社区银行的发展历史以及在尼日利亚经济发展中扮演的角色【外文翻译】.doc

1、外文题目THEHISTORYOFCOMMUNITYBANKINGANDITSROLEINNIGERIANRURALECONOMICDEVELOPMENT出处THEREVIEWOFBLACKPOLITICALECONOMY,2000,VOLUME28，NUMBER3,PAGES7387作者CUOKOYEANDAMONOOKPALA原文THEHISTORYOFCOMMUNITYBANKINGANDITSROLEINNIGERIANRURALECONOMICDEVELOPMENTCUOKOYEANDAMONOOKPALATHISARTICLEEXAMINESTHESALIENTFEATURESOFT

2、HERURALECONOMYTHATWOULDTENDTOHAVEADECISIVE6INFLUENCEONTHEOUTCOMESOFTHEACTIONSRURALBASEDNIGERIANCOMMUNITYBANKS1CBSSHOULDTAKEANDAREALREADYTAKINGTOACHIEVETHEIRULTIMATEMANDATEWHICHISRURALDEVELOPMENTOURSTRESSISONTHEINTERDEPENDENCIESTHATSHOULDEXISTBETWEENCBSANDTHERURALECONOMYTHISRELATIONSHIPISTOBEVIEWEDIN

3、THECONTEXTOFADYNAMICRURALENVIRONMENTRESPONDINGTOIDIOSYNCRATICSHOCKS,SOCIOCULTURALCHANGESANDWIDERMACROECONOMICPOLICIESATTHEEND,WEGIVEAPOLICYGUIDEFORPURSUINGSUSTAINABLECOMMUNITYBANKINGUNDERCONDITIONSOFSUSTAINABLERURALPROGRESSTHERURALBANKINGPROGRAMMEBEGANASAPHASEDPROGRAMMEENVISAGEDTOMAKEITPOSSIBLEFOREV

4、ERYLOCALGOVERNMENTHEADQUARTERSTOHAVEATLEASTABRANCHOFABANKANDEVERYSEMIURBANCENTERWITHAPOPULATIONOFMORETHAN30,000TOHAVEABANKBRANCHALTHOUGHTHEPROGRAMMEINSPIREDSUFFICIENTBANKINGCONSCIOUSNESSAMONGRURALDWELLERS,ITSPROGRESSWASSLUGGISHDUETOANUMBEROFPROBLEMSTHESEINCLUDEDLOWLEVELSOFPATRONAGEDUETOLOWINCOMELEVE

5、LSINSOMERURALAREAS,LACKOFDURABLEBUILDINGS,INFRASTRUCTURE,ANDTRAINEDPERSONNELTOADDRESSTHESEPROBLEMS,THEFEDERALGOVERNMENTTHROUGHTHECENTRALBANKOFNIGERIASETINMOTIONPROGRAMMESTOACCELERATETRAININGOFBANKPERSONNELALSO,BANKSWEREALLOCATEDRURALBRANCHESWITHDUECOGNIZANCEOFTHEIRPROXIMITYTOTHERURALLOCATIONANDSUPPO

6、RTEDTHECREATIONOFZONALOFFICESFORBETTERFIELDCONTROLOTHERPOLICIESINCLUDEDTHEWAIVEROFREQUIREMENTFORAFEASIBILITYSTUDYREPORTTOSUPPORTAPPLICATIONTOOPENARURALBRANCHTHEEXCLUSIONOFCREDITGIVENINRURALAREASFROMCALCULATIONOFTHERATIOOFABANKSADJUSTEDCAPITALTOITSLOANSANDADVANCESANDALLOWINGBANKSTOHAVEMONOPOLYINRURAL

7、LOCATIONSTHERURALBANKINGPROGRAMMEACHIEVEDCONSIDERABLESUCCESSINTHESENSETHATTHENUMBEROFBRANCHESPLANNEDFORTHEFIRSTPHASEWASADEQUATELYMETANDTHESECONDSTAGEWOULDINTHESAMEWAYBEMETHOWEVER,MANYBANKSRETAINEDSUCHBRANCHESJUSTTOPROJECTAGOODCORPORATEIMAGEMOSTRURALBRANCHESPERFORMEDMINIMUMBANKINGSERVICES,ANDINMOSTCA

8、SESTHEYDIDNOTREACHOUTTOTHEPEOPLEINTHERURALAREAS,ANDSMALLSCALEBUSINESSES,WHICHTHEYWERESUPPOSEDTOSUPPORT,DIDNOTFEELTHEIRPRESENCEASSUCH,THISPROGRAMMEANDALLTHEOTHERINSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTSMEANTTORELEGATETHE“USURIOUS“MONEYLENDERSCOULDNOTSUCCEEDTHECREDITNEEDSOFTHERURALSECTORCONTINUEDTOBEMETLARGELYOUTSIDE

9、THEORGANIZEDFINANCIALMARKETSAPARTFROMTHESPECIFICREASONSWHYEACHOFTHEEFFORTSMENTIONEDEARLIERFALTERED,THEREAREANUMBEROFOTHERMICROECONOMICEXPLANATIONSTHATRELATETOTHEBASICNATUREOFTHERURALECONOMYASNOTEDBYHOFFANDSTIGLITZ1990,THEYINCLUDETHEFOLLOWING1、RURALDWELLERSLACKOFCOLLATERALANDTHEPOSSESSIONOFBELOWAVERA

10、GEINCOMES2、ALLTHEPREVIOUSATTEMPTSFOLLOWEDATOPDOWNAPPROACHTORURALCREDITMANAGEMENTASREGARDSSCREENING,INCENTIVES,ANDENFORCEMENTTHATWEREIMPOSEDFROMOUTSIDEWITHOUTADEQUATEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEDYNAMICSOFTHERURALECONOMY3、WITHINTHERURALAREASBANKSWERESELECTIVEABOUTWHOTOSERVEMAJORITYOFTHEBENEFICIARIESOFLOANSWEREP

11、EOPLEWITHCONNECTIONSWHOWERENOTNECESSARILYRURALRESIDENTS4、THEBANKSPRESENTEDIMPOSSIBLENONPERSONALIZEDCONTRACTARRANGEMENTSTHATDIDNOTTAKEINTOACCOUNTPRODUCTIONANDCONSUMPTIONSHOCKSSUFFEREDBYRURALHOUSEHOLDSCREDITSWERETHEREBYCONSTRAINEDANDTHEBORROWERWASPREVENTEDFROMSHIFTINGRESOURCESTOAREASOFNEEDINTHEHOUSEHO

12、LD/ENTERPRISEMIX5、THERURALPEOPLEDIDNOTUNDERSTANDTHECOPIOUSPAPERWORKINVOLVEDINTHEADMINISTRATIONOFTHECREDITSBYTHEBANKS6、SOMETIMESTHESTAFFOFTHEBANKSEXHIBITEDCONDUCTSBEREFTOFEMPATHYWITHTHEPOORRURALMASSESTHUSALIENATINGTHEMNIGERIANCOMMUNITYBANKINGISESSENTIALLYBUILTONTHEBROADCONCEPTOFSUSTAINABILITYITINTEGR

13、ATESANUMBEROFDISTINCTELEMENTSTHATMAKEFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTTHEMOSTREMARKABLEOFWHICHISMASSPARTICIPATION/OWNERSHIPORWHATEJIOFOR1994TERMSCOLLECTIVIZATIONNIGERIANCOMMUNITYBANKSAREPRIVATELYOWNED,SELFSUSTAININGFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSOWNEDBYACOMMUNITY,ORAGROUPOFCOMMUNITIESTOPROVIDEFINANCIALSERVICESTOMEMBE

14、RSOFTHECOMMUNITYASSUCH,GROUPSASCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTASSOCIATIONSCDAS,COOPERATIVESOCIETIES,FARMERSUNIONS,TRADEGROUPS,ASWELLASINDIVIDUALSCONSTITUTETHESHAREHOLDERSOFACOMMUNITYBANKBECAUSETHEPATRONAGEOFACOMMUNITYBANKISSUPPOSEDTOBELARGELYBYITSOWNERSITASSUMESTHEESSENTIALCHARACTEROFACOOPERATIVESOCIETYCBSARES

15、MALLSCALEANDGRASSROOTSORIENTEDANDARESUPPOSEDTOBENONDISCRIMINATORYINAPPROACHALSONOTEWORTHYISTHEFACTTHATINTHERURALCREDITMARKET,FORMALANDINFORMALSECTORSCOEXIST,DESPITETHEFACTTHATFORMALSECTORINTERESTRATESARESUBSTANTIALLYBELOWTHOSECHARGEDINTHEINFORMALSECTORBUTTHENUMBEROFFORMALLENDERSISLIMITED,ANDTHEFEWTH

16、ATOPERATESPECIALIZEINAREASWHEREFARMERSHAVELANDTITLESCBSWOULDSIGNIFICANTLYCHANGETHISFEATUREIFTHEYIMPLEMENTTHEIRCHARGEEFFECTIVELYFURTHERMORE,INALOTOFCASES,INTERESTRATESMAYNOTEQUILIBRATECREDITDEMANDANDSUPPLY,ANDFOLLOWINGSEVEREPRODUCTIONSHOCKS,CREDITMAYBECOMEUNAVAILABLEATANYPRICEANOTHERCONSIDERATIONHERE

17、ISTHATINRURALCREDITMARKETSTHETENDENCYFORBORROWERSTOSHIFTBORROWEDFUNDSTOANYSECTORTHEYPREFERREGARDLESSOFTHEORIGINALAPPROVAL,ISVERYCOMMONFORCBSTHATHAVESECTORALALLOCATIONPREFERENCES,FUNGIBILITYEFFECTSRESULTINGFROMTHEABOVETENDENCYCOULDCAUSEAWORRISOMEDIVERGENCEBETWEENNOMINALANDREALCREDITALLOCATIONSTOTHESE

18、SECTORSRURALURBANLINKAGESANDLINKAGESBETWEENTHEVARIOUSSECTORS/LEVELSOFTHERURALECONOMYHAVESOMEEFFECTSONTHEWORKINGSOFRURALFINANCIALMARKETSNOTABLEASPECTSOFRURALURBANLINKAGESINCLUDEPERMANENTANDSEASONALMIGRATIONS,PRODUCTANDFACTOREXCHANGES,ANDPRIVATEINTERHOUSEHOLDCASHTRANSFERSSEASONALMIGRATIONSREDUCERURALU

19、NDEREMPLOYMENTWHILEPERMANENTMIGRATIONSCANBEREGARDEDASINVESTMENTTHATYIELDSINCOMEFORTRANSFERTORURALHOUSEHOLDSONTHEOTHERHAND,WHILEMAINLYFOODANDRAWMATERIALSATVARIOUSSTAGESOFPROCESSINGGOTOURBANAREAS,RURALAREASRECEIVEMANUFACTURESPRIVATEINTERHOUSEHOLDCASHTRANSFERSAREAPERMANENTFEATUREOFRURALURBANRELATIONSUN

20、DERSTANDINGMOREABOUTTHESETRANSFERSISIMPORTANTBECAUSETHEYAREASOURCEOFIDLECASHINTHERURALECONOMY,WHICHCOULDBEMOBILIZEDBYCBSCOMMUNITYBANKSCOULDHAVEINNOVATIVELINKAGEMECHANISMSWITHURBANFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSTHATMAYRECEIVESUCHTRANSFERSONBEHALFOFTHEIRCLIENTSFORONWARDTRANSMISSIONTOTHECBTHISARRANGEMENTPROMISES

21、ANUMBEROFADVANTAGESINCLUDINGKEEPINGTHECASH,EVENIFTEMPORARILY,INCIRCULATION,ENCOURAGINGTHEBANKINGHABITAMONGRURALDWELLERS,ANDREDUCINGTHEBURDENANDRISKOFCARRYINGMONEYABOUTFORURBANRURALREMITTERSOFCASHCOMMUNITYBANKSSHOULDBECOMMITTEDTOFUNDINGRURALINDUSTRIESTHATDEPENDONLOCALLYAVAILABLERAWMATERIALSINORDERTOI

22、NCREASETHEMULTIPLIEREFFECTSOFLOANSWITHTHERURALAREAS,WHICHCOULD,INTURN,INCREASESAVINGSPOLICYGUIDETHEKEYAIMSOFESTABLISHINGTHENIGERIANCOMMUNITYBANKINGARETOPROMOTERURALDEVELOPMENTTHROUGHTHEPROVISIONOFFINANCEANDBANKINGSERVICES,TOENHANCETHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFPRODUCTIVEACTIVITIES,ANDTOIMPROVETHEECONOMICSTAT

23、USOFSMALLSCALEPRODUCERSTOFORMULATEPOLICIESFORACHIEVINGTHESE,ABROADARRAYOFISSUESDISCUSSEDINTHEBODYOFTHISARTICLESHOULDBECONSIDEREDHOWEVER,WEWISHTOLIMITOURPOLICYSUGGESTIONSTOAFEWBROADAREASTHEFIRSTISCBINTERNALORGANIZATIONAL/OPERATIONALCHARACTERISTICSTHENEEDARISESFORACTIONSTOREMEDYANUMBEROFOBSERVEDDEFICI

24、ENCIESTHESEDEFICIENCIESINCLUDEATHEUSUALTENDENCYFORMANAGERSANDDIRECTORSTOAPPROVEUNAUTHORIZEDLOANS,WITHOUTPROPERASSESSMENT,DOCUMENTATION,ANDRECOVERYPROVISIONSBCONTRAVENTIONOFRULESANDREGULATIONS,ANDOTHEROPERATINGGUIDELINESSOMECBSHAVEBEENACCUSEDOFILLEGALLYOPENINGCASHCENTERSCONTRARYTOSECTION61AOFTHECOMMU

25、NITYBANKSDECREE,1992CINADEQUATEMONITORINGANDSUPERVISIONDINFIGHTINGAMONGBOARDMEMBERSANDCOURTSUITSINVOLVINGSECTIONSOFCOMMUNITYREPRESENTEDINTHECDAELIQUIDITYPROBLEMSDOEXISTBECAUSESINCECOMMUNITYBANKINGCOMMENCEDINNIGERIA,MANYOFTHEMHAVEALREADYEXPERIENCEDLIQUIDITYRELATEDCONCERNSTHESEPROBLEMCALLFORINCREASEDM

26、ONITORINGANDSUPERVISIONBYTHENATIONALBOARDFORCOMMUNITYBANKSNBCBBUTINADDITIONTHERESHOULDBEADEQUATEINTERNALCONTROLWITHINTHECBSNOTMUCHCANBEACHIEVEDBYLAMENTINGTHECONTRAVENTIONOFCOMMUNITYBANKINGRULESANDREGULATIONSTHENBCBSHOULDBRINGERRINGMANAGERSANDOFFICERSTOBOOKBYINVOKINGTHEFULLFORCEOFSECTION22SUBSECTION2

27、OFTHECORNMUNITYBANKDECREE,1992LEGALADVICEISNEEDEDTODEVISEWAYSOFSHIELDINGCOMMUNITYBANKSFROMSPILLOVEREFFECTSOFPOWERTUSSLESWITHINCDAS,WHICHARESUPPOSEDTOBETHEMAJORSHAREHOLDERSCOMMUNITYBANKSHAVEATASKOFDEVELOPINGINNOVATIVEPRODUCTSTHATCANENCOURAGERURALPEOPLETOSAVEWITHTHEMWECANNOTPRETENDTOHAVESPECIFICPRESCR

28、IPTIONSFORACHIEVINGTHISOBJECTIVEONEOFTHEPOSSIBLEWAYSOFENHANCINGCOMMUNITYBANKINGLIQUIDITYISBYLINKINGTHEMANDTHERURALINFORMALFINANCIALMARKETWITHINWHICHALARGECHUNKOFTHEALLEGEDFREEFUNDSFLOATSUCHLINKAGESCOULD,ANDHAVE,INSOMECASES,OCCURREDSPONTANEOUSLYSEIBEL,1988BUTSPECIFICACTIONSCOULDBETAKENSUBJECTTOLOCALC

29、ONDITIONS,TOPROVIDEFINANCIALLEVERAGEANDSECUREDEPOSITFACILITIESFORINFORMALGROUPSANDAGENTSWHATEVERISDONEINTHISREGARDSHOULDBESUPPORTEDWITHSOMEINCENTIVESSINCECBSARERELATIVELYNEWENTRANTSINTOTHERURALENVIRONMENTANDBECAUSETHEYWILLNEEDTOUNDERSTANDTHEIRPLACESOFOPERATION,THEYSHOULDDEVOTETIMEINSTUDYINGTHERURALE

30、NVIRONMENTTOAVOIDTHEPITFALLSOFMANYRURALDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMMESOFTHEPASTCOMMUNITYBANKINGINNOVATIVEPROGRAMMESWOULDALSONEEDTOBEINTRODUCEDAMIDSTCONSIDERABLERISKSANDUNCERTAINTYALLTHESEWILLDEFINITELYINVOLVECOSTSTHATMAYOVERSTRETCHCOMMUNITYBANKINGFINANCESASSISTANCEISPARTICULARLYNEEDEDTOUNDERWRITEENTRYCOSTSOFL

31、EARNINGANDADJUSTMENTTHISISANIDEATHENATIONALASSOCIATIONOFCOMMUNITYBANKSSHOULDTAKEUPFORMATIONOFOWNBORROWINGGROUPSANOTHERIMPORTANTPOINTISTHATWHENCBSFORMTHEIROWNBORROWINGGROUPS,ITISEASIERTOSTRUCTURETHEMANDTODECIDEONTHEIDEALMEMBERSHIPSIZETHATWOULDIMPROVECREDITADMINISTRATIONINTHISCONNECTIONWEWOULDLIKETOST

32、ATETHATEMPIRICALEVIDENCEINGHANAOWUSUANDTETTEH,1982,DOMINICANREPUBLICDESAI,1983B,ANDZIMBABWEBRATTON,1986INDICATETHATLOCALCONDITIONSINFLUENCETHEIDEALMEMBERSHIPSIZE,ANDTHATBELOWORABOVETHATSIZEMEMBERSHIPCORRELATESNEGATIVELYWITHCOHESIVENESSANDJOINTACCOUNTABILITYCOMMUNITYBANKSCANNOTPERPETUALLYDEPENDONTHEN

33、BCBFORTECHNICALASSISTANCEONEOFTHEFUNCTIONSWEEXPECTTHENATIONALASSOCIATIONOFCBSTODOISPULLRESOURCESTOADDRESSISSUESOFCOMMONINTERESTTOCBSTHATAREBEYONDTHECAPABILITYOFINDIVIDUALCBSTOIMPLEMENTRESEARCHISNEEDEDBYCBSINTOSUCHISSUESASPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTANDRURALBANKINGTECHNIQUESFORTUNATELY,ASUNITBANKS,CBSARENOTSOM

34、UCHINCOMPETITIONWITHONEANOTHERALTHOUGHTHISCANNOTBECOMPLETELYRULEDOUTINTHECASEOFCBSOFCONTIGUOUSCOMMUNITIESITMIGHTALSOBENECESSARYTOKEEPTABS,VIARESEARCH,ONTHEFUNGIBILITYOFCOMMUNITYBANKINGLOANSINCONCLUSION,ITHASTOBEOBSERVEDTHATALTHOUGHTHECOMMUNITYBANKINGPROGRAMMESTARTEDWELLANDAPPEARSTOBEADDRESSINGMANYCA

35、USESOFFAILUREOFPASTRURALCREDITINITIATIVESINNIGERIA,MUCHSTILLREMAINSTOBEDONEWEBELIEVETHATCBSSTILLHAVEALOTTODOINTERMSOFUNDERSTANDINGTHERURALENVIRONMENTITWILLBEINTERESTINGTOSEEHOWCBSADDRESSPROBLEMSFOISTEDONTHEMBYTHECONTENDINGRURALINTERESTSTHATARETHEIRSHAREHOLDERSMOREIMPORTANTLY,WEMUSTSTATETHATNIGERIANC

36、OMMUNITYBANKSCANHARDLYGROWUNLESSTHEYAREABLETOMOBILIZEFINANCIALRESOURCESFROMTHEIRRURALENVIRONMENTS,ANDTHISIMPLIESCOMPETINGWITHTHEMOREENTRENCHEDINFORMALINTERMEDIARIESNOTES1ACCORDINGTOPROFESSOROFELIXAYADIANDGAOGUNSEMORE,COMMUNITYBANKINGISASELFSUSTAININGFINANCIALINSTITUTIONOWNEDANDOPERATEDBYACOMMUNITYOR

37、AGROUPOFCOMMUNITIESTOPROVIDEFINANCIALSERVICESTOMEMBERSOFTHECOMMUNITYTHEREASONFORESTABLISHINGSUCHBANKINGISTOALLOWRURALRESIDENTSTHEABILITYTOENJOYTHEBENEFITSTHATBANKINGFACILITIESPROVIDESEEAYADIANDOGUNSEMORE,1995,MODERNCOMMERCEINWESTAFRICA,CONCEPTPUBLICATIONSLTD,LAGOS,NIGERIA,P1102THESEDEVELOPMENTBANKSW

38、ERESETUPTOPROVIDEFINANCESFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEOVERALLECONOMYNIDBWASESTABLISHEDIN1964WITHAMANDATEOFPROVIDINGMEDIUMANDLONGTERMFINANCEFORPUBLICANDPRIVATESECTORSOFTHEECONOMYIN1973,THENBCIANDNACBWERESTARTEDTOASSISTINDIGENOUSINVESTORSANDTOFINANCEAGRICULTURALEXPENDITURESRESPECTIVELY3UNDERTHEBANKINGDECREE1

39、969,THEMINISTEROFFINANCEISREQUIREDTOBEINFORMEDBYTHECBNOFITSMONETARYANDBANKINGPOLICYHISAPPROVALHASTOBEOBTAINEDBEFORETHECENTRALBANKCANOPENBRANCHESORREVOKELICENCESOFCOMMERCIALBANKS,ANDHEHASPOWERTOLICENCEANDREVOKETHELICENCESOFCOMMERCIALBANKSBANKINGDECREE,1969SEEPROFESSORPNCOKIGBO,1981,NIGERIASFINANCIALS

40、YSTEMSTRUCTUREGROWTH,LONGMANGROUPLTD,ESSEX,UK,PP2522544STRUCTURALADJUSTMENTPROGRAMMESAPWASINTRODUCEDTOINCREASETHELEVELOFCAPITALINFLOWFROMTHEWORLDFINCIALCOMMUNITY,ANDTOHELPINSUPPORTINGTHEACHIEVEMENTOFASUSTAINABLERATEOFECONOMICGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTCONSONANTWITHRELATIVEPRICESTABILITYANDAVIABLEEXTERNALSE

41、CTORREFERENCESAWOSIKA,KANDSGNWOKO1983“SOMEASPECTSOFRURALLENDINGINNIGERIA“INAOSUNTOGUNANDWADEWUNMIEDS,RURALBANKINGINNIGERIANINSTITUTEOFBANKINGLONDONLONGMANGROUP,PP217AYADI,OFELIXANDGAOGUNSEMORE1995MODERNCOMMERCEINWESTAFRICALAGOSCONCEPTPUBLICATIONSLTDBAGACHWA,MDANDFSTEWART1990“RURALINDUSTRIESANDRURALL

42、INKAGESINSUBSAHARANAFRICA“PAPERPRESENTEDATTHEWORKSHOPONALTERNATIVEDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIESFORAFRICA,DECEMBER1113,1989,QUEENELIZABETHHOUSE,UNIVERSITYOFOXFORDBRATTON,M1986“FINANCINGSMALLHOLDERPRODUCTIONACOMPARISONOFINDIVIDUALANDGROUPCREDITSCHEMESINZIMBABWE“PUBLICADMINISTRATIONANDDEVELOPMENT611532CHAWAI,Z

43、I1994SECRETARYSANNUALREPORTPRESENTEDATTHE3RDANNIVERSARYCONFERENCEOFCOMMUNITYBANKSINKADUNA,APRIL28DESAI,BM1983B“GROUPLENDINGEXPERIENCESINREACHINGSMALLFARMERS“OHIOSTATEUNIVERSITYOCCASSIONALPAPER761,COLUMBUS,OHIOEJIOFOR,P1994“THEROLEOFCOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTASSOCIATIONSINTHECOMMUNITYBANKINGSYSTEM“PAPERPRE

44、SENTEDATTHE3RDANNIVERSARYCONFERENCEOFCOMMUNITYBANKSINKADUNA,APRIL2628FABAYO,JA1990“RURALBANKINGSCHEMEANDRURALINDUSTRIALIZATIONSOMEREFLECTIONSONNIGERIANEXPERIENCE“SCANDINAVIANJOURNALOFDEVELOPMENTALTERNATIVESVOLIX,NOS2/3185204HAZEL,PANDAROELL1983“RURALGROWTHLINKAGES,HOUSEHOLDEXPENDITUREPATTERNSINMALAY

45、SISAND“NIGERIA“INTERNATIONALFOODPOLICYRESEARCHINSTITUTEREPORTNO41,WASHINGTONDCHOFF,KANDJESTIGLIZ1990“IMPERFECTINFORMATIONANDRURALCREDITMARKETSPUZZLESANDPOLICYPERSPECTIVES“THEWORLDBANKECONOMICREVIEW43235250MABOGUNJE,AL1993“NEWDIMENSIONSINBANKINGAFOCUSONCOMMUNITYBANKS“THENIGERIANBANKER,JANUARYMARCH,22

46、OKIGBO,PNC1981NIGERIASFINANCIALSYSTEMSTRUCTUREGROWTHESSEXLONGMANGROUPLTDOLASHORE,O1983“RURALBANKINGSTRATEGIESANDPOLICIESOFTHEGOVERNMENTANDCENTRALBANKOFNIGERIA“INOSUNTOPGUNANDADEWUNMIEDS,RURALBANKINGINNIGERIANIGERIANINSTITUTEOFBANKERSLONDONLONGMANGROUP,PP7280OWUSU,KOANDWTETTEH1982“ANEXPERIMENTINAGRIC

47、ULTURALCREDITTHESMALLFARMERGROUPLENDINGPROGRAMMEINGHANA19691980“SAVINGSANDDEVELOPMENT17883SIEBET,D1988“FINANCIALINNOVATIONSFORMICROENTERPRISESLININGFORMALANDINFORMALFINANCIALINSTITUTIONS“PAPERPRESENTEDATTHEWORLDCONFERENCEONSUPPORTFORMICROENTERPRISES,WASHINGTON,DCUDRY,C1990“CREDITMARKETSINNORTHERNNIG

48、ERIACREDITASANINSURANCEINARURALECONOMY“THEWORLDBANKECONOMICREVIEW43251269外文题目THEHISTORYOFCOMMUNITYBANKINGANDITSROLEINNIGERIANRURALECONOMICDEVELOPMENT出处THEREVIEWOFBLACKPOLITICALECONOMY,2000,VOLUME28，NUMBER3,PAGES7387作者CUOKOYEANDAMONOOKPALA译文社区银行的发展历史以及在尼日利亚经济发展中扮演的角色本文探讨了农村经济的显著特征，介绍了以农村经济为基础建立的尼日利亚社

49、区银行的成果以及其影响，该银行的建立旨在促进农村经济的发展。我们看重的应该是社区银行和农村经济之间相互依存的关系。这种关系是针对特殊的农村经济环境而言的，社会文化的变化和宏观经济政策对他都有影响。最后，我们给出了在追求可持续发展前提下发展农村社区银行的政策导向。农村金融规划一开始是分阶段方案设想的，政府让每一个地区都有一个银行的分支，每一个城市中心都有30000甚至更多的人口拥有银行账户。虽然该方案充分激发了农村居民的金融意识，但其进展依旧缓慢，其中原因有许多，包括一些农村地区收入水平低，耐用建筑物和基础设施缺乏，工作人员业务水平低等。为了解决这些问题，尼日利亚联邦政府中央银行设定了一套方案，就是加快银行工作人员的培训，银行将他们分配到靠近农村的一些地区，并创建一些较好的办事处和农村金融机构供他们办理业务，并允许银行在农村地区实行垄断。在某种意义上说农村金融方案已经取得相当大的成功，第一阶段计划的分行数目得到了充分满足，第二阶段将再以同样的方式得到实现。然而，不少银行的分行只保留这些项目良好的企业形象。而且在多数情况下，大多数农村分支提供的最低银行服务没有延伸到农村地区，对于小规模企业，他们本应支持，而他们却忽视了这些小企业的存在。因此，这项计划的目的是让“高利贷”放债人不能成功的进行放贷，从而完善农村信贷机构促进农村金融市场的不断发展。除了前面提到的影响农村社区银行发