2016新版中石油职称英语水平考试《通用英语选读》第31-40课课文精讲.docx

1、2013 中石油职称英语考试阅读 60 篇 学习心得-1-中石油职称英语考试 2013 版 60 篇通用选读 学习心得（20 篇新课文，考过的大题已标出）目 录31 PETROLEUM GEOLOGY AND OTHER SCIENCES 石油地质学与其它科学 .232. THE CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH 加利福尼亚淘金热 (2016 新版) .533 WHAT DO PARENTS OWE THEIR CHILDREN 父母欠子女什么？ .1034. SHOULD YOU GO ORGANIC? 你应该“有机”吗？（N2016 新增） .1435 YOU BET YOUR L

2、IFE 以命相赌 .1836. TO BE CONTENT WITH ONES LOT 乐天知命 .2137 I DIDNT KNOW HOW TO TEACH UNTIL I MET YOU 直到遇到你我才知道怎么教学 .2738 RESERVOIR PRODUCTION MECHANISMS 油藏开采机理 （2016 新版） .3239 A $210,000 WALLET 价值 21 万美元的钱包 .3540 FUNDAMENTAL TECHNIQUES IN HANDLING PEOPLE 处理人际关系的基本技巧 .402013 中石油职称英语考试阅读 60 篇 学习心得-2-31 Pe

3、troleum Geology and Other Sciences 石油地质学与其它科学1. Petroleum geology is the application of geology (the study of rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil and gas. Geology itself is firmly based on chemistry, physics, and biology, involving the application of essentially abstract concepts to

4、observed data. In the past these data were basically observation and subjective, but they are now increasingly physical and chemical, and therefore more objective. Geology, in general, and petroleum geology, in particular, still rely on value judgements based on experience and an assessment of valid

5、ity among the data presented. 1、石油地质学是地质学(岩石研究 )在油气勘探开发和生产中的应用。地质学本身是以化学、物理和生物学为基础，应用其基本的抽象理论概念来解释观察到的资料。在过去，这些资料主要凭主观观察获取。现在借助物理和化学手段，因而更具客观性。从根本上讲，地质学和石油地质学仍然特别依赖于基于经验的数值判断和对现有资料的有效性评估。2. The application of chemistry to the study of rocks (geochemistry) has many uses in petroleum geology. Detailed

6、 knowledge of the mineralogical composition of rocks is important at many levels. In the early stages of exploration certain general conclusions as to the distribution and quality of potential reservoir could be made from their gross lithology. For example, the porosity of sandstones tends to be fac

7、ies related, whereas in carbonate rocks this is generally not so. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogy of reservoirs enables estimates to be made of the rate at which they may lose porosity during burial, and this detailed mineralogical information is essential for the accurate interpretation of geo

8、physical well logs through reservoirs. Knowledge of the chemistry of pore fluids and their effect on the stability of minerals can be used to predict where porosity may be destroyed by cementation, preserved in its original form, or enhanced by solution of minerals by formation waters. 2、化学应用到石油地质的岩

9、石研究(地球化学)中有许多作用。岩石矿物组分的详细资料在许多方面(at many levels)很重要。在勘探早期，就潜在储层的分布和质量而言(as to the distribution and quality of potential reservoir)我们可以从总的岩性（their gross lithology）得出某些通用的结论（ certain general conclusions）。例如，砂岩孔隙度一般与2013 中石油职称英语考试阅读 60 篇 学习心得-3-“相”(facies)有关，而(whereas)一般在碳酸盐岩中则并非如此。储层矿物学的详细知识可以帮助我们估计出在

10、埋藏过程中(during burial)孔隙度损失的速率。这样详细的矿物组分资料对于准确地解释储层地球物理测井非常必要。了解孔隙流体的化学组成及其对岩石稳定性的影响，有助于预测哪些地区孔隙度因胶结作用而变差，哪些地区孔隙度保持不变，哪些地区孔隙度因地层水的溶蚀作用(solution of minerals)而提高。3. Organic chemistry is involved both in the analysis of oil and gas and in the study of the diagenesis of the plant and animal tissues in sed

11、iments and the way in which the resultant organic compound, kerogen, generates petroleum. 3、有机化学（organic chemistry）则可应用于分析原油和天然气，可用于研究沉积物中植物和动物组织的成岩作用(diagenesis)，研究动植物组织转化为合成有机化合物（课文中没有相应的英文），揭示（研究）由此而生成的有机化合物干酪根(kerogen)生成石油的方式。4. The application of physics to the study of rocks (geophysics) is ve

12、ry important in petroleum geology. In its broadest application geophysics makes a major contribution to understanding the earths crust and, especially through the application of modern plate tectonic theory, the genesis and petroleum potential of sedimentary basins. More specially, physical concepts

13、 are required to understand folds, faults, and diapirs, and hence their roles in petroleum entrapment. 4、在石油地质中，将物理应用到岩石研究(地球物理)中很重要。地球物理的广泛应用对于了解地壳，尤其是应用了现代板块构造理论后，对于了解沉积盆地的成因(genesis)和潜在石油资源做出了重要贡献(make a contribution to)。更为特别的是，在理解褶皱、断层和底辟以及它们在石油圈闭过程中的作用时需要物理概念。5. Modern petroleum exploration is

14、unthinkable without the aid of magnetism, gravity, and seismic surveys in finding potential petroleum traps. Nor could any finds be evaluated effectively without geophysical wireline well logs to measure the lithology, porosity, and petroleum content of a reservoir. 5、利用现代石油勘探手段寻找潜在的石油圈闭时，如果没有地磁、重力和

15、地震勘探(seismic survey)，是不可想象的 (unthinkable)。同样，如果没有地球物理电缆测井测量岩性、孔隙度和储层中石油的含量，对任何发现的圈闭也不可能做到有效评价。2013 中石油职称英语考试阅读 60 篇 学习心得-4-6. Biology is applied to geology in several ways, notably through the study of fossils (paleontology), and is especially significant in establishing biostratigraphic zones for r

16、egional stratigraphical correlation. The shift in emphasis from the use of macrofossils to microfossils for zonation, caused by oil exploration, has already been noted. Ecology, the study of the relationship between living organisms and their environment, is also important in petroleum geology. Carb

17、onate sediments, in general, and reefs, in particular, can only be studied profitably with the aid of a detailed knowledge of the ecology of modern marine fauna and flora. Biology, and especially biochemistry, is important in studying the transformation of plant and animal tissues into kerogen durin

18、g burial and the generation of oil or gas that may be caused by this transformation. 6、生物学可以从几个方面应用于(be applied to)地质学，较为明显(notably)的是用于化石研究(古生物学) ，同时，生物学对区域地层对比(regional stratigraphical correlation)和建立生物层序地层带(establishing biostratigraphic zones)具有极为重要的意义。由石油勘探引起的（caused by oil exploration）划带重点化石已经显

19、然由大化石转移到微体化石。生态学，即研究生物与其环境之间关系的科学，在石油地质中也很重要。总体而言，碳酸盐岩沉积物，特别是生物礁，只有在现代海洋动物群落和植物群落生态学详细资料的帮助下才能获得有益的研究成果（开展有益地研究）。生物学，尤其是生物化学，对于埋藏过程中动植物组织转化为干酪根并由此生成石油和天然气的研究很重要。7. Geologists, in contrast to some non-geologists, believe that knowledge of the concepts of geology can help to find petroleum and, furthe

20、rmore, often think that petroleum geology and petroleum exploration are synonyms, which they are not. Theories that petroleum is not formed by the transformation of organic matter in sediments have already been noted and are examined in more detail. If the petroleum geologists view of oil generation

21、 and migration are not accepted, then present exploration methods would need extensive modification. 7、地质学家相对于(in contrast to)非地质学家(如下面提到的勘探学家)来说，更相信了解地质概念有助于(help to)寻找石油。而且(furthermore)，常常认为石油地质和石油勘探是同义词(synonym)，而实际上并非如此 。石油并不是由沉积物中的有机物转化而来的理论已经引起人们的关注，并在许多细节问题上(in more detail)得以证实。如果石油地质学者关于油气生2

22、013 中石油职称英语考试阅读 60 篇 学习心得-5-成和运移的观点不被接受，那么目前的勘探方法需要大幅度改变。8. Some petroleum explorationists still do not admit to a need for geologists to aid them in their search. In 1982 a successful oil finder from Midland, Texas, admitted to not using geologists because when his competitors hired them, all it di

23、d was to increase their costs per barrel of oil found. The South African State Oil Company (SOEKOR) is under a statutory obligation imposed by its government to put to the test every claim to an oil-finding method, be it a dowsing or some sophisticated scientific technique. These examples are not is

24、olated cases, and it has been argued that oil may better be found by random drilling than by the appliance of scientific principles.8、一些石油勘探学家(explorationists)仍然不承认(admit to + n. or doing)在找油过程中需要地质学家的帮助。1982年，一位来自德州米德兰油田的发现者声称没有雇佣地质学家。他的对手雇佣(hire)了地质学家，这样做的结果(all it did)只是增加了每桶原油的成本。南非国家石油公司在政府法律强行

25、规定下(under a statutory obligation imposed by its government)，对每种发现石油的方法(寻找矿藏和水源机械方法或复杂的科学方法)必须进行测验。上述事例并非是独一无二的，它说明(it has been argued that)寻找石油可能的较好方法是随机钻探(random drilling)，而不是应用科学原理。32. The California Gold Rush 加利福尼亚淘金热 (2016 新增)1.A chance discovery by an employee of John A. Sutter, feudal baron of

26、 the Sacramento Valley, set off the rush to California. In January 1848 James W. Marshall was supervising the construction of a sawmill in Coloma Valley, about 40 miles up the south fork of the American River from Sutter s Fort. On the morning of the 24th, while inspecting work on the excavation of

27、the channel of the stream, he noticed the glint of metal on the bottom of it. Placing the flakes in the dented crown of his slouch hat, he excitedly rashed to the mill and shouted, “Boys, I believe Ive found a gold mine.”1.约翰 A 萨特是萨克拉门托谷的封建贵族，他的雇员的一个偶然发 现引发了涌向加利福尼亚的人潮。1848年1月，詹姆士马歇尔正在克 罗马山谷监督锯木厂的工程，

28、那里位于美2013 中石油职称英语考试阅读 60 篇 学习心得-6-利坚河南支流，距离萨特的城堡40 英里。24日早晨，正当他检查河流上开掘的坑道时，注意到底部有一些闪亮 的金属。他把这些亮片放在宽边软帽的帽檐上，激动地朝工厂跑去，边跑边 喊：“天呐，我想我发现金矿了。”2. After making tests at the mill for a few days and being unable to determine whether or not the flakes were actually gold, Marshall carried a sample to his employ

29、er at the Fort. The two men tried every test that they could think of or that the American Encyclopedia suggested. Finally they proved that the sample was gold. In the course of time it became a fact that Marshall had discovered a huge vein of gold-bearing quartz more than 150 miles in length that l

30、ay along the western foothills of the Sierra Nevadathe fabulous Mother Lode of California. Weathering and erosion had broken off particles of the vein, carried them down mountain streams, and deposited them in sandbars or rock crevices.2. 经过几天的试验，马歇尔仍然无法确定这些小薄片是否就是黄金。于 是他带着一些样品来到他雇主的城堡。他俩尝试了能够想到的、美利

31、坚百科 全书提供的所有办法，最终证明这些样品就是黄金。经过一段时间后，消息 终于被证实，马歇尔发现了一个长达150英里的含有黄金的石英矿脉，这条 矿脉沿着内华达山的西部山麓延伸，正是那条传说中的加利福尼亚主矿脉。 由于风化和侵蚀作用，细小的矿物微粒从矿脉上剥落，被溪水冲刷下来，慢 慢沉积在沙洲和岩石缝隙中。3. Sutter could see that news of the gold discovery would spell disaster to his other businessesbut such news could not be kept secret. In May an

32、energetic San Francisco businessman and Mormon elder named Sam Brannan returned to the city from the diggings. His appearance on the streets holding high a quinine bottle full of glistening gold dust and shouting, “Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River,”started the stampede. Shopkeepers hung sign

33、s on their doors, “Gone to the Diggings.” Schools closed as teachers and pupils alike left. San Francisco became a ghost town: everyone headed toward the strike.2013 中石油职称英语考试阅读 60 篇 学习心得-7-3. 萨特预见到发现金子的消息将会给他的其他生意带来灾难但这样 重大的消息不可能一直秘而不宣。5月份，山姆布兰南，一位精力充沛的旧 金山商人同时也是摩门教的长老，从矿区回到城市。他手里举着一个装满了 闪闪发光金粉的金鸡纳

34、霜瓶子，高声喊着：“金子！金子！美利坚河里的金子！” 他的出现引发了街头的骚乱，一时间店主们纷纷关张，店门上挂出“已去矿 区！”的牌子；学校也关闭了，因为老师和学生们都已离开。旧金山一瞬间变 成了鬼城：所有人都罢工了。4. At Monterey, Santa Barbara, San Diego, and other California settlements, soldiers deserted their posts, sailors abandoned ships, lawyers left clients, and editors suspended publication of

35、newspapers. And before the end of the year gold seekers had already arrived from Hawaii，Mexico, British Columbia, and South America.4. 在蒙特利、圣巴巴拉、圣迭戈，以及其他加利福尼亚的聚居地上，士 兵们离开了岗位，水手们弃船而走，律师们放弃了客户，编辑们推迟了报纸 的出版。到那年的年尾，淘金者们纷纷从夏威夷、墨西哥、大不列颠哥伦比 亚甚至南美洲涌向这里。5. Westward Ho5. 西行记6. Stories of the discovery gradual

36、ly drifted to the Eastern United States, but most people dismissed them as rumor. Then in December 1848 they were confirmed. President Polk included official telegrams from California in his message to Congress and stated, “The accounts of the abundance of gold in that territory are of such an extra

37、ordinary character as would scarcely command belief were they not corroborated by the authentic reports of officers in the public service.” Two days later a Government messenger arrived in Washington with a tea caddy full of gold. Sanity vanished. The tea caddy did for the Nation what Sam Brannans q

38、uinine bottle had done for San Francisco.6. 发现金子的故事逐渐传到了美国的东海岸，但大部分人认为它是个谣 言。1848年12月，消息终于被确认。波尔克总统将加利福尼亚发来的政府电 报加到给国会的信息中：“尽2013 中石油职称英语考试阅读 60 篇 学习心得-8-管那个地区金矿储量惊人，但如果公共服务部门 的官员没有用可信的报道强化它们的话，这个信息也很难被公众相信。”两天 之后，政府的信使带着一个装满金子的茶叶盒抵达华盛顿。一瞬间人们的理智土崩瓦解，这个茶叶盒对这个国家所起的作用就像山姆的金鸡纳霜瓶子对 旧金山的作用。7. Within a mon

39、th, eager gold seekers chartered more than 60 ships, some of doubtful age and condition, and weighed anchor for California. The New York Herald, in a special California edition, stated: “In every Atlantic seaport, vessels are being fitted up, societies are being formed, husbands are preparing to lea

40、ve their wives, sons are parting with their mothers, and bachelors are leaving their comforts; all are rushing head over heels toward the El Dorado on the Pacific.” Whenever and wherever men gathered that winter the talk was of California and the riches to be found there.7. 个月之内，急不可耐的淘金者们租了 60多艘船起航向

41、加利福尼亚行 进，尽管其中一些船的年限和状况都令人担忧。纽约先驱论坛报在加州特 刊上写到：“大西洋的每个港口都聚集着满载的船只，人们集合成团体，丈夫 准备离开妻子，儿子正告别母亲，而单身汉们正放弃自己的舒适生活。所有 人都一门心思地朝太平洋的黄金之国进发。”不论何处、不论何时，那个冬季人们聚在一起时的话题都离不开加州和那里的财富。8. Routes To The Goldfields 通往采金区的道路9. The gold seekers used four principal routes to California, two each by sea and land. Easterners

42、 mainly used the sea routes, and residents of the Mississippi Valley and Southerners the land routes.9. 淘金者们通过四条道路前往加州，两条海路，两条陆路。东部的人主 要选择海路，而密西西比河谷和南方人主要选择陆路。10. The most popular way to California was overland, either by the central or southern trails.10. 而人们最常走的是通过中部或南部的山路。11. Tens of thousands of

43、 “forty-niners” flocked to the embarkation towns 2013 中石油职称英语考试阅读 60 篇 学习心得-9-Independence, St. Joseph, Westport, and Kanesville and waited until the grass along the trail was high enough to hold the stock. Then the great wagon trains rolled out on the prairie, climbed steadily until they crossed So

44、uth Pass, then dropped down to the Great Basin desert. Those who thought that nothing was so deadly as plodding through the choking dust of the desert forgot that annoyance when they met the hardships of passing wagons and oxen over the Sierra and then lowering them by rope down deep canyons.11. 成千上

45、万的“四九人们/淘金者们”蜂拥到出发的小镇一一因第彭登 (Independence)、圣约瑟夫（St. Joseph)、韦斯特波（Westport)以及肯斯维尔（ Kanesville)。他们聚集在那里等待着，等待着沿途的草长大，就可以给牲 口提供充足的食物。然后，浩浩荡荡的车队在大草原上出发了，他们一直缓 坡而上穿过南通道，然后下行进入大盆地的沙漠。开始有人认为没有什么能 比穿过沙尘飞扬的沙漠更单调乏味了，但当他们到达山脊时就很快忘记了沙漠的艰难，因为他们必须拼命把牛车和牲口赶上山，然后又用绳子把他们送 下深谷。12. Other gold seekers, especially South

46、erners, moved west by way of the southern trails. Drawing traffic from the Santa Fe Trail and the west Texas trails, the chief route followed the wagon road blazed by Lt. Colonel Philip St. George Cooke from the Rio Grande by way of the Gila to the Pacific during the Mexican War. It offered the adva

47、ntages of few mountain ranges and a milder climate.12. 另一些淘金者，尤其是南方人，沿着南部山路一直向西。圣菲贸易通 道和西德克萨斯通道交汇在主路上，这条路是墨西哥战争期间由圣乔治库克 的菲利普上校（Lt. Colonel Philip)标注的牛车道，从格兰德河（Rio Grande) 经由基拉（Gila) 到达太平洋。这条路线山路较少而且气候温和。13. Whatever their route, those who finally arrived at the gold mines after the 2,000-mile overla

48、nd trip, which usually required 5 or 6 months, had faced a severe test. Only the hardiest survived trail life. Asiatic cholera alone in 1849 marked the central trails with 5,000 graves before the wagons reached the Rocky Mountains. But 2013 中石油职称英语考试阅读 60 篇 学习心得-10-the dangers and privations on land or a