专项复习三阅读理解之词义猜测.DOC

1、专项复习三 阅读理解之词义猜测一、考试要求：词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。同学们应通过本专题巩固并加强训练通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及语境等确定词义的技能。五年高考全国卷猜测词义题量统计2006 2007 2008 I 2008 II 2009 I 2009II 2010I 2010II 类别题数 考点20 25 20 25 20 25 20 20冠词 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1二、词义猜测命题特点和趋势： 命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。1. 要求根据阅读材料所提供信息，结合高中生应有的常

2、识和经验，正确判断生词、词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。 2. 代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“ 逻辑关系梳理法 ”、逆向寻踪法” 理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。【设问形式】The underlined word “” in the second (third) paragraph refers to (means) _.By saying “” in the firs (second) paragraph, the author means that _.In paragraph , “” can be replaced by “_”.Th

3、e meaning of “” in paragraph is related to _.Which of the following has the closest meaning to(paragraph)?The underlined sentence in the paragraph probably means that _.三、应试策略由于猜测词义题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等，因此联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，同学们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。我们必须熟练掌握的猜测词义的方法有：（一）根

4、据构词法判断词义1. 三种构词法，即合成、转化、派生，是我们猜测词义需掌握的基本方法。合成法：通过构成合成词的每个单词的含义猜测和领会其含义；转化法：通过一个词的本意猜测出它转化后的意思，常见的是名词和动词、形容词和动词以及形容词和名词之间的相互转化；派生法：由一个词根加前缀（prefix）或后缀（suffix）构成词的方法称为派生法。一般来说，前缀改变词义，后缀改变词性。所以掌握了一些基本的词汇和词缀，我们就可以猜测出很多词的意义。【试一试】1. 猜测下面合成词的词义：(1) underwear (2) he-goat (3) editor-in-chief (4) forget-me-no

5、t (5) well-designed (6) underdeveloped (7) end-of-term (8) mass-produced(9) serious-looking (10) time-saving 2. 转化法练习：(1) The road narrows gradually (2) To get there, they had to journey over a desert. (3) She clocked 23.5 seconds in the womens 200-meter finals. (4) These products show a new high in

6、 Chinas science and technology. (5) The dog nosed out a rat. 3. 派生法练习(1) 根据前缀猜测词义 （05 江西卷 E 篇）Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?划线词义为：_ His anti-slavery policy had set millions of black free and his strength and wisdom had guided the nation through the war to pea

7、ce and reunion.“reunion” here means_. A. coming back again B. becoming one again C. meeting someone again D. seeing someone again(2) 根据后缀猜测词义 （05 广东卷 E 篇）Its a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on Englands most southerly point划线词义为：_(3)

8、结合前缀和后缀猜测词义 prehistoric _ unthinkable_。 (4) 有些词根并不是单词，如：coordinate; compose 等，在这种情况下，词缀，尤其是前缀能帮助我们结合上下文猜到词义。如：They made a journey through the extensive desert。其中 extensive 是生词，但我们知道 “ex- ”是 “向外的”意思，结合后面的 desert, 我们可以猜到该词是向外延伸的意思，进一步我们可以猜出它的确切含义是“一望无垠的” 。 根据派生法猜测下列句子中划线词的含义。 1. Saddam is the deposed

9、president of Iraq.A. welcomed everywhere B. hated by everybodyC. removed from a high position D. fit for his office 2. Can you understand the inscription on the tomb?A. words written by cutting into the surface B. names of famous peopleC. explanation D. main idea 3. A train is immobile when it _. A.

10、 speeds along B. doesnt move C. move silently D. goes backward 4. Because of the storm, the valley was impassable. A. not beautiful to look at B. not easy to passC. full of water D. more beautiful5. Boiling water emits steams.A. has B. covers C. becomes D. gives off（二）根据语境判断词义这是提高阅读速度和理解率必备的判断断词义的能力

11、。语境可能是一个句子、几个句子、甚至一个段落或通篇文章。我们可分别将其称为小语境、中语境和大语境。 1. 小语境(1) 定义式常用的词有：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to 等。例 1：Mark Twain was not the authors real name; it was a pseudonym. 例 2：Mechanized farming means the use of modern machinery on farms. (2) 例举式常用词有：fo

12、r example, for instance, such as, like 等。例 1：Newly-married young people often spend some of their money on appliances, for instance, washing-machines, refrigerators and televisions. 例 2：Doctors suggest that everyone should exercise every day, especially those who do sedentary work like reading, typi

13、ng and sewing. (3) 重述式常用词有：and, or, similarly, that is (to say), in other words, namely, say, i.e. 等例 1：Red had the longest wavelength; that is, the distance between each wave is longest in red light than in any other color. 例 2：The football player was penalized for his rudeness and the punishment w

14、as a good lesson for him. (4) 同位语 构成同位关系的两部分之间常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号和括号等。例 1：Dr. Baker is a member of an agricultural mission, a group of experts on better farming methods. 例 2：（05 浙江卷 B 篇）In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today. （5）修饰限定式 从定语从句或状语从句提供的限定或修饰信

15、息来猜测词义。例 1：The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 例 2：The man is a tramp, who goes from place to place and does no regular work. 例 3：The floor was so cluttered with many toys that Mom had difficulty walking to the door. 2. 中语境(1) 对比关系：有些表示转折关系的连词、介词短语和副词等使前后的意思构成对比。我们可以利用这

16、种对比关系，判断生词的含义。常用的词有：although; even though/if; while; but; yet; however; instead; rather than; unlike; far from; on the other hand; unfortunately 等。例 1：The main point of the plan is clear to me, but the details are still hazy. 例 2：Unlike her gregarious sister, she is a shy, quiet person who does not

17、like to go to parties or to make new friends. 例 3：Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 例 4：If you agree, write “yes”; if you dissent, write “no”. (2) 同义关系和平行关系：作者在写文章时，为避免重复，同一概念常用不同的同义词。这种同义关系为我们猜词带来了方便。常用词：and; or; not onlybut also; besides; similarly; likew

18、ise; in the same way, like, just as, also, as well as, in other words 或用分号引出相同或类似的词。另外在特定的情况下，作者经常通过一连串同一类型或同一范畴的词语来表达其思想。如果有一生词在这一系列的同一范畴的词语中，可以通过这些词语的特征和语义范围推断出生词的词义范围。例 1：Doctors believe smoking detrimental to your health; they also regard drinking harmful. 例 2：The new tax law supersedes, or repl

19、aces, the law that was in effect last year. A. supervise B. review C. take the place of D. start to enforce (3) 因果关系：在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。常见的提示词有：because ，as，since，for，so，thus ，as a result，therefore 等。例 1：When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found t

20、hat the colors turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective.The underlined part “the colors turned the customers off” means that the colors_. A. attracted the customers strongly B. had weak effects on the customersC. tricked the customers into shopping D. caused t

21、he customers to lose interest例 2：（05 上海卷 B 篇）I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ”.A. full of respect B. too confident and rude C. lacking in experience D. too s

22、hy and quiet(4) 根据替代、说明、描述等关系猜测词义: 在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。例 1：（05 江苏卷 E 篇）William Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线） ，good and ill together.”The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .A. simple B. mixed C. sad D. happy例 2：He

23、is a resolute man. Once he makes up his mind to do something, he wont give it up halfway. 例 3：That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day. 3. 大语境在阅读中，如果通过小语境或中语境还不能猜出该词的词义，可扩大语境来理解该词的词义。 例 1：Annies mother died when she was eight years old. Two years later,

24、 her father disappeared, never to be heard from again. Annie and her brother were sent to an orphanage. 例 2：A very snobbish woman met George Bernard Shaw, the famous English play writer, at a garden party one afternoon. She was the sort of woman who was only interested in people who were rich and fa

25、mous, and she was very eager to have Shaw as a guest in her own home so she could show him off to her friends. 四、实战演练Passage 1 2010 福建 B 篇 ks5Forget Twitter and Facebook, Google and the Kindle. Television is still the most influential medium around. Indeed, for many of the poorest regions (地区 )of th

26、e world, it remains the next big thingfinally becomes globally available. And that is a good thing, because the TV revolution is changing lives for the better.Across the developing world, around 45% of families had a TV in 1995; by 2005 the number had climbed above 60%. That is some way behind the U

27、.S., where are more TVs than people, and where people now easily get access to the Internet. Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years. In 2005 , after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班）,which had outlawed TV, 1 in 5 Afghans had one. The global total is anothe

28、r 150 million by 2013pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families.Televisions most powerful effect will be on the lives of women. In India, researchers Robert Jensen and Emily Oster found that when TVs reached villages, women were more likely to go to the market without their husbands a

29、pproval and less likely to want a boy rather than a girl. They were more likely to make decisions over child health care. TV is also a powerful medium for adult education. In the Indian state of Gujarat, Chitrageet is a popular show that plays Bollywood songs with words in Gujarati on the screen. Wi

30、thin six months, viewers had made a small but significant (有意义的 ) improvement in their reading skills.Too much TV has been associated with violence, overweight and loneliness. However, TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide.60. The underlined word “outlawed” in paragrap

31、h 2 probably means “ ”.A. allowed B. banned C. offered D. refused61. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. Americans used to get access to the Internet easily.B. The worlds TV sets will total 150million by 2013.C.45% of families in the developing countries had a TV in 2005.D. Ov

32、er two thirds of families in the world will have a TV by 2013.62. The author intends to .A. stress the advantages of TV to peoples lives B. persuade women to become more independent C. encourage people to improve their reading skills D. introduce the readers some websites such as Google 63. What wou

33、ld be the best title for the passage?A.TV Will Rule the World B.TV Will Disturb the World C.TV Will Better the World D.TV Will Remain in World Passage 2 （2010 重庆 A 篇）One morning more than thirty years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest(卑微的) to the most po

34、werful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, wh o looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a worn-out hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast.We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a

35、wide rang of things. We never introduced ourselves. I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat. So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee, I asked,“My I get you something?”“A coffee would be nice.”Then I bought him a cup of coff

36、ee, We talked more, and he accepted another cup of coffee, Finally, I rose to leave, wished him well, and headed for the exit. At the door I met one of my friends. He asked,“How did you get to know Mr. Galbreath?”“Who?”“The man you were sitting with. He is chairman of the Board of Churchill Downs.”I

37、 could hardly believe it. I was buying, offering a free breakfast, and feeling pity for one of the worlds richest and most powerful men!My few minutes with Mr. Galbreath changed my life. Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and no matter another human being with

38、kindness and sincerity.56. What does the underlined word “disheveled” mean?A. Unfriendly. B. Untidy. C. Gentle. D. Kind.57. The author bought coffee for the old man because .A. he thought the old man was poor B. he wanted to start a conversationC. he intended to show his politeness D. he would like

39、to thank the old man58. How did the author probably feel after he talked with his friend?A. Proud. B. Pitiful. C. Surprised. D. Regretful59. What is the message mainly expressed in the story?A. We should learn to be generous.B. It is honorable to help those in need.C. People in high positions are no

40、t like what we expect.D. We should avoid judging people by their appearances.Passage 3 2010 江苏 A 篇Usually, when your teacher asks a question, there is only one correct answer. But there is one question that has millions of current answers. That question is “Whats your name?” Everyone gives a differe

41、nt answer, but everyone is correct.Have you ever wondered about peoples names? Where do they come from? What do they mean?Peoples first names, or given names, are chosen by their parents. Sometimes the name of a grandparent or other member of the family is used. Some parents choose the name of a wel

42、l-known person. A boy could be named George Washington Smith; a girl could be named Helen Keller Jones.Some people give their children names that mean good things. Clara means “bright”; Beatrice means “one who gives happiness”; Donald means “world ruler”; Leonard means “as brave as a lion”.The earli

43、est last names, or surnames, were taken from place names. A family with the name Brook or Brooks probably lived near brook (小溪); someone who was called Longstreet probably lived on a long, paved road. The Greenwood family lived in or near a leafy forest.Other early surnames came from peoples occupat

44、ions. The most common occupational name is Smith, which means a person who makes things with iron or other metals. In the past, smiths were very important workers in every town and village. Some other occupational names are: Carter a person who owned or drove a cart; Potter a person who made pots an

45、d pans.The ancestors of the Baker family probably baked bread for their neighbors in their native village. The Carpenters great-great-great-grandfather probably built houses and furniture.Sometimes people were known for the color of their hair or skin, or their size, or their special abilities. When

46、 there were two men who were named John in the same village, the John with the gray hair probably became John Gray. Or the John was very tall could call himself John Tallman. John Fish was probably an excellent swimmer and John Lightfoot was probably a fast runner or a good dancer.Some family names

47、were made by adding something to the fathers name. English-speaking people added s or son. The Johnsons are descendants of John; the Roberts familys ancestor was Robert. Irish and Scottish people added Mac or Mc or O. Perhaps all of the MacDonnells and the McDonnells and the ODonnells are descendant

48、s of the same Donnell.56. Which of the following aspects do the surnames in the passage NOT cover?A. Places where people lived. B. Peoples characters.C. Talents that people possessed. D. Peoples occupations.57. According to the passage, the ancestors of the Potter family most probably _.A. owned or drove a cart B. made things with metalsC. made kitchen tools or contains D. built houses and furniture58. Suppose an English couple whose ancestors lived near a leafy for