1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译译文标题评价希腊酒店业内部审计的有效性资料来源国际经济科学与应用研究作者THEOFANISKARAGIORGOS,GEORGEDROGALASANDNIKOLASGIOVANIS摘要近来关于内部审计在商务经济资源的管理上所做的贡献引起了企业管理者的注意。在流动性极强的商业环境这一框架内,研究检测了内部审计对企业的成功是否发挥着作用这一假设。本论文的主要目的不仅是从理论上验证这一问题,还要提出实验证据证明在希腊旅店行业中,内部控制制度的各因素与内部审计之间有相互关联。很据最新的理论和实证文献,论文的最终结果指出内部审计的各组成部分对于内部审计的有效性发挥着重要的作用,并影响
2、企业的生存和发展。关键词内部审计内部控制酒店管理有效性1导论经济的全球化,技术的进步,商业的复杂性,财务报表造假的指控,使得人们把越来越多得目光投注到内部控制与内部审计上KARAGIORGOS,2009。内部审计的作用在其最新的定义中反映为内部审计是一项独立的,客观的咨询活动,用于改善机构的运作并增加其价值。通过引入一种系统的、有条理的方法去评价和改善风险管理、控制和公司治理流程的有效性,内部审计可以帮助一个机构实现其目标SAVCUK,2007。按照以上所述,现在的企业在面临各种困难和问题时努力发挥自身优势,评估风险并控制不确定因素。这些困难在特殊的商业领域里更加的明显,如全世界发展速度最快的
3、服务业POLITIS,2009。希腊的酒店业就为这次的研究提供了背景,酒店业是希腊经济增长的基础之一,对外汇的总体平衡做出了重要的贡献。旅游业,建筑业与海洋运输业是希腊三大支柱产业之。希腊的旅游业有广泛的市场,在国民生产总值占到18,到2010止,每年的入境旅游人数估计达到2千万PAVLATOSANDPAGGIOS,2009。虽然有研究人员认为内部审计对希腊酒店业和企业的成功起到了积极的作用,但是目前还没有学者研究内部审计影响酒店行业的具体原因。在PRIPORAS2和他同事的共同努力下,提出了一个具有国际化水平的新领域,且又立足于希腊的研究课题。虽然现存关于服务的研究资料有限,但是服务的热情度
4、是服务的重要组成部分,这使得这个主题有研究的可能性。在这样的背景下。本文的目的是突出希腊酒店业中内部审计的各组成部分与其有效性的相互作用。为了实现这一目标,该研究分析了希腊最大的52家酒店内部审计员提供的数据,而结果与预期的一样,结果表明内部审计的成功与内部控制系统的五个要素相关。(MESSIER,1997CANDREVA,2006这五个要素分别为控制环境,风险评估,控制活动,信息与沟通,监控。2理论框架分析内部审计的概念对评价内部审计有效性非常重要。毫无疑问,大量内部审计定义的概述是研究人员研究的基础。具体地说,内部审计协会对内部审计的定义为“内部审计是一项独立的,客观的咨询活动,用于改善机
5、构的运作并增加其价值。内部审计本身通过测量和评价组织控制的有效性,成为一个重要的管理控制装置。委员会的发起的组织(企业)模型被美国注册会计师协会,美国会计,财务执行官协会,研究所内审计人员,和管理会计师协会采用为一般的内部控制框架。内部控制模型中对风险管理定义如下“企业风险管理是一个过程,它由一个主体的董事会、管理当局和其他人员实施,应用于战略制订并贯穿于企业之中,旨在识别可能会影响主体的潜在事项,管理风险以使其在该主体的风险容量之内,并为主体目标的实现提供合理保证。”3研究设计。31样本法为了更真实地描述酒店业内部审计的重要性,需要在大范围内选择研究的样本。作者认为内部审计增加了企业的价值但
6、是在实际的运行中也需要消耗较高成本KARAGIORGOS,2009。这就意味着,内部审计只适用于在大酒店。为了避免其它因素的干扰,设定的样本的酒店须符合净销售额,净利润,总资产,总股本与员工的数量等标准。对符合的酒店设定年限20052009,从中挑选出100家酒店,分成20组,再从20组中至少挑选出八组,最后组成调查样本。32调查过程因为需要的信息不能公开取得,而内部审计人员了解这些信息为实现目标,3该研究使用调查问卷的研究方法。这种数据收集的方法被认为是最合适的。为了提高调查问卷的回收率和有效性,发放问卷调查表之前与潜在的问卷填写者签署了确认该酒店是否有内部审计部门的初级合同。如确定这些公司
7、是否有内审部门就把问卷发放给85家具有内部审计部门且有效运行的样本酒店。调查所用到的的复印本寄给内部审计部部长和财政部长。信封,调查表,包括信寄回的邮费,都直接快递给85家酒店的业务经理。通信尽可能地保证人性化,信封上用手工签名,每一位业务经理将信寄出,信上附带业务经理的头衔和名字。此外,为保证受访者的信息保证不泄漏必须匿名。第一封邮件寄出去三个星期后,寄出第二份邮件。做此次调查的时间20105月10月。33数据分析的方法答卷者需要判断十个表格,根据同意与不同意的程度,分数依次由高向低排,非常同意得5分,依次减分,强烈反对为1分。大量的研究者使用此种方法,因为这种方法答卷使用起来相对容易,此外
8、问卷中得到的答案信息也更具可信度。在这十个表中,所需答案从全部的样本中获得,如果“正”意味着超过25个人同意论断,“负”意味着不同意的人少于25人。不正不负意味着接近25人表明无法决定或表明优劣参半。所有的判断以一种方式设计,即正面的回答意味着超过25人认为内部控制系统的组成积极地影响内部审计的有效性,而负面的回答意味着少于25人表示内部控制系统的组成对内部审计的有效性不产生积极的影响。4结果发放的85份问卷中,收回有效问卷52份,问卷的填写率达到611。如前文所述,在此研究中,内部审计的有效性是通过COSO报告中内部控制提供的五个标准来评判的。所以为了估算每个标准,我们使用两个问题的数据,控
9、制其中一个问题的数据即控制变量,保证计算系数的一致性以此评估内部控制的每个因素。结果在表1中展示表1内部控制系统中关于可靠性的统计内部一致性系数控制环境8352风险评估85824控制活动9112信息交流7032监控8862估算系数的可靠性可通过测试内部的一致性或是测试内部其他的都相关项目。从表1看,能接受协同因素内部一致性系数的价格。根据对内部控制的各组成部分的评价,将出现一种综合两个问题的新变量。表2描述性统计数据总量范围最小值最大值平均值偏差控制环境523002005004038585661风险评估523002005003769277625控制活动523002005003990488279
10、信息交流522502505003990468949监控523501505003701995106表2显示了整个样本52家酒店业关于内部控制系统中环境控制因素的描述性统计数据。从表中可以看出,平均值为403,标准差为085。从以上结果看,我们可以得出管理者意识到内部审计在商业环境中有决定性作用。内部控制系统的风险评估的数据中平均数为376,标准差为077。结果也表明风险评估在酒店业高效的运作中发挥着重要的作用。控制活动的结果在第三行描述。更具体得来说,平均数为399,标准差为088。这些数据表明内部控制系统大规模地应用控制活动。与前面的发现结果一样,内部控制系统信息交流的平均数为399,而标准差
11、为066。这些结果证实,相关的信息与有效的交流在酒店业中占有很大的比重。最后,内部控制系统的监控其平均值为370,标准差为095结果表明,酒店业的内部控制系统受到监控从而能一直对系统性能的质量做出评估。5结论在经济类文献中,因为近来的企业丑闻和财务报表造假内部审计受到越来越多的关注。根据各种发表的文献资料,我们发现内部审计在企业成功上发挥的作用越来越大。在这样的背景下,对内部审计的有效性已经做了大量的研究。可是在希腊还没有类似的案例研究,尤其是在希腊占有重要地位的酒店业。总5而言之,内部控制的各个因素对内部审计作用的发挥非常重要。其中内部控制系统中控制环境的评估是最高的,平均值达403,而监控
12、最小。所有评估项目的平均值为412。由此可见,研究的结果证明并强调了内部控制系统各因素在高效运作,对希腊酒店业的成功发挥了决定性的作用。跟其他研究一样,该研究的研究结果同样存在着局限性。由于时间上的限制,该研究的样本所覆盖的区域仅限于希腊的酒店业。此外,由于内部审计本身所需的成本较高,所以内部审计机构一般只在大型酒店中设置。最后,该研究选择了在样本容量中随机抽样的方法,如果要将研究结果同其他国家中发现的结果相比较的话,就应该考虑到这个局限,即该研究所参与的问卷调查者的基数小。虽然只是从理论上进行验证研究,但是这个研究提出了关于希腊酒店业内部审计有效性的新观点。6外文文献原文TITLEEVALU
13、ATIONOFTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINTERNALAUDITINGREEKHOTELBUSINESSMATERIALSOURCEINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFECONOMICSCIENCESANDAPPLIEDRESEARCHAUTHORTHEOFANISKARAGIORGOS,GEORGEDROGALASANDNIKOLAOSGIOVANISABSTRACTTHEREISCURRENTLYCONSIDERABLEINTERESTINTHETOPICOFINTERNALAUDITANDITSCONTRIBUTIONTOEXACTMANAGEMENTOFANYBUS
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16、LCONTROL,HOTELMANAGEMENT,EFFECTIVENESSOF1INTRODUCTIONTHEGLOBALIZATIONOFECONOMY,TECHNOLOGICALADVANCEMENTS,COMPLEXITYOFBUSINESSANDALLEGATIONSOFFRAUDULENTFINANCIALREPORTINGHAVERECENTLYSHARPENEDTHEEVERINCREASINGATTENTIONTOINTERNALCONTROLSANDINTERNALAUDITINGKARAGIORGOSETAL2009THISDEVELOPINGROLEOFTHEINTER
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18、AGEMENT,CONTROLANDGOVERNANCEPROCESSES”SAVCUK,2007INACCORDANCEWITHTHEABOVE,TODAYBUSINESSESFACECONSIDERABLEDIFFICULTIESANDPROBLEMSWHENTHEYTRYTOIDENTIFYTHEIRSTRENGTHS,ASSESSTHEIRRISKANDMANAGEUNCERTAINTIESTHESEDIFFICULTIESAREMOREOBVIOUSINPARTICULARBUSINESSSECTORS,SUCHASTHEHOSPITALITYSECTOR,WHICHISONEOFT
19、HEMOSTGROWINGSECTORSWORLDWIDE7POLITISETAL2009THEGREEKHOTELINDUSTRYPROVIDESTHECONTEXTFORTHISRESEARCHASITCONSTITUTESTHEBASICFACTOROFGREEKSECONOMICGROWTHANDHASIMPORTANTCONTRIBUTIONINTHEOVERALLBALANCEOFEXTERIORTRANSACTIONSTOURISMISONEOFGREECESTHREEBIGGESTINDUSTRIES,ALONGWITHCONSTRUCTIONANDSHIPPINGTHEGRE
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22、ONALBASISINGREECEDUETOTHEFACTTHATONLYALIMITEDNUMBEROFSTUDIESEXISTESPECIALLYINSERVICES,WHEREHOSPITALITYISCONSIDEREDASIGNIFICANTPARTOFTHISSECTORKAMENIDOUETAL,2009,THISMAKESTHETHEMEADESIRABLEFORRESEARCHINTHISCONTEXT,THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOHIGHLIGHTTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENELEMENTSOFINTERNALAUDITANDEFFECT
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24、TSOFINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMMESSIER,1997CANDREVA,2006CONTROLENVIRONMENT,RISKASSESSMENT,CONTROLACTIVITIES,INFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDMONITORING2THEORETICALFRAMEWORKINORDERTODETERMINEINTERNALAUDITEFFICIENCYEVALUATIONPRINCIPLESITISIMPORTANTTOANALYZETHECONCEPTOFINTERNALAUDITUNDOUBTEDLY,THELARGEAMOUNTOFD
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29、RTINGANDCOMPLIANCEWITHAPPLICABLELAWSANDREGULATIONS”3RESEARCHDESIGN31SAMPLETODESCRIBEMOREREALISTICALLYTHEIMPORTANCEOFINTERNALAUDITINTHEHOTELENTERPRISES,THESAMPLEOFRESEARCHWASSELECTEDWITHMULTIPLECRITERIAFROMTHEAUTHORSPOINTOFVIEW,ITISIMPORTANTTOMENTIONTHATINTERNALAUDITASSERVICETHATOFFERSADDEDVALUEHASAL
30、SOAHIGHCOSTOFOPERATIONKARAGIORGOSETAL,2009THISIMPLIESTHATINTERNALAUDITINGISUSEDONLYIN“BIG”HOTELBUSINESSTOAVOIDCONFOUNDINGEFFECTS,THESAMPLEWASJUDGMENTALANDTHEBASICCRITERIATHATCHARACTERIZE“BIG”HOTELENTERPRISEARENETTURNOVERSALES,NETRESULTSPROFIT,GRANDTOTALASSETS,TOTALCAPITALANDRESERVESANDNUMBEROFEMPLOY
31、EESFOREACHCRITERIONANDITSYEARFROM2005TO2009THEFIRSTONEHUNDREDHOTELSWERESELECTEDTHEREFORETWENTYGROUPSWEREGENERATEDFROMTHESEGROUPSTHEHOTELSWHICHWEREATLEASTINEIGHTGROUPSWERECHOSENANDCONSTITUTETHEFINALSAMPLE932SURVEYDEVELOPMENTTOACHIEVEITSOBJECTIVETHERESEARCHUSESTHEEXPLORATORYRESEARCHMETHODSOFRESEARCHQU
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35、SWEREINDIVIDUALLYADDRESSEDWITHTHENAMEANDTITLEOFTHEBUSINESSEXECUTIVEADDITIONALLY,RESPONDENTSWEREGUARANTEEDANONYMITYAPPROXIMATELYTHREEWEEKSAFTERTHEINITIALMAILINGASECONDMAILINGWASMADETOALLBUSINESSEXECUTIVESINTHESAMPLETHERESEARCHWASCONDUCTEDINTHEPERIODFROMMAYTOOCTOBER201033METHODOLOGYFORDATAANALYSISRESP
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40、COSOREPORTCOSO,1992ROTHANDESPERSEN,2002BOWRIN,2004HENCE,FORTHEESTIMATIONOFEACHCHARACTERISTICAREUSEDDATATHATCOMESFROMTWOQUESTIONSTOEVALUATEEACHCOMPONENTOFINTERNALCONTROL,THECALCULATIONOFCOEFFICIENT“CRONBACHA”ISNEEDEDNORUSIS,1990THERESULTSOF“CRONBACHA”ARESHOWNINTABLE2RELIABILITYSTATISTICSCRONBACHAINRE
41、GARDWITHCOMPONENTSOFINTERNALAUDITTABLE2RELIABILITYSTATISTICSCRONBACHAINREGARDWITHCOMPONENTSOFINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMCRONBACHSALPHANOFITEMSEVALUATIONCONTROL_ENVIRONMENT8352EVALUATIONRISK_ASSESSMENT8582EVALUATIONCONTROL_ACTIVITIES9112EVALUATIONINFORMATION_COMMUNICATIO7032EVALUATIONMONITORING8862COEFFICI
42、ENTALPHAESTIMATESTHERELIABILITYOFTHISTYPEOFSCALEBYDETERMININGTHEINTERNALCONSISTENCYOFTHETESTORTHEAVERAGECORRELATIONOFITEMSWITHINTHETESTCRONBACH1951DAFERMOS,2005FROMTHETABLE2,ITAPPEARSTHATPRICESOFCOEFFICIENTCRONBACHAAREACCEPTEDNORUSIS,1990CARVERANDNASH,2000THENFROMTHEQUESTIONSTHATCONCERNTHEEVALUATION
43、OFEACHCOMPONENTOFINTERNAL11CONTROL,ANEWVARIABLEISEXPORTEDTHATCOMBINESTHEANSWERSOFTHETWOQUESTIONSOFEACHCOMPONENTTABLE3DESCRIPTIVESSTATISTICSNRANGEMINMAXMEANSTDDEVIATIONDEVIATIONEVALUATIONCONTROL_ENVIRONMENT523,002,005,004,0385,85661EVALUATIONRISK_ASSESSMENT523,002,005,003,7692,77625EVALUATIONCONTROL_
44、ACTIVITIESEVALUATION523,002,005,003,9904,88279INFORMATION_COMMUNICATION522,502,505,003,990468949EVALUATIONMONITORING523,501,505,003,7019,95106TABLE3SHOWSTHEDESCRIPTIVESTATISTICSOFTHEENTIRESAMPLEOF52HOTELBUSINESSESREGARDINGTHECONTROLENVIRONMENTCOMPONENTOFINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEM,ITAPPEARSTHATTHEMEANIS4,
45、03,WHILETHESTANDARDDEVIATIONIS0,85FROMTHEABOVERESULTS,ITCANBECONCLUDEDTHATMANAGEMENTRECOGNISETHEDECISIVEROLEOFINTERNALAUDITINGINTHEBUSINESSENVIRONMENTINREGARDWITHTHERISKASSESSMENTCOMPONENTOFINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEM,THEMEANIS3,76,WHILETHESTANDARDDEVIATIONIS0,77THESERESULTSALSOIMPLYTHATRISKASSESSMENTPLAY
46、SSIGNIFICANTROLEINTHEEFFICIENTFUNCTIONINGOFHOTELBUSINESSTHERESULTSFORCONTROLACTIVITIESCOMPONENTAREDEPICTEDINLINE3MORESPECIFICALLY,THEMEANIS3,99,WHILETHESTANDARDDEVIATIONIS0,88THESESTATISTICSSHOWTHATCONTROLACTIVITIESAREIMPLEMENTEDBYINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMTOALARGEDEGREESIMILARTOTHEABOVEFINDINGS,THEMEANI
47、S3,99,WHILETHESTANDARDDEVIATIONIS0,68FORINFORMATIONCOMMUNICATIONCOMPONENTOFINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMTHESERESULTSAFFIRMTHATPERTINENTINFORMATIONANDEFFECTIVECOMMUNICATIONSOCCURATALARGEDEGREEINHOTELBUSINESSESFINALLY,REGARDINGTHEMONITORINGCOMPONENTOFINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEM,ITAPPEARSTHATTHEMEANIS3,70,WHILETHEST
48、ANDARDDEVIATIONIS0,95THESERESULTSINDICATETHAT12INTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMOFHOTELBUSINESSISMONITOREDINORDERTOASSESSTHEQUALITYOFTHESYSTEMSPERFORMANCEOVERTIME5CONCLUSIONSINRESPONSETORECENTCORPORATESCANDALSANDBREAKDOWNSINFINANCIALREPORTING,INTERNALAUDITINGISATTRACTINGINCREASINGATTENTIONINECONOMICLITERATURERI
49、TTENBERG,2006INTHELIGHTOFTHISTHEORETICALANDEMPIRICALLITERATURE,ITISOBSERVEDTHEGROWINGIMPORTANCEOFINTERNALAUDITINGINBUSINESSSUCCESSWITHINTHISENVIRONMENT,SIGNIFICANTAMOUNTOFRESEARCHHASBEENCONDUCTEDONTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINTERNALAUDITUNFORTUNATELY,THEREISNOSUCHASTUDYFORTHECASEOFGREECEANDINPARTICULARFORTHEHOTELBUSINESSWHICHISOFGREATIMPORTANCEINGREECESIGALA,2003OVERALL,FROMTHERESULTS,ITISIMPORTANTTOMENTIONTHATALLTHECOMPONENTSOFINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMAREHIGHLYRATEDMOREPRECISELY,THECONTROLENVIRONMENTCOMPONENTOFINTERNALCONTROLSYSTEMISTHEMOSTHIGHLYRATEDITEMWITHAMEANOF403WHILEMONITORINGISTHE
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