1、 Classification There are two major types of articulations or joint.一Continuous joints 直接连结1.Fibrous joints 纤维连结: bones are united by fibrous connective tissue Syndesmosis 韧带连结Suture 缝2.Cartilaginous joints 软骨连结: bones are united by cartilageSynchondrosis 透明软骨结合:bones are united by hyaline cartilage
2、Symphysis 纤维软骨联合: bones are united by fibrocartilage3.Synosteosis 骨性结合二Discontinuous joints 间接连结synovial joints 滑膜关节Synovial joints 滑膜关节1.Basic structures Articular surface关节面: covered by articular cartilage 关节软骨Articular capsule 关节囊 Fibrous membrane纤维膜 Synovial membrane 滑膜 Articular cavity关节腔: cont
3、aining synovial fluid; negative pressure in it2.Accessory structuresLigaments韧带(lig.): extra- and intracapsular ligaments 囊外(内)韧带Articular disc关节盘 and articular labrum关节唇:Synovial fold滑膜襞 and synovial bursa滑膜囊Terms movements of joints Translation 移动 Flexion and extension 屈和伸在足部屈称为跖屈,伸称为背屈 Adduction
4、and abduction 收和展Classification of synovial joints关节的分类Uniaxial joints单轴关节: hinge joints 屈戍关节trochoid (pivot) joints车轴关节Biaxial joints双轴关节:ellipsoid joints 椭圆关节saddle joints 鞍状关节Multiaxial joints多轴关节: ball-and-socket joint 球窝关节plane joints 平面关节Articulations of Bones of Trunk躯干骨的连结 The vertebral colu
5、mn脊柱 Composition:consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx. 1.Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结Intervertebral discs 椎间盘between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of:Nucleus pulposus髓核, an inner soft, gelatinous胶状的, highly elastic structure Annulus fibrosus纤维环 an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage纤维软骨
