旅游的社会影响【外文翻译】.doc

1、外文翻译原文THESOCIALIMPACTSOFTOURISMMATERIALSOURCEHTTP/EPUBSSURREYACUK/1117/1/FULLTEXTPDFAUTHORAJHALEY,TIMSNAITH,GRAHAMMILLERWITHINTOURISMLITERATUREITHASBEENWIDELYDOCUMENTEDTHATURBANTOURISMHASBEENCONTINUALLYNEGLECTEDASANAREAOFRESEARCHASHWORTH1989,ANDCONSEQUENTLYREMAINSDEVOIDOFADEVELOPEDUNDERSTANDINGORRES

2、EARCHBASELAW1993PAGE1995ONEOFTHEEXPLANATIONSFORTHISISTHATTHEUNIQUENESSOFINDIVIDUALCITIESMAKESRELIABLECOMPARISONSDIFFICULT,WITHASIZEABLEPORTIONOFTHELITERATURECENTEREDONINDIVIDUALCASESTUDIESTHUS,THISSTUDYRESPONDSTOTHECALLFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFVALIDANDRELIABLESTUDIESSUPPORTEDBYLONGITUDINALANDCOMPARATIVEDA

3、TACOLLECTIONTECHNIQUESTHEAUTHORSFEELTHATRESEARCHINTOSOCIALIMPACTASSESSMENTHASJUMPEDTOOQUICKLYFROMDESCRIPTIONTOMODELINGANDTHEREISNEEDTOCONDUCTSTUDIESTHATWILLPROVIDELONGITUDINALANDCOMPARATIVEDATAITWASFELTTHATWITHOUTANAPPROACHOFTHISNATURE,ANYPROPOSEDUNDERSTANDINGWOULDMERELYADDTOTHEFRAGMENTEDPICTUREOFUR

4、BANTOURISMRESEARCHHENCE,THEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYISTOIDENTIFYANDEXAMINETHEATTITUDESOFRESIDENTSINBATH,UKTOWARDSTOURISMDEVELOPMENTANDTHEPAPERAIMSTOESTABLISHABENCHMARKSTUDYFORBATH,ENABLINGFUTURELONGITUDINALANDCOMPARATIVEANALYSESOFHOSTATTITUDESITISALSOANTICIPATEDTHATFUTURECOMPARATIVEANALYSISWITHOTHERHISTORI

5、CCITIESCOULDESTABLISHABASISFORTHEORYDEVELOPMENTANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFLEXIBLEMODELINGTOOLSREGARDINGTHESOCIALIMPACTSOFTOURISMONRESIDENTSOFHISTORICANDRELATEDCITIESINTHEUNITEDKINGDOMTOURISMMARKETINGTOURISMMARKETINGMEANSTHETOURISMPRODUCTORTRAVELSERVICEPROVIDERSINIDENTIFYINGTHEMANUFACTURERONTHEBASISOFTHENEE

6、DSOFTOURISTS,BYIDENTIFYINGITSTARGETMARKETANDCANPROVIDETHEDESIGNOFAPPROPRIATETOURISMPRODUCTS,SERVICESANDPROJECTSTOMEETTHESEMARKETREQUIREMENTSPROCESSTOURISMMARKETINGINTEGRATIONOFCOMMUNICATIONANDDISSEMINATIONOFFOCUSTOURISMBRANDINTEGRATEDMARKETINGISSTILLTHEDOMINANTFORMOFTOURISMMARKETINGTOURISMBRANDOFINT

7、EGRATEDMARKETING,ISTHEDOMINANTFORMOFTOURISMMARKETING,MAINLYTHEINTEGRATIONOFTOURISMIMAGEASTHECORE,TOTHEIMAGEOFTHESPREADOFTHERESULTSOFTHETOURISMATTRACTIONOFTHEDRIVETOACHIEVETOURISMPRODUCTSTOBUY,TOACHIEVETHEOBJECTIVEOFTOURISMMARKETINGGREENTOURISMVICTORIAWILLBETHEBRANDOFINTEGRATEDMARKETINGCOMMUNICATIONS

8、YSTEMSTBIMCFROMTHEACTUALPOINTOFVIEWISDIVIDEDINTOBRANDBUILDING,BRANDING,BRANDCOMMUNICATION,BRANDMANAGEMENTINFOURSTEPSTOURISMMARKETINGSUBFOCUSMODELISASATOURISTMARKETING,EFFECTIVESUPPORTSTRUCTUREFOCUSMODE,REQUESTEDABREAKDOWNOFTHETOURISMPRODUCTSINORDERTOBREAKDOWNPRODUCTS,THECORRESPONDINGSEGMENTSOFTHEMAR

9、KETDEMAND,THROUGHASEPARATEGROUPOFCHANNELSTOCHOOSEFOCUSMEDIA,FOCUSTRANSMITTEDTOTHEFINALREALIZATIONOFANEFFECTIVEMARKETINGSEGMENTSBRANDINTEGRATEDMARKETINGCOMMUNICATIONISBASEDONTHEBRANDASTHECARRIER,ALARGENUMBEROFTOURISTINFORMATIONISCOMPRESSEDTOFORMAPOOL,ANDTOINTEGRATEALLTHEBRANDPRODUCTS,TOFORMAUNIFIEDIM

10、AGEOFTHESTRUCTURE,PROCESSTOURISMMARKETINGFOCUSMODEANDFOCUSOFTHEDEVELOPMENTTREND,DIVIDEDINTOTHEFOLLOWINGAREAS1THEMECHANISMOFTOURISMPRODUCTMARKETINGAPPEALINGTORESPONDTOANDEXPERIENCETHEPROCESSOFPRESELLING2THENEEDSOFDIFFERENTMARKETSEGMENTS1THESOCIOECONOMICVARIABLESINTOTHETOURISMMARKET2TRAVELINGINTHETOUR

11、ISMMARKETSEGMENTATION3THEFIVEMAINMARKETLEISURETRAVEL3ATTRACTIVENESSANDPACKAGINGTOCREATEASUBFOCUSDEVELOPMENT4THESPREADOFTHEAUDIENCEAPPEALOF5TRAVELSALESCHANNELS,AUDIENCEFRAGMENTATIONSOCIALIMPACTSANALYSISTHELITERATUREHASGIVENTOURISMIMPACTEXTENSIVETREATMENTTHEREASONFORTHISATTENTIONISTHEINEVITABILITYTHAT

12、THEINDUSTRYINDUCESIMPACTS,BOTHBENEFICIALANDADVERSETOURISMISSEENASANECONOMICTOOLOFDEVELOPMENTGEE,CHOYANDMAKENS1989ANDMANYOFTHEECONOMICBENEFITSASSOCIATEDCANBEMEASUREDOBJECTIVELYANDSERVEASSUPPORTFORFURTHERDEVELOPMENTCOHEN1972HOWEVER,THESOCIALIMPACTSAPPEARTOBESOMEWHATMORESUBJECTIVEANDINTANGIBLEOVERTHEPA

13、ST25YEARSNORTHAMERICANRESEARCHHASEXAMINEDMANYDIFFERENTASPECTSRELATEDTORESIDENTSPERCEPTIONSOFTOURISMDEVELOPMENTPIZAM1978SUGGESTEDTHATHEAVYCONCENTRATIONHASLEDTOTHEEMERGENCEOFNEGATIVEHOSTATTITUDESROTHMAN1978HIGHLIGHTEDNEGATIVERESIDENTPERCEPTIONSTOWARDSINCREASEDNOISE,LITTER,TRAFFIC,CRIME,OVERCROWDING,AN

14、DTOURISMINDUCEDPRICEINCREASES,ALTHOUGHRESEARCHFINDINGSALSONOTEDTHEPERCEPTIONOFPOSITIVEASPECTSOFTOURISMDEVELOPMENTTHESEINCLUDEDIMPROVEMENTSINLOCALINFRASTRUCTUREBELISLEANDHOY1980,INCREASEDEMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIESMILMANANDPIZAM1988ROTHMAN1978,ANDINCREASEDRECREATIONALOPPORTUNITIESDAVIS,ALLENANDCOSENZA198

15、8OTHERSIGNIFICANTFINDINGSINCLUDETHEPERSONALANDDEMOGRAPHICFACTORSKNOWNTOINFLUENCEATTITUDESANDPERCEPTIONS,SUCHASDISTANCEOFRESIDENCEFROMTHECENTRALTOURISTZONEBELISLEANDHOY1980,THEINFLUENCEOFONESLENGTHOFRESIDENCEINTHECOMMUNITYLIUANDVAR1986ANDAGE,ASINTHECASEOFBASTIASPEREZANDVARS1996STUDYINDARWIN,AUSTRALIA

16、THEMAJORITYOFRESEARCHINTORESIDENTSPERCEPTIONSOFTOURISMDEVELOPMENTHASADDRESSEDONLYSMALL,RURAL,ORRESORTTYPECOMMUNITIESTHISHASBEENTHEFOCUSINTHEUNITEDSTATESDAVISETAL1988LIUANDVAR1986MILMANANDPIZAM1988PERDUEETAL1990PIZAM1978ROTHMAN1978THOMASON,CROMPTONANDKAMP1979INEUROPEVAR,KENDALLANDTARAKCIOGLU1985,ANDI

17、NTHEUNITEDKINGDOMBROUGHAMANDBUTLER1981SHELDONANDVAR1984WHILETHERESEARCHCONDUCTEDHASMADEASIGNIFICANTSTEPTOWARDSBETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVEPERCEPTIONSOFTOURISMANDSUPPORTFORSPECIFICTOURISMRELATEDPOLICIES,HISTORICALLYMOSTOFTHERESEARCHONTHETOPICOFRESIDENTSPERCEPTIONSHAS

18、BEENATHEORETICALINNATUREAP1990THEDOMINANTTHEORYTOEMERGETOSHAPEUNDERSTANDINGHASBEENSOCIALEXCHANGETHEORY,WHICHCONCENTRATESONTHEEXTENTTOWHICHRESIDENTSRECEIVESOMETHINGFORTHEIMPOSITIONTHEINDUSTRYPLACESUPONTHEMRECENTRESEARCHONTHISSUBJECTINGHANASIRAKAYA,TEYEANDSONMEZ2002SHOWSTHATITISNOTSIMPLYTHEEXISTENCEOF

19、ANEXCHANGETHATISIMPORTANT,BUTTHENATUREANDVALUEOFTHEEXCHANGETHATINFLUENCESATTITUDESANDPERCEPTIONSHENCE,TRADITIONALSOCIALEXCHANGETHEORYWOULDHOLDTHATIFSOMEONEISEMPLOYEDWITHINTHETOURISMINDUSTRYTHENTHATPERSONWOULDBEEXPECTEDTOHOLDAPOSITIVEATTITUDETOWARDSTHEINDUSTRYHOWEVER,IFTHEEXPERIENCEOFEMPLOYMENTWITHIN

20、THEINDUSTRYWASNEGATIVE,THENTHISWOULDSHAPEHIS/HERATTITUDEANDRESULTINANEGATIVEATTITUDETOWARDSTHEINDUSTRYASAWHOLEINADDITIONTOTHELACKOFUNDERPINNINGTHEORY,THECHOICEOFDIFFERENTMETHODOLOGIESINEXAMININGPERCEPTIONSHASRESULTEDINAFRAGMENTEDRATHERTHANCOHERENTVIEWSAMPLINGMETHODOLOGYUSEDINTHESTUDIESVARIESANDSAMPL

21、ESIZESVARYCONSIDERABLYDESCRIPTIONSPROVIDEDOFTHESAMPLINGPLANSHAVEBEENGENERALLYLIMITED,ANDTHEINFORMATIONPROVIDEDDOESNOTALLOWREADERSTOMAKEJUDGMENTSABOUTTHEAPPROPRIATENESSANDADEQUACYOFTHESAMPLINGPLANTHEAPPARENTLACKOFATTENTIONTOSAMPLINGMETHODOLOGYCALLSINTOQUESTIONTHEVALIDITYOFTHEREPORTEDFINDINGS,ANDFUTUR

22、ESTUDIESSHOULDAVOIDTHISPROBLEMTHEWEAKESTASPECTOFTHEDATACHARACTERISTICSOFTHEEARLYRESEARCHISTHATFEWSTUDIESSETHNAANDRICHMOND1978REPORTANYTESTSOFTHERELIABILITYANDVALIDITYOFTHEMEASURESUSEDINTHESURVEYINSTRUMENTBABBIE1986HIGHLIGHTEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFRELIABLEANDVALIDMEASURESTOSOUNDRESEARCH,ANDMOREEXPLICITCONSI

23、DERATIONBYRESEARCHERSREGARDINGTHISMATTERISNEEDEDINTHEFUTURETHEUSEOFSTATISTICALTECHNIQUESTOANALYZERESIDENTSPERCEPTIONSDATAALSOVARIESCONSIDERABLYFROMSTUDYTOSTUDY,ANDTHUSMAKESCOMPARISONSBETWEENTHEMDIFFICULTASAPOSITIVEEXCEPTION,TEYE,SONMEZANDSIRAKAYA2002EMPLOYTHESAMEMETHODOLOGYINTWODESTINATIONSTOENABLEC

24、OMPARISONACROSSTOWNSWITHDIFFERINGHISTORIESOFTOURISMDEVELOPMENTTHEMULTIVARIATETECHNIQUESMOSTCOMMONLYUSEDHAVEBEENREGRESSIONANALYSIS,ANALYSISOFVARIANCEANDFACTORANALYSISPERDUE,LONGANDALLEN1990THETECHNIQUESUSEDINTHESTUDIESPROVIDEVIABLEINFORMATIONABOUTTHEARRAYOFTECHNIQUESTHATHAVEBEENEMPLOYEDANDMAYPOSSIBLY

25、LEADRESEARCHERSTOCONSIDEROTHERALTERNATIVETECHNIQUESINTHEFUTUREALTHOUGHNOTALLSTUDIESPROVIDEDJUSTIFICATIONFORTHETECHNIQUESUSED,BELISLEANDHOY1980,BROUGHAMANDBUTLER1981,SHELDONANDVAR1984,LIUANDVAR1986,TEYE,SONMEZANDSIRAKAYA2002PROVIDEDCLEARANDADEQUATEEXPLANATIONSOFTHETECHNIQUESUSEDTHEFRAGMENTATIONOFTHIS

26、BODYOFRESEARCHHASBEENADDEDTOBYRESEARCHERSFROMANUMBEROFDISCIPLINESEXAMININGRESIDENTSPERCEPTIONSTHESEDISCIPLINESINCLUDEANTHROPOLOGYFARRELL1977SMITH1977,ECONOMICSARCHER1973LIU1979PETERS1969,GEOGRAPHYBUTLER1974KEOGH1989MURPHY1981,ANDSOCIOLOGYCOHEN1978DEKADT1979TURNERANDASH1975CONSEQUENTLY,THEREHASBEENSC

27、ANTPROGRESSINDEVELOPINGCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKSSTUDIESALSONEEDTOBECONSIDEREDWITHINTHECONTEXTOFTHESTAGEATWHICHTHEDISCIPLINEEXISTSMONCRIEF1970IDENTIFIEDTHATTHEEARLYSTAGESOFADISCIPLINEGENERALLYINVOLVEIDENTIFICATIONOFTHEPROBLEMS,ESTABLISHMENTOFPRIORITIESOFNEEDFORRESEARCHINQUIRY,DESCRIPTIONOFMAJORVARIABLESIN

28、VOLVED,ANDDEVELOPMENTOFMETHODOLOGIESFORCONDUCTINGRESEARCHREPORTEDFINDINGSAREPREDOMINANTLYDESCRIPTIVE,ANDITCOULDBESAIDTHATTHESTUDIESAREINDICATIVEOFAFIELDOFSTUDYTHATISSTILLINITSEARLYSTAGESOFDEVELOPMENTASAFINALCRITIQUEOFTHESOCIALIMPACTSRESEARCH,MOSTOFTHESTUDIESREVIEWEDMADENOREFERENCETOTHESTUDYSIMPLICAT

29、IONSFORPRACTITIONERSTHEFACTTHATTHESTUDIESWERELOCALLYORREGIONALLYBASEDWOULDSEEMTOPROVIDETHERESEARCHERSWITHANOPPORTUNITYTODISCUSSTHEIMPLICATIONSFORPRACTITIONERS,ANDDEMONSTRATETHERELEVANCEOFRESEARCHINADDRESSINGPRACTICALPROBLEMSTHUS,ITWASDISAPPOINTINGTOFINDONLYAFEWSTUDIESCITINGRESEARCHIMPLICATIONSFORPRA

30、CTITIONERSSIRAKAYA,TEYEANDSONMEZ2002INADDITIONTOTHELACKOFSPECIFICREFERENCETOIMPLICATIONSFORPRACTITIONERSCOMESTHEINCREASINGCOMPLEXITYINLANGUAGEWITHWHICHTHEFINDINGSOFSTUDIESAREPRESENTEDACHALLENGEFORACADEMICSTHEWORLDOVERISTOIMPROVETHEDISSEMINATIONOFSTUDIESANDTOINCREASETHERELEVANCEOFRESEARCHCONDUCTED,BO

31、THOFWHICHAREMILITATEDAGAINSTBYVIRTUEOFTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHESTATISTICALANALYSISANDITSREPORTAGECLEARLYTHECONCERNSOFAP1990THATSTUDIESPROVIDEDETAILSOFRELIABILITYANDVALIDITYMEASURESINADDITIONTOTHEACCURATEREPORTINGANDDESCRIPTIONOFMETHODOLOGYEMPLOYEDARECRUCIALTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFUNDERSTANDINGHOWEVER,THEDRIVEFOR

32、GREATERANDMOREDETAILEDUNDERSTANDINGSHOULDNOTCOMEATTHECOSTOFPRACTITIONERSANDTHOSEWITHOUTSTATISTICALEXPERTISEBEINGABLETOUNDERSTANDWHATARE,AFTERALL,IMPACTSONPEOPLEABALANCEISNEEDEDBETWEENTHESETWOCOMPETINGFORCESINFORMATIONABOUTTHECONSEQUENCESANDIMPACTSOFTOURISMFROMHOSTRESIDENTSPERSPECTIVESISANIMPORTANTFA

33、CTORTHATNEEDSTOBECONSIDEREDINPLANNINGIRRESPECTIVEOFHOWTOURISMISINTRODUCEDANDDEVELOPEDINACOMMUNITY,RESIDENTSAREIMPORTANTPLAYERSWHOCANINFLUENCETHESUCCESSORFAILUREOFTHELOCALINDUSTRYRESIDENTSMAYCONTRIBUTETOTHEWELLBEINGOFTHECOMMUNITYTHROUGHTHEIRPARTICIPATIONINVARYINGDEGREESINTHEPLANNING,DEVELOPMENT,ANDOP

34、ERATIONOFATTRACTIONSANDBYEXTENDINGTHEIRHOSPITALITYINEXCHANGEFORTHEBENEFITSOBTAINEDFROMTOURISMONTHEOTHERHAND,RESIDENTSMAYBEINSTRUMENTALINDISCOURAGINGTHEINDUSTRYBYOPPOSINGITOREXHIBITINGHOSTILEBEHAVIORTOWARDTOURISMADVOCATESANDORTOURISTSCROMPTONANDAP1994INDEVELOPINGANDATTRACTINGTOURISMTOACOMMUNITYTHEGOA

35、LISTOACHIEVEOUTCOMESTHATOBTAINTHEBESTBALANCEOFBENEFITSANDCOSTSFORALLKEYPLAYERSINVOLVED,THATIS,RESIDENTS,TOURISTSANDTHETOURISMINDUSTRYTHISSTUDYSLONGITUDINALANDCOMPARATIVETYPEOFRESEARCHDESIGNMAYPROVETOBEIMPORTANTINTERMSOFEXPANDING/DEEPENINGMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESINHISTORICCITIES,PARTICULARLYIFRESIDENTSRE

36、PORTAFINERBALANCEBETWEENWHATTHEYWILLANDWILLNOTLIVEWITHINTERMSOFTOURISMDEVELOPMENTTHETOTALITYOFTHESEATTITUDESDESERVESINVESTIGATIONANDDOCUMENTATIONALONGWITHASSOCIATEDRESIDENTPROFILECHARACTERISTICSINORDERTOGAINAFULLERUNDERSTANDINGOFTHISESSENTIALCOMPONENTOFTHESUPPLYSIDEOFTHETOURISMPRODUCTFURTHER,BALANCI

37、NGTHEREPORTAGEOFTHEMETHODOLOGYWITHIMPLICATIONSFORPRACTITIONERSWILLENCOURAGEFURTHERUNDERSTANDINGANDCOMPARABILITYOFFUTURESTUDIESCONCLUSIONITWASSUGGESTEDINTHEINTRODUCTIONTOTHISARTICLETHATTHEFIELDOFSOCIALIMPACTSTUDIESWASSOMEWHATFRAGMENTEDANDINNEEDOFADEGREEOFCONSOLIDATIONAP1990MADESEVERALRECOMMENDATIONSA

38、STOHOWTHISCOULDBEDONE,INCLUDINGTHEUTILIZATIONANDREPORTINGOFMORERELIABLEMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUESTOTHISEND,THISRESEARCHADDSTHESUGGESTIONTHATPREVIOUSRESEARCHMAYHAVEJUMPEDTOOQUICKLYFROMDESCRIPTION,TOMODELING,ANDTHENEXPLANATIONOFSOCIALIMPACTSWITH,RELATEDLY,NOTENOUGHCOMPARATIVEWORKBEINGPRODUCEDTHECONCERNHERE

39、ISTHATTOURISMPROFESSIONALSMIGHTALLTOOOFTENBEBASINGTHEIRPLANNINGDECISIONSONGENERALIZATIONSANDEXPLANATIONSGROUNDEDINUNDERDEVELOPEDAREASOFUNDERSTANDINGTHISPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERHASBEENTOIDENTIFYANDEXAMINETHEATTITUDESOFRESIDENTSINBATHTOWARDSTOURISMDEVELOPMENTBASEDONTHISRESEARCHITWILLBEPOSSIBLEFORLONGITUDINA

40、LANDCOMPARATIVERESEARCHTOBECONDUCTEDINBATHANDOTHERHISTORICCITIESTHATWILLHELPTOPROVIDESTRONGERUNDERSTANDINGFORPLANNINGDECISIONSHOWEVER,THISRESEARCHHASALSOIDENTIFIEDAPARADOXBETWEENTHENEEDSTODISSEMINATERESEARCHFINDINGSINAMANNERTHATPROMOTESRELIABLEANDVALIDMEASUREMENTTECHNIQUESANDTHENEEDFORPRACTITIONERST

41、OBEABLETOLEARNTHELESSONSOFSOCIALIMPACTSTUDIESUNDERSTANDINGCANBETTERBEPROMOTEDIFABALANCEISTRUCKBETWEENTHESETWOCOMPETINGPRESSURESINADDITIONTHISRESEARCHHASIDENTIFIEDACONCERNWITHTHELEVELOFLOCALINVOLVEMENTINTHETOURISMPLANNINGDECISIONMAKINGPROCESSWHENDEVELOPINGTHEQUESTIONNAIREANDCONDUCTINGTHERESEARCHFORTH

42、ESTUDYINBATHITBECAMEAPPARENTTHATTHERESEARCHINSTRUMENTSUNDERCONSIDERATIONAP1992MADRIGAL1995PERDUEETAL1990SNAITHANDHALEY1994CONCENTRATEDONISSUESWHICHWEREPREDOMINANTLYGENERALINNATUREBYTHISISMEANTTHATTHEYSOUGHTRESPONSESWITHREGARDTOGENERALCONCEPTSSUCHASWHETHERTOURISMHADAFFECTEDTHERESPONDENTSQUALITYOFLIFE

43、,WHETHERTHERESHOULDBEMOREORLESSLOCALGOVERNMENTCONTROLOFTHEINDUSTRY,ANDWHETHERITHADAFFECTEDTHEENVIRONMENTNONEWASDIRECTLYCONCERNEDWITHTHEMANAGEMENTANDPLANNINGOFTOURISM,ESPECIALLYATTHECOMMUNITYLEVELSUCHQUESTIONSAS“HOWAREWEDOING“AND“WHATDOYOUTHINKOFOURPOLICIESANDACTIONSONYOURBEHALF“WERENOTASKEDOFTHERESI

44、DENTSIFTRUEEVALUATIONSOFRESIDENTSATTITUDESTOWARDSTOURISMDEVELOPMENT,ANDTHECONDUCTOFFUTUREPLANNINGANDMANAGEMENTARESOUGHT,THENTHEREQUISITE/CONSTITUENTQUESTIONSSHOULDBEMORESPECIFICANDREFLECTIVEOFTHEIRDESTINATIONSEXPERIENCESINRESPONSETOTHIS,THEFOCUSOFTHENEXTSOCIALIMPACTRESEARCHPHASESHOULDFEATUREINTEGRAT

45、INGTHESTRATEGICOBJECTIVESANDACTIONSOFTOURISMOFFICERSWITHTHEATTITUDESOFTHELOCALCOMMUNITYTOWARDTHESEOFFICIALLYSTATEDOBJECTIVESANDACTIONSTHUS,FUTURERESEARCHSHOULDAIMTOLINKTHEATTITUDESOFTHERESIDENTSWITHTHESTRATEGIESOFPOLICYMAKERSINAWAYWHICHCANPROVIDEABASISFORPOLICIESMORESECURELYROOTEDINTHENEEDSOFTHERESI

46、DENTSTHROUGHSUCHMEANS,THECAPTUREOFRESIDENTATTITUDESCANBEFULLYUTILIZEDINENGAGINGTHEPOPULATIONINTRUEANDOPENCONSULTATION译文旅游的社会影响资料来源HTTP/EPUBSSURREYACUK/1117/1/FULLTEXTPDF作者AJHALEY,TIMSNAITH,GRAHAMMILLER在旅游文学已被广泛的证据表明下，城市旅游已成为不断被忽视的研究领域，因此该领域仍然是一个缺乏了解和研究的领域。造成这种情况的一种解释是，个别城市的独特性，使准确的比较变得困难，以个别的个案研究为中心

47、的理论研究占据过多的部分。因此，这项研究报告是对由纵向的比较有效的数据收集技术支持可靠的研究和发展要求。笔者认为，把社会影响评估研究已经从描述的建模过快，有必要进行研究，将提供纵向的比较数据。有人认为，如果没有这种性质的做法，任何建议的认识只会增加城市旅游研究的零散的图片。因此，本文研究的目的是确定和审查对旅游发展的英国巴斯居民的态度和纸张的目标是建立一个巴斯基准研究，使未来的纵向和当地居民的态度比较分析。此外，还预计，未来与其他历史城市的比较分析，可以建立一个理论发展的基础，灵活的建模方面对英国的历史和有关城市的居民对旅游业的社会影响的工具的开发。旅游营销旅游营销指旅游产品或旅游服务的生产商

48、在识别旅游者需求的基础上，通过确定其所能提供的目标市场并设计适当的旅游产品、服务和项目，以满足这些市场需求的过程。旅游营销的整合传播与分众传播旅游品牌整合营销仍然是旅游营销的主导形式。旅游品牌整合营销，是旅游营销的主导形式，主要以旅游形象的整合为核心，进行形象传播，以旅游吸引力的驱动结果，实现旅游产品的购买，达到旅游销售的目标。维多利亚绿色旅游将旅游品牌整合营销传播系统（TBIMC）从实战的角度划分为品牌塑造、品牌包装、品牌传播、品牌管理四个步骤。旅游营销的分众模式正在成为旅游营销的有效支撑结构。分众模式，要求对旅游产品进行细分，以细分的产品，对应细分的市场需求，通过分众的渠道，选择分众媒介，

49、进行分众传播，最后实现细分市场的有效营销。品牌整合营销传播，是以品牌为载体，对大量的旅游信息进行压缩，形成凝聚，并以品牌整合所有的产品，形成统一形象结构的过程。旅游营销的分众模式与分众化发展趋势，分为以下几方面1、旅游产品销售的机理吸引力响应及体验过程预卖2、细分市场的需求差异（1）旅游市场的社会经济变量划分（2）出游中的旅游市场划分（3）休闲旅游的五大主力市场3、吸引力打造与包装的分众化发展4、吸引力传播的分众化5、旅游产品销售渠道的分众化社会影响力分析文学影响旅游受到广泛的关注。引起这样的关注是必然的，而对行业的影响则是利弊兼有。旅游作为发展的一个经济工具GEE；CHOY；MAKENS，1989，作为支持为了进一步发展COHEN，1972，许多的经济利益关联可以被客观地测量。然而，社会的碰撞看来会更主观、无形。在过去25年北美研究调查了许多不同的方面来联系反映当地居民对旅游的知觉感受。皮赞姆建议如此大量的关注度导致了当地人负面情绪的出现。罗思曼强调消极居民表现为对噪音，垃圾，交通，犯罪，过度拥挤的反感。旅游促使旅游价格不断提高，尽管研究成果也注意到了旅游积极的方面发展。这些起色包括在本地的基础设施兴建BELISLE；HOY，1980，提高就业机会MILMAN；PIZAM，1988，提高娱乐的消费机会DAVIS；ALLEN；COSENZA，1988。