY5OFPAY,THEIRSHORTFALLWOULDBEREDUCEDTO06TIMESPAYATRETIREMENTFORFULLCAREERCONTRIBUTINGEMPLOYEES,MEETING96OFRETIREMENTINCOMENEEDSRISKSTORETIREMENTINCOMEADEQUACYTHISSTUDYHIGHLIGHTSTHREEKEYRISKSINVESTMENTRISK,LONGEVITYRISK,ANDINFLATIONRISKEACHOFTHESECANSERIOUSLYIMPACTRETIREMENTINCOME

32、ADEQUACYINVESTMENTRISKMEASURESTHEIMPACTOFADECREASEINPRERETIREMENTANDPOSTRETIREMENTRETURNSOF1AYEARLONGEVITYRISKMEASURESTHEFINANCIALRISKOFLIVINGLONGERTHANANAVERAGELIFETIMEINFLATIONRISKMEASURESTHEIMPACTOFANINCREASEINPOSTRETIREMENTINFLATIONOF05PERYEARINFLATIONERODESARETIREESPURCHASINGPOWER,ANDTHEPERCENT

33、AGEOFNEEDSMETDROPSACCORDINGLYCOPYRIGHTOFPENSIONBENEFITSISTHEPROPERTYOFASPENPUBLISHERSINCANDITSCONTENTMAYNOTBECOPIEDOREMAILEDTOMULTIPLESITESORPOSTEDTOALISTSERVWITHOUTTHECOPYRIGHTHOLDERSEXPRESSWRITTENPERMISSIONHOWEVER,USERSMAYPRINT,DOWNLOAD,OREMAILARTICLESFORINDIVIDUALUSE资料来源PENSIONBENEFITSJUL2010,VOL

34、19ISSUE7,P910,2P译文终身收入选项退休计划HERR,DANIEL本文讲述了选择在美国的各种退休收入。政府的目标是减少问题的养老金计划资产,促进终身收入。论述了几个政府努力解决的退休收入的要求选择的信息包括寿命退休计划的选项收入的受惠者公务机关、退休保障项目、立法建议。大多数界定供款DC计划以全数支付。工人越来越关心满足他们的金融的需要,但焦点正在往其他投资渠道可以选择设计来支付退休金收入的一生中。工人越来越关心满足他们的理财需求,焦点正在往其他投资渠道来选择设计支付一生的退休金收入。最近,员工福利安局所发表了一个关于对年金支付从直流计划的信息需求。到目前为止,员工福利安局所收入超

35、过700。1、为什么这个咨询需求是通过员工福利安局所发布的奥巴马部分政府“支持中产阶级家庭”节目集中讨论如何使养老金和其他界定供款更像界定福利数据库计划,保证退休的人一辈子的退休金。在DB计划中积极参与者的数量从1975年的27亿下降到2006年的大约20亿，而在DC计划中积极参与者的数量从1975年的11亿增加到2006年的66亿。要求包括广泛的问题关于的养老金、投资选择,用户教育的讨论。因此希望这个反应的公布将成为未来的指导关于年金支付从界定供款和识别的步骤,这些机构能做或者应该要克服至少所提出的问题,使计划参加者索要或选举终身收入。2、为什么界定供款的支付不同于界定福利参与者存在风险投资

36、在界定供款的帐户余额计划中。此外，大多数界定供款养老金计划参与者在退休金投资过程中起重要作用。参与者的界定供款账户表示为一个全数。问题是,一旦转化为每月支付退休人员的生活,在很多情况下,不足以提供足够的数量为参加者的生活水平。界定福利与支付年金计划不同,界定供款不能保证提一种典型的系统提款。如果提款率过高,可能是不充分的投资绩效提供长期所得为参与者。如果提款率设定得太低,投资业绩可能足以提供长期所得的参与者,而参加者的生活水平可能受到损害。为延长生命,越来越多个人面对预期退休储蓄比。3、什么是终身收入养老金吗终身收入年金商品有着不同于年金形式的付款，为了保证支付流动在那时是钱的投资，而不是分配

37、时间。一生的收入年金是一种投资选择关于以周期股付款的形式支付在参与者的生活中，或者参与者的共同生活和他们的配偶或者其他受益人。不像退休计划中养老金的付款方式,这是一种投资选择。这是退休计划中不同于年金缴付的形式。例如,一个典型养老金计划参与者将在投资账户平衡下将提供各种投资方案计划。例如，在那时的分布，假如一个参与者的分布特点,希望获得他或她的帐户余额一些一次性以外，也可以选择以周期分期付款或使用账户余额购买年金。一生的收入年金,从另一方面讲,是一项投资设计按月支付保证参与人的一生。4、终身收入养老金存在哪些缺点在界定供款的分配选择中假设这个终身收入的选择是一种投资的选择不同于一种分配形式最大

38、的缺点是缺乏养老金的可转移性。通常通常,参与者能转动到来自一个上司的养老金计入个人退休帐户或进入新雇主的养老金计划,但是,除非这个计划继续接受提供相同的养老金年金选择,这个新计划可能不接受滚动套餐。如参与者在旧计划中离开年金,投资的好处随时间逐渐将会消失不见。在清理继续投资前的保证能够使你失去收入的选择和额外的费用。最近的调查发现,65的工人在21岁到30喜欢有一部分储蓄自动转换成有担保的退休收入,70的工人年龄在55岁到64岁希望他们能有这个选择权。5、这些投资将如何保证在退休时的经济安全个人退休帐户的部分分配给年金会随着时间增加。这种新的方案支持者认为，增加年金的投资选项随着时间的推移，在

39、退休前收入可以安全通过，而不会失去提供其他投资增长的机会，一个投保者越是接近退休，他所承受的风险越少。此外，由于年金是退休账户中的一个投资选择，个人购买会随着时间的推移而不是用钱在分配时间的多少，这样使得这个投资更具成本效益，并提供了一个合理的年金选项，那些可能过去没有用过。6、终身年金将成为强制性的吗虽然这是监管机构和国会议员可能会终生年金的分配方案，也许与现有的合格默认投资选择，它是不可能的终身收入是必需的。金融需求多样化的劳动力和我们适当的财政策略有很大的不同。而年轻的工人会找到一个投资产品，保证他们不会活得比他们的钱舒适，对某些老年工人的每月支出可能太小，不足以对年金期权的额外费用。艾

40、米卡瓦诺是一个退休计划顾问，作者频繁的将退休题材广泛的公众演讲。她说界定供款（DC）的计划（38倍，平均工资），雇主增加积累到DC计划（平均工资的27倍），和社会保障（平均工资的47倍）。虽然很大，这些资源下跌15的平均退休短的157倍需要在退休工资，这些员工预计将需要保持其在他们退休后的生活的标准。雇员退休储蓄将需要的退休资金的11倍左右，除了在社会保障退休工资，在是在全面促进员工职业生涯的结果相当广泛的分布。约19万（18）预计在退休满足他们的需要100，而约20万（19）预计将有一个短期的五倍以上下降支付的退休年龄。这些差异，如退休计划，其中主要是由于他们参加个体因素，他们的储蓄计划的行

41、为，他们的性别。退休计划只用一个直流平均雇员退休计划不预计达到退休资源的界定利益（DB）和直流计划所涵盖的雇员相同的水平。这是因为直流只有员工参与越来越倾向于减少储蓄（占工资的百分比）的同行相比，谁是覆盖，由退休金计划来说明。对雇员可以访问一个DB计划平均不足的问题，是否冻结与否，只有14倍支付退休年龄，而短缺的43倍支付退休工人的年龄与访问的仅是区议会方案。随着越来越多的雇主转移到DC仅退休战略，退休人员的后代可能不会被定位为他们的前辈为实现退休资源的相同水平。性别差异女性和男性在我们的研究也有类似的年龄，服务和储蓄配置文件。然而，女性往往有较低的薪酬和更小的账户余额。妇女的平均预期为短缺1

42、3倍，是在退休工资（31倍，女性工资与男性工资的18倍）。升提早退休（62岁）显着增加短缺员工退休时将会看到，由于多年的积蓄少，增加医疗费用，并增加年以上的退休资金的蔓延。升晚退休（67岁）退休后的收入显着提高预测的充足。作者断言年龄，员工非常接近拥有足够的资源来满足两个额外的工作十年后，所有的需求。这是由于额外的储蓄积累，增加社会保障福利，少年以上的退休资金的蔓延。此外退休后升，节省更多有充足的潜力最大的对未来产生积极的影响。如果员工的工资提高5的储蓄率，其差额将减少到06倍支付全日制员工的职业退休贡献，满足退休后的收入96的需求。风险退休收入这项研究突出三个关键风险投资风险，长寿风险和通货膨胀的风险。这些都可以严重影响退休后的收入是否足够。投资风险减少的一个措施，以1为退休后每年回报的影响。长寿风险措施的生活水平比平均寿命较长的金融风险。通货膨胀风险的措施，在退休后的每年05的通胀率上涨的影响。通货膨胀侵蚀了退休人员的购买力，而百分比的满足需要的相应年龄下降。退休金利益的版权是出版的阿斯本公司财产，其内容不得复制或发电子邮件到多个网站或张贴未经版权持有人的明确书面许可，群发功能。但是，用户可以打印，下载或个人使用电子邮件的文章。资料来源PENSIONBENEFITSJUL2010,VOL19ISSUE7,P910,2P