1、外文翻译原文INDUSTRIALCLUSTERSINNOVATIONACTIVITIESOFTHEINFLUENCEMATERIALSOURCETHEANNALSOFREGIONALSCIENCEAUTHORANTHONYLLOVISCEKWORLDECONOMICMAPALOTOFSUCCESSFULAREAISDEPENDENTONCLUSTERANDGAINCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGE,SUCHASSILICONVALLEYSINFORMATIONINDUSTRY,DETROITSAUTOINDUSTRY,CALIFORNIASWINEBLACKSMITHS,ETCATTHE
2、SAMETIME,DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESARERAPIDLYINDUSTRIALCLUSTERPHENOMENONALSOISRISINGINDUSTRYCLUSTERWHICHTHESYNERGISTICEFFECTSAPPEAREDTHROUGHACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGE,ANDBECOMETHECONCERNOFREGIONALDEVELOPMENTOFENTERPRISE,ANIMPORTANTECONOMICMODECLUSTERSTRATEGYINREGIONALECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,BOTHHIGHTECHINDUSTRYCLUS
3、TER,ORTHETRADITIONALINDUSTRYCLUSTERHASACHIEVEDGREATSUCCESSALONGWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFDIVERSIFIEDNEEDSRAPIDPROGRESS,ANDTECHNOLOGYINNOVATIONHASBECOMETHEULTIMATECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEENTERPRISEPURSUITINRECENTYEARSMOREANDMOREGETTHEATTENTIONOFSCHOLARSANDBUSINESSESINTHEPASTMOSTSCHOLARSTHINKINDUSTRIALCLUSTERCA
4、NINCREASEENTERPRISEINNOVATIONABILITY,ENHANCETHEENTERPRISEINNOVATIONPERFORMANCE,BUTBETWEENINDUSTRIALCLUSTERANDINNOVATIONABILITYISNOTSIMPLECAUSALITY,NEEDCOMPREHENSIVECONSIDERATIONOFTHEINDUSTRIALCLUSTERSOFENTERPRISEINNOVATIONACTIVITIESINOTHERINFLUENTIALFACTORS,SOASTODEVELOPTHETECHNOLOGYTOIMPROVEREGIONA
5、LCOMPETITIONABILITYPOLICY1INDUSTRIALCLUSTERSINNOVATIONSUPERIORITYGENERALLY,THEADVANTAGEOFINDUSTRIALCLUSTERSINNOVATIONINPERFORMANCESPECIALIZATIONANDCOOPERATIONBASEDONTHESAMEINDUSTRYORRELATEDINDUSTRYOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESTHROUGHTHEGEOGRAPHICALLYCONCENTRATEDORNEAR,PRODUCEINNOVATIVEGATHEREDUSI
6、NGCLUSTERTHISSPECIALORGANIZATIONSTRUCTURE,BETWEENENTERPRISECANESTABLISHALONGTERMANDSTABLECOOPERATIONRELATIONS,THEINNOVATIONOFINORDERINCREASESONTHEWHOLEENTERPRISEINNOVATIONCAPABILITYTOUNDERSTANDTHEROLEOFINDUSTRYCLUSTERSINPRACTICE,WEPUTTHECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEOFINDUSTRIALCLUSTERSFORMATIONDIVIDEDINTOTWO
7、ASPECTSOFDEMANDANDSUPPLY,THUSFURTHERUNDERSTANDINGOFINDUSTRIALCLUSTERSINNOVATIONACTIVITIESIMPACTMIDWAYANDSPEAKFROM,THECOMPANYINVOLVEDINCLUSTERORGANIZATION,STRONGLOCALMARKETNEEDS,ESPECIALLYRELEVANTINDUSTRYDEMANDSMAKETHEENTERPRISEPRODUCTSANDSERVICESMOREEASILYFOUNDONTHEMARKETGAP,INNOVATION,ANDINNOVATION
8、FOREQUIPMENTS,RAWMATERIALSANDTHESTAFFWERECANSOLVEINTHETERRITORYINADDITION,ININNOVATION,CUSTOMERREPRESENTATIVESINTHEFIELDOFANIMPORTANTSOURCEOFNEWTHOUGHTS,ENTERPRISEINCLUSTERAREASINTHEPROCESSOFFINDINGCUSTOMERS,THEINTERACTIONOFSUPPLYANDDEMANDFORMOREACCELERATEDTHEINNOVATION,THECREATIONOFNEWIDEASANDDESIG
9、NCONCEPTTOAPPEARINDUSTRIALCLUSTERSINNOVATIONOFENTERPRISEISTHEBIGGESTBENEFITFROMSUPPLYALONGWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEREGIONALCOREINDUSTRIES,COMESTHEBIGSCENERELATEDRAWMATERIALSANDSERVICESPROVIDERS,THEYCANLOWERTHECOSTOFPRODUCTIONHASDIVERSIFIEDADVANTAGEINADDITION,THEINDUSTRIALCLUSTERHASALSOATTRACTEDASERIES
10、WITHTHESAMEPROFESSIONALANDTECHNICALWORKERS,BUILTATECHNICALPERSONNELWORKINGLIFEGOODATMOSPHEREATTHESAMETIME,VIRTUALLYFORMEDAPROFESSIONALTALENTMARKET,MAKEHIGHTECHNICALPERSONNELCANEASILYFINDSUITSOWNENTERPRISE,THEENTERPRISECANEASILYFINDNEEDEDTALENTS,REDUCESEARCHCOSTINDUSTRYCLUSTERSINTHESUPPLIERANDADVANTA
11、GEISAND“DRYMIDDLESCHOOL“AND“WITHTHEMIDDLESCHOOL“ISABOUTONELEARNINGEFFECTDUETOTHEEXISTINGPRODUCTIONCONDITIONSTECHNICALBOTTLENECKANDTECHNICALPROGRESSINTERDEPENDENCE,CLUSTERSCALEOFTHEINDUSTRY,THEGREATERTHECHANCETOGENERATENEWTECHNOLOGYANDHIGHERTHISMEANSTHATWORKERSCANAGAINAFTERLEARNINGTHEINMANUFACTURINGP
12、ROCESSUSINGNEWKNOWLEDGE,SOLVEPRODUCTIONPROBLEMSDURINGTHEPROCESS,OVERCOMETECHNICALDIFFICULTIES,IMPROVECOMMODITYPERFORMANCE,SATISFYINGCUSTOMERSNEEDSINADDITION,LOCATEDINMAY,WITHINTHECLUSTERINCREASEACCESSTOTHEPOSSIBILITYOFNEWINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,THUSEDGEIMITATION,EDGEADAPTATION,ANDLEARN2INDUSTRYCLUSTER
13、OFENTERPRISEINNOVATIONPOTENTIALADVERSEIMPACTINDUSTRIALCLUSTERISPROTEAN,DUETOPROFESSIONALDEPARTMENTS,ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTLEVEL,SOCIALCULTURALENVIRONMENT,GEOGRAPHICALLOCATION,ETCASPECTSOFDIFFERENCES,EACHINDUSTRYCLUSTERCONTAINEDWITHINTHEENTERPRISESWILLBEDIFFERENT,THESIZEOFTHEENTERPRISESTRUCTUREALSOWILLB
14、EDIFFERENT,BETWEENENTERPRISECOOPERATIONANDCOMPETITIONISDIFFERENTDEGREEOFCLUSTERENTERPRISE,SOTHEYONTHEINFLUENCEOFTHEINNOVATIONACTIVITIESAREALSODIFFERENT,EVENGIVEENTERPRISEINNOVATIONACTIVITIESTOBRINGSOMEDRAWBACKSMANYOFTHESEDRAWBACKSWITHGENERAL,NOTJUSTTHESPECIALCIRCUMSTANCESWHICHCLUSTERFIRST,CLUSTERBRI
15、NGSSUPPORTEFFECTANDEXTERNALNOTECONOMICACCORDINGTOJAMESMBUCHANAN1965CLUBTHEORY,AFEATUREISCLUBITEMSMEMBERSINCREASEDTHEEXTENTWILLPRODUCECROWDEDEFFECT,WITHTHENEWMEMBERSTOJOIN,PUBLICGOODSMARGINALBENEFITPRESENTPROFITABILITYJAMESMBUCHANANTHINKS,ACLUBINTHEBESTSCALEOFEXTERNALNOTECONOMYPRODUCEMARGINALCOSTSUPP
16、ORTCOSTSDUETONEWMEMBERSSHAREISEXACTLYEQUALTOTHERUNNINGINTOWOODBRINGSTHEMARGINALSAVETHISPOINTMORETHANTHESCALE,THEENTERPRISEGATHERINGWILLCAUSEPRODUCTIONELEMENTSPRICES,INCREASETHEENTERPRISEINNOVATIONINTOWOODATTHESAMETIME,ALONGWITHTHEINCREASEOFENTERPRISEMEMBER,CLUSTERREGIONALMARKETINCREASINGLYFIERCECOMP
17、ETITIONCANBRINGONLYLOWERMARGINALPROFITS,REDUCEALASALLEINVESTMENTCAPITALSOURCERBINADDITION,INTHETECHNICALLEVELWITHINACLUSTEROFLOW,ENTERPRISEOFTENCHOOSEIS“IMITATETYPE“DEVELOPMENT,THISLEADSTOTHEINDUSTRYSTRUCTURE,FORMINGTHECONVERGENCEOFHIGHERSPEEDSIMILARPOPULATIONGROWTHANDLOWLEVEL,CROWDINGEFFECTOFTHENUM
18、BEROFFLATANDSCATTEREDEXPANSION,LEADINGTOEXCESSIVECOMPETITIONBUREAUANDMALIGNANT,WEAKENTHEENTERPRISEINNOVATIONABILITYANDCOMPETITIONABILITYCLUSTERSOFADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGESOFTHEBALANCEBETWEENTHEADVANTAGEANDTHEDISADVANTAGEINVARIOUSSECTORSSHOWEDDIFFERENTCHARACTERISTICSACCORDINGTOTHEINNOVATIONSYSTEMANA
19、LYSISMETHOD,INDUSTRYINNOVATIONACTIVITIESANDTHEUSEOFINTELLECTUALPROPERTYINDUSTRYISABIGDIFFERENCE,ESPECIALLYDIFFERENTMODETHETECHNOLOGYOFINDUSTRYOFOPPORTUNITY,APPLICABILITYANDTECHNICALPROGRESSOFTHEBASICKNOWLEDGEOFACCUMULATIVESEXANDCHARACTERISTICS,ANDTHERESALARGEDIFFERENCEDETERMINESTHEIRINNOVATIONMODEIS
20、DIFFERENT3EFFECTOFCLUSTERENTERPRISEINNOVATIONABILITYOFOTHERFACTORSINNOVATIVEABILITYISTHEENTERPRISEKNOWLEDGEUPDATEPROCESS,PERFORMANCEININDIVIDUALS,GROUPS,PRODUCTANDSTRUCTUREOFFACTORSSUCHASTHEOVERALLABILITYTOPARTYENTERPRISEINNOVATIONABILITYOFTHEENTERPRISEACCORDINGTOTHECOMMONLYDEFINEDBYTHENUMBEROFINNOV
21、ATIONFIRST,ENTERPRISEINNOVATIONACTIVITIESWITHINACLUSTEROFCONTINUITYANDTHEACCUMULATIONOFKNOWLEDGEOFCLUSTERENTERPRISEINNOVATIONPERFORMANCEISTHEIMPORTANTFACTORSINNOVATIVEENTERPRISEPREPONDERATEWITHINTHEINDUSTRYCLUSTERCANREALLYBOOSTENTERPRISEINNOVATIONACTIVITIESBUTIFENTERPRISEISLACKOFINNOVATIVECOMPANY,IN
22、DUSTRYOFTHEENTERPRISEITSELFWILLADVERSELYAFFECTTHERESULTSOFINNOVATIVEACTIVITIESHAVEBIGSCENEINNOVATIONENTERPRISEANDRELATEDKNOWLEDGEACCUMULATIONOFCLUSTERSAREMORELIKELYTOCREATEGOODINNOVATIONACHIEVEMENTSECONDLY,INNOVATIONNETWORKDOESNOTNECESSARILYCONFINEDAREAOFGEOGRAPHICALPOSITIONCLOSEINNOVATIONPROCESSMAY
23、INCLUDEREGIONALANDGLOBALINFLUENCE,ACCORDINGTOTHERELATIVEIMPORTANCEINFLUENCEATTHESTAGEWHEREINNOVATIONPROCESSANDDIFFERSOMEWHATGLOBALNETWORKANDNEWPRODUCTCONCEPTSANDCOMMERCIALIZEDRELATED,ANDDEVELOPINGTHEWORKMAINLYINCLUDESKNOWLEDGESOURCESOFLOCALIZATIONEXTERNALLOCALKNOWLEDGEEXCHANGEHASBECOMEANIMPORTANTSOU
24、RCEOFINNOVATIONANDLEARNINGINADDITION,ENTERPRISESADAPTABILITYANDCONCENTRATIONALSOINFLUENCEINNOVATORS,ANDTHEENTERPRISEWHETHERGEOGRAPHICALRELEASEHIGHADAPTABILITYANDCONCENTRATIONANDENVIRONMENT,COMPETITIVEPRESSUREONTHESIZETECHNOLOGYINNOVATIONANDLEADERISMORELIKELYTOKEEPTHEIRCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGETHISMEANSTH
25、ATMIGHTFORMARELATIVELYHIGHLEVELOFINDUSTRIALCLUSTERS,MAYALSOAPPEARAFEWENTERPRISEINNOVATIONACTIVITIESOFTHEREGIONTOCONCENTRATEFINALLY,EACHCOUNTRYSINDUSTRYSTRUCTUREANDECONOMICSYSTEMANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEINDUSTRYHISTORYMAYALSOAFFECTPRODUCTIONANDINNOVATIVEGEOGRAPHICDISTRIBUTIONANDTHEACTUALOPERATIONOFCLUST
26、ERECONOMYFOREXAMPLE,NOWITALIANINNOVATIONACTIVITIESNOTONLYWITHTHEGEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTIONOFINDUSTRIALCLUSTERWITHTHECOUNTRYSPOSTWARRELATED,ALSOCLOSELYRELATEDINDUSTRIALHISTORYTOSUMUP,THEINDUSTRIALCLUSTERINTHEKNOWLEDGETRANSFERANDDIFFUSIONISQUITEONIMPORTANCE,BUTASARESULTOFEACHINDUSTRYCLUSTERSINPROFESSION
27、ALFIELDS,LABORMARKET,ENVIRONMENT,SOCIALNETWORK,MATURITYLEVELPARTYSUCHASTHEDIFFERENCEISLARGER,PLUSINNOVATIONTHISGRADUALPROCESSTHEOTHERIMPORTANTFACTORSTOTHECOMMONFUNCTION,ITSINFLUENCEOFINDUSTRIALINNOVATIONACTIVITIES,ANDSOINCANNOTTREATASTHEINDUSTRIALCLUSTERTECHNOLOGYPOLICYFORMULATIONANDIMPLEMENTATIONNO
28、TSALLOWTOIGNORE译文产业集群对企业创新活动的影响资料来源THEANNALSOFREGIONALSCIENCE作者ANTHONYLLOVISCEK世界经济地图上有很多成功的区域都是依赖于集群而获得竞争优势,如美国硅谷的信息产业、底特律的汽车业、加州的葡萄酒酿造业等等。同时,发展中国家的产业集群现象也正在迅速崛起。产业集群通过协同效应所显现的竞争优势备受关注,并成为企业、区域发展的重要经济模式。集群战略在区域经济发展中,无论是高科技产业集群,还是传统产业集群都取得了很大的成功。随着需求多样化的发展和技术日新月异的进步,创新成为企业追求的终极竞争优势,近些年来越来越受到学者和企业界的重
29、视。过去多数学者认为产业集群可以增加企业的创新能力,提高企业的创新绩效,但是产业集群和创新能力之间并非是简单的因果关系,需要综合考虑产业集群中其它对企业创新活动具有重要影响的因素,这样才能制定出提高区域竞争能力的科技政策。1产业集群的创新优势一般产业集群创新的优势表现为以专业化分工和协作为基础的同一产业或相关产业的中小企业通过地理位置上的集中或靠近,产生创新聚集。借助集群这种特殊的组织结构,企业之间可以建立长期、稳定的创新协作关系,从而在整体上提高了企业的创新能力。为了解产业集群在实践中的作用,我们把产业集群产生的竞争优势分为需求和供应两个方面,从而进一步了解产业集群对企业创新活动的影响。从需
30、求方而讲,公司参与集群组织,当地强大的市场需求,特别是相关行业的需求使企业更容易发现产品和服务的市场缺口,进行创新,而创新所需的设备、原材料以及员工都能在区域内解决。另外,在创新领域里,客户代表新思想的重要来源,企业在集群区域内寻找客户的过程中,供需双方的互动加速了创新,有利于更多新颖的创作思路与设计理念的出现。产业集群对企业创新最大的益处则来源于供给方面。随着区域内核心行业的发展,随之诞生了大景相关的原材料和服务提供商,他们可以较低的成本取得多样化生产的优势。另外,产业集群也吸引了一系列具有相同专业技术的工人,营造了一个技术人员工作生活的良好氛围。同时,无形中形成了一个专业化的人才市场,使高
31、技术人才能够很容易找到适合自己的企业,企业也能够很容易地找到所需要的人才,减少搜索成本。产业集群在供应方而的优势是和“干中学”和“用中学”一一即学习效应有关。由于现存生产条件下技术瓶颈和技术进步相互依赖,集群的产业规模越大,产生新技术的机会越高。这意味着工人可以在学习后再在生产过程中运用新知识,解决生产过程中的问题,克服技术困难,改进商品性能,满足顾客需要。另外,位于大的集群内可以增加获取新技术信息的可能性,从而边模仿、边适应、边学习。2产业集群对企业创新的潜在不利影响产业集群是千变万化的,由于专业化部门、经济发达程度、社会文化环境、地理位置等诸方面的差异,各个产业集群内所包含的企业数会不同,
32、企业的规模结构也会不同,企业之间合作与竞争的程度也是不同的,所以他们对集群企业的创新活动的影响也是不同的,甚至会给企业的创新活动带来一些弊端。其中许多弊端带有一般性,而不仅仅是哪个集群的特殊情况。首先,集群带来了拥护效应和外部不经济。根据JAMESMBUCHANAN1965的俱乐部理论,俱乐部物品的一个特性就是成员增加到一定程度会产生拥挤效应,随着新成员的加入,公共物品的边际收益呈现递减状态。JAMESMBUCHANAN认为,一个俱乐部的最佳规模就在外部不经济所产生的边际成本拥护成本正好等于由于新成员分担运转成木所带来的边际节约这点上。超过这个规模,企业的聚集就会引起生产要素价格的上涨,加大了
33、企业创新活动的成木。同时,随着企业成员的增加,集群区域市场日益激烈的竞争只能带来较低的边际利润,减少了个仲RB投入的资金来源。另外,在技术水平较低的集群内,企业往往选择的是“模仿式”发展,这导致了行业结构上的趋同性,形成同类种群同向高速增长的拥挤效应以及低水平、平而式分散的数量扩张,从而导致恶性的过度竞争局而,削弱了企业的创新能力和竞争能力。集群的优点和缺点以及优缺点之间的均衡在不同产业部门表现出不同的特点。按照创新系统的分析方法,行业的创新活动和知识产权运用的行业模式区别很大,特别是不同行业的技术机会、适用性和技术进步的累加性和基础知识的特征存在很大的区别,从而决定了各自的创新模式不同。3影
34、响集群企业创新能力的其他因素创新能力是企业在知识更新过程中,表现在个人、团体、产品与结构等因素方而的总体能力。企业的创新能力一般根据企业采用创新的数目来界定。首先,企业创新活动的持续性和集群内相关知识的积累是集群企业创新绩效的重要影响因素。创新性企业居多数的产业集群内确实会促进企业的创新活动。但如果企业所在行业缺乏创新性的公司,将对企业自身的创新活动造成不利的影响。拥有大景创新企业和相关知识积累的集群更可能创造好的创新业绩。其次,创新网络并不一定局限在地理位置接近的区域。创新过程可能包括地区和全球的影响,影响的相对重要性按照创新过程所处的阶段而有所不同。全球网络和新产品的概念和商业化相关,而开
35、发工作主要包括知识来源的本土化。外部交流已成为本地知识创新和学习的重要源泉。另外,企业的适应性和集中性也影响创新者的地理发布,而企业是否具有较高的适应性和集中性与所处环境的竞争压力大小有关。技术领先者更可能进行创新并保持他们的竞争优势。这意味着可能形成相对高水平的产业集群,也可能出现少数企业创新活动的区域集中。最后,每个国家的行业结构、经济制度和行业发展的历史也会影响生产和创新的地理分布以及集群经济的实际运行。例如,目前意大利创新活动的地理分布不仅与产业集群有关,也与该国战后工业化历史有着密不可分的关系。综上所述,产业集群在知识的移转和扩散上具有相当的重要性,但是由于各个产业集群在专业领域、劳动力市场、环境、社会网络、成熟程度等方而存在较大的差异,加之创新这个渐进过程中上述其他重要因素的共同作用,其对产业创新活动的影响不能一概而论,所以在产业集群科技政策的制定和实施上不容忽视。
Copyright © 2018-2021 Wenke99.com All rights reserved
工信部备案号:浙ICP备20026746号-2
公安局备案号:浙公网安备33038302330469号
本站为C2C交文档易平台,即用户上传的文档直接卖给下载用户,本站只是网络服务中间平台,所有原创文档下载所得归上传人所有,若您发现上传作品侵犯了您的权利,请立刻联系网站客服并提供证据,平台将在3个工作日内予以改正。