1994年考研英语真题阅读理解精读笔记.DOC

1、1994年考研英语真题阅读理解精读笔记Text 1The American economic system is organized around a basically privateenterprise ，marketoriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.Private businessmen，

2、striving to make profits， produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive， operating under competitive pressures，largely determines how these goods and services are produced.Thus， in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers，

3、coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes， that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a marketoriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can b

4、e expressed and responded to by producers.In the American economy， this mechanism is provided by a price system， a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by sellerproducers.If the products is in short supply relative to the demand， the

5、 price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market.If， on the other hand， producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost， this will tend to increase the supply offered by sellerproducers ， which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the pr

6、oduct.Thus， price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a privateenterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property)， and they are permitted to hire labor， gain control over natural resources， and produce goo

7、ds and services for sale at a profit.In the American economy，the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights， including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.51. In Line

8、 7， Paragraph 1， “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means .A Americans are never satisfied with their incomesB Americans tend to overstate their incomesC Americans want to have their incomes increasedD Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes52. The first t

9、wo sentences in the second paragraph tell us that .A producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized productionB consumers can express their demands through producersC producers decide the prices of productsD supply and demand regulate prices53. According to the passage， a private-enterprise econo

10、my is characterized by .A private property and rights concernedB manpower and natural resources controlC ownership of productive resourcesD free contracts and prices54. The passage is mainly about .A how American goods are producedB how American consumers buy their goodsC how American economic syste

11、m worksD how American businessmen make their profitsText 1allow 10/E5lau/v.允许，准许；承认；让得到，使得以发生bid 4/bid/v.出价；投标；努力争取；n.买方的出价；投标；努力争取characterize 8/5kAriktEraiz/v.表示的特性；描述的特性commodity 6/kE5mCditi/n.商品，物品competition 16/kCmpi5tiFEn/n.比赛；竞争competitive 9/kEm5petitiv/a.竞争的，比赛的concept 15/5kCnsept/n.概念，观念，思想

12、concern 20/kEn5sE:n/v.涉及，关系到；（常与 with，about，in 连用）关心，挂念；担心，担忧；n.（利害）关系；关心，挂念；担心，担忧contract 4/5kCntrAkt/n.契约，合同，包工；v.缩小，缩短；订（约）economic 33/7i:kE5nCmik/a.经济（上）的，经济学的economy 29/i(:)5kCnEmi/n.节约；经济eliminate 5/i5limineit/v.消除embrace 1/im5breis/v.拥抱；包含enterprise 5/5entEpraiz/n.事业，企（事）业单位；事业心，进取心express 8/

13、iks5pres/v.表达，表示；a.特快的，快速的；n.快车，快运factor 13/5fAktE/n.因素，要素goods 9/gudz/n.商品，货物individual 23/7indi5vidjuEl/a.个人的，单独的；独特的；n.个人，个体largely 12/5lB:dVli/ad.主要地，基本上；大量地，大规模地lower 7/5lEuE/a.较低的，下级的，下游的；v.降下，放低mechanism 6/5mekEnizEm/n.机械装置，机构；机制motive 2/5mEutiv/n.动机，目的；a.发动的，运动的organize 5/5C:gEnaiz/v.组织，编组or

14、ient 4/5C:riEnt/n.the O-东方；v.定的方位ownership 5/5EunEFip/n.所有（权），所有制pressure 10/5preFE(r)/n.压（力）；强制，压迫，压强；v.强制，迫使private 11/5praivit/a.私人的，个人的，秘密的，私下的process 40/prE5ses/n.过程，进程；工序，制作法；工艺；v.加工，处理product 14/5prCdQkt/n.产品，产物；乘积；结果，后果productive 5/prE5dQktiv/a.生产（性）的，能产的，多产的profit 6/5prCfit/n.利润，收益，益处；v.（by

15、，from）得利，获益；利用；有利于property 7/5prCpEti/n.财产，资产，所有物；性质，特性purchase 6/5pE:tFEs/v.买，购买；n.购买的物品；购买regulate 4/5regjuleit/v.管制，控制；调节，校准relative 6/5relEtiv/a.（to）相对的，比较的；有关系的，相关的；n.亲属，亲戚resource 7/ri5sC:s/n.pl.资源，财力；办法，智谋；应变之才；设备respond 8/ris5pCnd/v.回答，答复；（to）响应response 9/ris5pCns/n.回答，回音；反应，响应result 50/ri5z

16、Qlt/n.结果，成果，成绩；v.（in）导致，结果是；（from）起因于，因而造成sentence 14/5sentEns/n.句子；判决，宣判；v.宣判，判决strive 5/straiv/v.奋斗，努力system 35/5sistEm/n.系统，体系；制度，体制tend 30/tend/v.趋向，往往是；照料，看护basically 1/5beisikEli/ad.基本上，主要地businessman 8/5biznismAn/n.商人consumer 20/kEn5sju:mE/n.消费者mainly 14/5meinli/ad.大体上，主要地manpower 4/5mAnpauE/

17、n.人力marketplace 2/5mB:kit5pleis/n.集会场所，市场maximize 1/5mAksmaiz/vt.最大值，最佳化mechanize 1/5mekEnaiz/v.机械化overstate 1/5EuvE5steit/vt.夸大，夸张producer 3/prE5dju:sE/n.生产者，制作者，演出人，（电影）制片人seller 4/5selE/n.售货者难句 1 The American economic system is organized around a basically privateenterprise ，marketoriented econom

18、y in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.【语法分析】1核心句为：The American economic system is organized around a.economy。2economy 前面（basically privateenterprise ， marketoriented ）为定语成分，修饰 economy。

19、3economy 后面为 in which引导的定语从句(in which consumers largely determine.)，修饰先行词 economy。4此定语从句中又包含一个 what引导的宾语从句（what shall be produced.)作determine的宾语。5此定语从句中还包含一个 by引导的分词结构（by spending.)作方式状语。6方式状语中又包含了一个 that引导的定语从句(that they want most）修饰 goods and services。【本句难点】 本句从句复杂，从句较多。【方法对策】 抓住核心句，分清修饰词和被修饰词。核心句

20、为：The American economic system is organized around a.economy，economy 前面的修饰成分可以先不看，然后再分析其他从句关系即可。本句主要说明美国经济运行方式。【例句精译】美国经济体制基本上是在私有企业、以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这种体制下消费者在很大程度上决定应该生产什么产品和提供何种服务:他们使用在市场上花钱购买他们最想要的产品和服务这种方式来行使自己的这种权力。难句 2 Thus， in the American economic system it is the demand of individual cons

21、umers，coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes， that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.【语法分析】1本句核心句为 it is.that 强调结构+3 个并列部分组成的强调内容。23 个并列部分用 coupled with 和 and 连接。3 个并列成分分别为：th

22、e demand of individual consumers，the desire of businessmen to maximize profits，the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes。3本句开头的 thus表示本句为总结性结论句，是对前面的总结；in the American economic system为状语结构。4that 后面又包含由 and连接的两个并列从句（what shall be produced 和 how resources are used to produce it）作 determine的宾

23、语。【本句难点】 1It is.that.引导的强调句型，其中强调部分较为复杂。5that 后面又有一个并列从句。【方法对策】 第一次阅读可以把开头的状语省略不读，主要要看到本句核心句是一个 It is.that.强调句型，然后再层层深入分解即可；强调句中所强调的部分是阅读重点，也是细节题考查对象。【例句精译】 因此，在美国经济体制中，个体消费者的需求，加上生产厂商想最大程度赚钱的欲望以及消费者个人想最大限度提高他们手中货币购买力的愿望三者共同决定着应该生产什么和如何利用资源来生产这些产品。难句 3 An important factor in a marketoriented economy

24、 is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.【语法分析】1本句核心句为：An important factor.is the mechanism.。2mechanism 后 by which引导的定语从句修饰先行词 mechanism。3定语从句中包含被动成分：be expressed and responded to by producers。4定语从句中，and 后被动成分改成主动结构：and producers can respond to consu

25、mer demands。【本句难点】 1表语(mechanism)的定语从句比较复杂。2定语从句中包含被动结构，较难理解。【方法对策】 抓住句子主干，抓住修饰词和从句关系即可迎刃而解。【例句精译】市场导向型经济中的一个重要因素是它有一种机制，这种机制能让消费者表达出自己的要求同时也让生产者对此做出反应。难句 4 If， on the other hand， producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost， this will tend to increase the supply offered by sellerprodu

26、cers ， which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.【语法分析】1本句主句为：this will tend to increase the supply.。2this 指代的是前面 if引导的条件状语从句的内容；此状语从句中主语为动名词短语(producing more of a commodity)，插入语(on the other hand)第一次阅读可以省略不读。3主句包含 which引导的定语从句(which in turn will lower the price

27、 and permit more consumers to buy the product）修饰 increase the supply offered by seller-producers。【本句难点】 1本句是一个有条件状语从句的主从句，从句由 if引导。2代词的指代内容。【方法对策】 明确代词指代内容：第一个 its指代的是 commodity；this 的指代内容；主句中定语从句的修饰内容。【例句精译】另一方面，如果某种产品大量生产导致成本下降，产销者提供的产品就会增加，反过来这就会使价格下跌，那么，更多的消费者就可以购买该产品。难句 5 In the American econom

28、y， the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights， including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.【语法分析】1本句主句为：the concept.embraces not only.but also.。2主句的宾语部分为并列结构，由

29、not only.but also 引导，其后为一个长补足语including the right. private individual。3补足语中 to determine the price of a product 和 to make a free contract with another private individual并列修饰 the right。【本句难点】 宾语为 not only.but also引导的并列结构；后面为一个长补足语。【方法对策】 抓句子主干（the concept.embraces not only.but also.），然后再分析句子关系。【例句精译】

30、在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包括生产资料的所有权，也包括其他的一些权利，比如，产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。51.【答案】 D【解析】 本文谈了美国经济的基本框架和运作情况。词汇题看上下文。从首段 thus开始，我们可知，美国经济这台巨大机器，是由“消费者个人需求、生产厂商利润最大化的欲望以及消费者个人想最大限度提高他们手中货币购买力的愿望”这三者共同驱动的。此处 maximize为“使最大化、最大值”之意。故A、B可立刻排除。如果是C的话，就不用 maximize，而直接用 increase了。52.【答案】 D【解析】 A、B明显不对。但也不能选C，因为那不是第二段的内

31、容。问题问第二段前两句何意？仔细看可知市场型经济中，商品价格基本由供、求关系而定。（虽然末一段谈到私企老板也可自己定价，但他能随意定价而不受整个社会供求关系的大环境影响吗？！）53.【答案】 A【解析】 此题比较简单，综合全文，尤其是末段，可知 A私有财产和相关权利是私企的特点（注意：私产和相关权利包括了B、C、D）。54. 【答案】 C【解析】 中心思想题把每段首句串起来，其实，仅看首句即可找出主题：美国经济体系的运作。美国经济体制基本上是在私有企业、以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。在这种体制下消费者在很大程度上决定应该生产什么产品和提供何种服务:他 们使用在市场上花钱购买他们最想要的产

32、品和服务这种方式来行使自己的这种权力。为了获取利润，私营业主们在与他人竞争中生产产品，提供服务。在竞争的压力 下，追求利润的动机在很大程度上决定生产商品和提供服务的方式。因此，在美国经济体制中，个体消费者的需求，加上生产厂商想最大程度赚钱的欲望以及消费者 个人想最大限度提高他们手中货币购买力的愿望三者共同决定着应该生产什么和如何利用资源来生产这些产品。市场导向型经济中的一个重要因素是它有一种机制，这种机制能让消费者表达出自己的要求同时也让生产者对此做出反应。在美国经济中，这一机制是由价格体制体 现的，价格体制是价格随消费者的相对需求与生产者的供应情况而上下浮动的一个过程。如果供不应求，价格就上

33、升，有些消费者就会被排挤出市场。另一方面，如 果某种产品大量生产导致成本下降，产销者提供的产品就会增加，反过来这就会使价格下跌，那么，更多的消费者就可以购买该产品了。因此，价格是美国经济体制 中的调节机制。私有企业经济的一个重要因素是允许个人拥有生产资料（也就是他们可以拥有的私有财产），并允许他们雇用劳动力，控制自然资源，通过生产产品、提供服务来获 取利润。在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包括生产资料的所有权，也包括其他的一些权利，比如，产品价格的决定权或与其他私有个体的自由签约权。51.第 1段第 7行，“the desire of individuals to maximize their

34、 incomes”指的是A 美国人从来没有对自己的收入感到满意B 美国人往往夸大他们的收入C 美国人想增加收入D 美国人想增加他们货币的购买力52.第二段的前两句说明：A 生产者能够通过机械化生产满足消费者需求B 消费者能够向生产者传达他们的需求C 生产者决定产品的价格D 供求调节价格53.根据本文，私有企业经济的特点是A 私有财产和相关的权利B 对劳动力和自然资源的控制C 对生产性资源的所有权D 自由的合同和价格54.本文主要是关于A 美国的商品是如何生产的B 美国的消费者是如何购买商品的C 美国的经济体系是如何运作的D 美国的商人是如何赚钱的Text 2One hundred and th

35、irteen million Americans have at least one bankissued credit card.They give their owners automatic credit in stores， restaurants， and hotels， at home， across the country， and even abroad， and they make many banking services available as well.More and more of these credit cards can be read automatica

36、lly， making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations， whether or not the local branch bank is open.For many of us， the “cashless society” is not on the horizonits already here.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers， they have many advantages for sellers too.Elec

37、tronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales.They can keep a wide range of records， including who sold what， when， and to whom.This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving.Decisions to

38、reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made.At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient， allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.Co

39、mputers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons.Computeranalyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now， which to develop for the future， and which to drop.Computers keep track of goods in stock， of raw materials on hand， and even of the production process it

40、self.Numerous other commercial enterprises， from theaters to magazine publishers， from gas and electric utilities to milk processors， bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.55. According to the passage， the credit card enables its owner to .Awithdraw as mu

41、ch money from the bank as he wishesB obtain more convenient services than other people doC enjoy greater trust from the storekeeperD cash money wherever he wishes to56. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that .A in the future all the Americans will use credit cardsB credit cards

42、are mainly used in the United State todayCnowadays many Americans do not pay in cashD it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before57. The phrase “ring up sales” (line 2， paragraph 2) most probably means .A make an order of goodsB record sales on a cash registerC call the sales managerD

43、keep track of the goods in stock58. What is this passage mainly about?AApproaches to the commercial use of computers.BConveniences brought about by computers in business.CSignificance of automation in commercial enterprises.DAdvantages of credit cards in business.Text 2abroad 4/E5brC:d/ad.到国外，在国外；到处

44、accordingly 1/E5kC:diNli/ad.因此，从而，相应地，照着（办）allow 10/E5lau/v.允许，准许；承认；让得到，使得以发生analyze 5/5AnElaiz/v.分析，分解；n.分析，分解approach 16/E5prEutF/v.靠近，接近，邻近；n.方法，途径；探讨assignment 1/E5sainmEnt/n.分配，委派；任务，（课外）作业automatic 1/7C:tE5mAtik/n.自动械构；a.自动的，无意识的，机械的automation 1/7C:tE5meiFEn/n.自动（化）available 21/E5veilEbl/a.可用

45、的，可得到的；可以见到的，随时可来的business 41/5biznis/n.商业，生意；事务，业务，职责；企业；贸易量；行业，业务campaign 4/kAm5pein/n.战役；运动；vi.从事活动cash 4/kAF/n.现金，现款；v.兑现，付（或收）现款commercial 7/kE5mE:FEl/a.商业的，商务的，贸易的convenience 1/kEn5vi:njEns/n.便利，方便；pl.便利设备deposit 1/di5pCzit/v.存放；储蓄；使沉淀；付（保证金）；n.存款，保证金；沉积物efficient 3/i5fiFEnt/a.有效的，效率高的；有能力的，能胜

46、任的electronic 8/ilek5trCnik/a.电子的emphasize 9/5emfEsaiz/v.强调employee 7/emplCi5i:/n.雇工，雇员enable 10/i5neibl/v.使能够，使成为可能enterprise 5/5entEpraiz/n.事业，企（事）业单位；事业心，进取心gas 3/gAs/n.气体，煤气；汽油goods 9/gudz/n.商品，货物horizon 3/hE5raizn/n.地平线；眼界，见识；（思想等的）范围，限度；（on the ）即将发生identify 12/ai5dentifai/v.识别，鉴别；（with）把和看成一样，

47、打成一片information 48/7infE5meiFEn/n.通知，报告；情报，信息issue 20/5iFu:/v.流出，放出；发行，发表，颁布；n.发行（物），（报刊）期号；问题，争论点，争端item 3/5aitEm/n.条，条款，项目local 10/5lEukEl/a.地方的，当地的；局部的location 4/lEu5keiFEn/n.位置，场所numerous 1/5nju:mErEs/a.众多的，许多的，大批的obtain 11/Eb5tein/v.获得，得到owner 5/5EunE/n.物主，所有者personnel 3/7pE:sE5nel/n.全体人员，全体职员；

48、人事（部门）phrase 7/freiz/n.短语，词语，习语process 40/prE5ses/n.过程，进程；工序，制作法；工艺；v.加工，处理product 14/5prCdQkt/n.产品，产物；乘积；结果，后果range 7/reindV/n.范围，距离，领域；排列，连续；（山）脉；炉灶；v.排列成行；（range fromto）在和之间raw 1/rC:/a.未煮过的，生的；未加工过的，未经训练的reason 29/5ri:zn/n.理由，原因；理性，理智；v.推论，推理；说服，评理；讨论，辩论register 2/5redVistE/v.登记，注册；（仪表等）指示，自动记下，把

49、（邮件）挂号；n.登记，注册rely 8/ri5lai/v.（on）依赖，依靠；信赖，信任scatter 3/5skAtE/v.散开，驱散；散布，散播sentence 14/5sentEns/n.句子；判决，宣判；v.宣判，判决significance 5/sig5nifikEns/n.意义，含义；重要性，重大staff 5/stB:f/n.全体职工，全体人员；杠，棒；参谋部；v.配备工作人员stock 9/stCk/n.备料，库存，现货；股票，公债；无生命之物；群，家庭，家系；v.储存withdraw 2/wiT5drC:/v.收回，撤销；缩回，退出；提款advantage 17/Ed5vB:ntidV/n.优势， 有利条件automatically 2/C:tE5mAtikli