1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译译文现金流量表中的会计花招资料来源注册会计师杂志作者MARCASIEGEL注册会计师通常侧重于揭露会影响财务报表或一个公司的资产负债表的项目。要知道有时公司会对为投资者做出投资决定而使用的资产负债表和损益表数据进行不寻常的或激进的会计做法,尤其是盈利,以达到他们报告的要求。最近,在备受瞩目的丑闻曝光后,这种现象开始发生变化。现在,广大投资者敏锐地意识到收益质量的概念。众所周知,在投资界,企业管理层可以以各种方式操纵在利润表上反映的收入。因此,相当一部分的投资者避免报告利润,而是集中在其他指标更加重视评价一个企业的业务健康。有些指标是非美国通用会计准则,如积压,同店销售,预
2、订。许多分析家也接受现金流量的测量。这些分析家认为,尽管在PARMALATFINANZIARIASPA欺诈中,现金不能被操纵。但是,这是一种错觉。盈利质量作为现在的一个流行词,可能再过10年,当它是被广泛了解时,现金流量的质量也会一样得到有效的关注。大部分实质性概念的定义包括对影响投资决策因素的概念。当华尔街分析师对于在安然公司,世通和其他企业以收益为基础的指标失去信心后,很多人都被现金流量表的方式所吸引。公司在自由现金流收益率和现金产生的其他指标基础上做定期评估。审计的重点必须改变,审计需要更加重视现金流量表,以满足财务报表使用者的需求。打破关于现金流的神话投资者增加对现金流量表的关注是有益
3、的。分析现金流量表了解公司的财务表现及状况是不可或缺的,因为它往往在损益表中体现出了盈利质量。一些会计花招,或者是人为地提高报告的经营性现金流,或者是提高目前不可持续的现金流量。详细的审查力度,警示了人们一些公司是如何掩饰经营性现金流的下降。例如,在世通公司逆向工程的托词曝光后,许多人学着去寻找现金开支的极度资本化。另一些人则仔细审查了在现金流量表中反映得非经常性的现金来源,如收到所得税退税。在某些复杂的情况下可能会出现引起和造成已报道的现金流比运营时增高的情况。2当投资界开始注重这个指标后,审计人员要及时很好地适应。审计师很少一起工作,然而,只有SFAS95、现金流量表、具体落实现金流量表,
4、并在95年只有15项适当的分类讨论SFAS内现金支出的现金流量表。另一方面,过多的权威性指导,围绕收益的计算和演示。下面的例子表明,企业如何才能使用某些技术(其中有许多公认会计准则)显示改善的报告现金流。延长应付款的时间企业能做的提高已报告的经营性现金流最简单的事就是减少他们向供应商付款的支付率。被延长付款的供应商可以理解为公司正在努力控制现金流量。现在,公司“旋转”作为一个审慎的现金管理策略。这一政策所带来的另一个后果是,提高了经营活动现金流量的增长。换句话说,可以减缓向供应商支付率的提高。如果分析师或投资者希望现在的情况继续下去,那么他们可能错了;供应商最终会向公司施加压力,使其能及时付款
5、。因此,任何收益可能难以为继,或至少,任何经营性现金流的年基率可能难以为继。延长应付账款,可以理解为监测每天销售的应付账款(DSP)。这个指标是指计算期结束账户支付除以期间出售的天数乘以商品的平均成本的结果。DSP增长,则经营性现金流量也会提高。资料显示,通用电气公司开始延迟在2001年的应付款项,因此经营性现金流得到了提升。该公司在2001年的现金流达到了明显的增长,但是这些盈利却在后来的时期出现了下滑。这也显示出通用电气公司并不能通过使用这个方法来增加经营性现金流。相当有趣的是,通用电气公司修改了一些行政补偿协议,其中经营性现金流也作为一个被评估的指标。应付账款融资一个更复杂的延长应付账款
6、的手段是应付账款融资。这种状况发生在公司使用第三方的金融机构支付当期供应商的情况下,在随后的时期里归还银行的贷款。富尔德公司和通用电气公司之间的一个安排,显示了看似正常的企业如何能影响经营性现金流量。这项安排允许富尔德通过通用公司支付和资助其账户。具体来说,通用电气公司每个季度将支付德尔福公司的应付账款。作为回报,德尔福将偿还通用电气公司下一个季度的服务费用。这个协议给富尔德提供了改变其经营性现金流量时机的一种方法。在第一季度,富尔德在供应商的应付账款方面并没有花费任何现金。在富尔德与通用电气公司的协议中,可以看出对经营性现金流量的影响。在通用电气公司支付3了德尔福对它供应商的款项后,富尔德把
7、从通用电气公司的短期借款到应付账款进行了重新分类。德尔福在一个季度里完成了这些,期间季度现金流很强,并可以进入应收账款证券化设施。重新分类导致该季度经营现金流的减少,融资现金流量的增加。在随后的季度,当富尔德支付通用电气公司资金时,现金流出视为融资活动,因为它是偿还贷款的行为。通常情况下,应付账款的现金支出属于经营活动。因此,因为有关安排,富尔德能够左右每个期间管理报告中经营性现金流动的时间。因为供应商融资的时机和程度是由公司管理决定的。另一例子表明会计界对这些类型的交易适应很缓慢。2004年,在同行业中的三个公司AUTOZONE,PEPBOYS和ADVANCEAUTOPARTS,通过第三方金
8、融机构支付供应商的货款。换句话说,在富尔德之外,金融机构支付给供应商的款项代表了各自的汽车公司。随后,这些公司偿还银行的欠款,从而减慢其向供应商付款的速度,并提高其经营现金流。这些汽车零部件企业融资应付款是一个类似的过程,每一个不同点都会在其现金流量表上做出不同的反应。有趣的是,其中的两个公司用了同一个审计师。所以,这些会计处理上的差异和在各个公司自由现金流量收益率的分析师无关。从上我们可以看出,当金融中介机构参与了其中一个角色但是没有财务上的参与,审计人员应该提出疑问。应收账款证券化可以混淆真正的现金流和盈利的一个特别显著的项目是应收账款证券化。当公司整理应收账款,通常是那些长期和有更高信贷
9、质量的应收账款,并将他们转移到金融机构或可变利益实体时,应收账款证券化就发生了。如果可变利益实体是破产隔离(如果可变利益实体赞助商申请破产,债权人不能附加可变利益实体的资产),那么一般公认会计原则指示应收账款已有效地被出售,获得的收益应该反映在现金流量表的经营部分。这个问题涉及到那些在实际中通过决定什么时候转换多少应收账款为证券,而提高报告经营现金流量的非金融企业。从证券增加受到收益的程度,报告中的任何经营活动现金流量的改善应该被认定为是不可持续的,因为一家公司的证券数量是有限制的。对证券化中运营现金流的影响会影响收益,这是一个有趣的必然结果。具体来说,在许多情况下,当长期应收账款证券化时,公
10、司可以报告为收益。出4现这种状况的原因是应收账款的账面价值不包括未来可赚取的收入,但实体购买产生的应收账款需要支付利息。因此,在这个简单的例子中,因为收到的应收账款金额大于账面价值,会产生增益。增益量同样也会受到多样的管理假设的影响,比如应收账款证券化的预期违约率,预期支付率和所使用的折现率。公认会计准则没有规定损益表的这项增益应该在哪里记录。有的公司会在销售收入中的应收账款内报告增益(最积极的方法),或者会对其作为抵消销售记录在案,一般情况下,也可作为行政费用。另一些公司可能会报告旗下其他营业外收入的增益。4外文文献原文ACCOUNTINGSHENANIGANSONTHECASHFLOWST
11、ATEMENTMATERIALSOURCETHECPAJOURNALAUTHORMARCASIEGELCPASTYPICALLYFOCUSONUNCOVERINGITEMSTHATWOULDIMPACTTHEREPORTEDEARNINGSORTHEBALANCESHEETOFACOMPANYKNOWINGTHATINVESTORSUSETHEBALANCESHEETANDTHEINCOMESTATEMENTTOMAKEINVESTMENTDECISIONS,COMPANIESSOMETIMESENGAGEINUNUSUALORAGGRESSIVEACCOUNTINGPRACTICESINOR
12、DERTOFLATTERTHEIRREPORTEDFIGURES,ESPECIALLYEARNINGSINTHEWAKEOFRECENTHIGHPROFILESCANDALS,THELANDSCAPEISBEGINNINGTOCHANGETHEMAJORITYOFINVESTORSARENOWKEENLYAWAREOFTHECONCEPTOFQUALITYOFEARNINGSITISNOWFAIRLYCOMMONKNOWLEDGEINTHEINVESTMENTCOMMUNITYTHATCORPORATEMANAGEMENTCANINVARIOUSWAYSMANIPULATEEARNINGSAS
13、REFLECTEDONTHEINCOMESTATEMENTASARESULT,CERTAININVESTORSSHUNREPORTEDEARNINGSANDINSTEADFOCUSMOREATTENTIONONOTHERMETRICSTOEVALUATETHEOPERATIONALHEALTHOFABUSINESSSOMEMETRICSARENONGAAP,SUCHASBACKLOG,SAMESTORESALES,ANDBOOKINGSMANYANALYSTSHAVEALSOEMBRACEDCASHFLOWMEASUREMENTSTHESEANALYSTSBELIEVETHAT,NOTWITH
14、STANDINGTHEFRAUDATPARMALATFINANZIARIASPA,CASHCANNOTBEMANIPULATEDBUTTHIS,TOO,ISAMISCONCEPTIONWHILEQUALITYOFEARNINGSISNOWABUZZWORD,ITMAYBEANOTHER10YEARSBEFOREITISASWIDELYUNDERSTOODTHATTHEQUALITYOFCASHFLOWSISJUSTASVALIDACONCERNMOSTCONCEPTUALDEFINITIONSOFMATERIALITYINCLUDETHECONCEPTOFFACTORSTHATAFFECTAN
15、INVESTMENTDECISIONASWALLSTREETANALYSTSHAVELOSTFAITHINEARNINGSBASEDMETRICSINTHEWAKEOFENRON,WORLDCOM,ANDOTHERS,MANYHAVEGRAVITATEDTOWARDTHECASHFLOWSTATEMENTCOMPANIESAREREGULARLYEVALUATEDONTHEBASISOFFREECASHFLOWYIELDANDOTHERMEASURESOFCASHGENERATIONTHEFOCUSOFAUDITSMUSTCHANGEINORDERTODEVOTEMOREATTENTIONTO
16、THECASHFLOWSTATEMENTTHEUSERSOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTSDEMANDITDISPELLINGTHEMYTHABOUTCASHFLOWS5INVESTORSINCREASEDFOCUSONTHECASHFLOWSTATEMENTISBENEFICIALANALYZINGTHECASHFLOWSTATEMENTISINTEGRALTOUNDERSTANDINGACOMPANYSFINANCIALPERFORMANCEANDPOSITIONBECAUSEITOFTENPROVIDESACHECKTOTHEQUALITYOFTHEEARNINGSSHOWNIN
17、THEINCOMESTATEMENTCERTAINACCOUNTINGSHENANIGANSCAN,HOWEVER,EITHERARTIFICIALLYBOOSTREPORTEDOPERATINGCASHFLOWORPRESENTUNSUSTAINABLECASHFLOWSTHEINCREASEDSCRUTINYHASALERTEDPEOPLETOHOWSOMECOMPANIESMASKDECLINESINOPERATINGCASHFLOWFOREXAMPLE,AFTERWORLDCOMSREVERSEENGINEERINGSUBTERFUGE,MANYHAVELEARNEDTOLOOKFOR
18、EXCESSIVECAPITALIZATIONOFCASHEXPENDITURESOTHERSNOWSCRUTINIZETHECASHFLOWSTATEMENTFORNONRECURRINGSOURCESOFCASH,SUCHASTHERECEIPTOFANINCOMETAXREFUNDCERTAINCOMPLEXSITUATIONSCANARISETHATCAUSEREPORTEDCASHFLOWFROMOPERATIONSTOAPPEARHIGHERTHANITWOULDHAVEOTHERWISEASTHEINVESTMENTCOMMUNITYBEGINSTOFOCUSONTHISMETR
19、IC,AUDITORSSHOULDADAPTASWELLAUDITORSHAVELITTLETOWORKWITH,HOWEVERONLYSFAS95,STATEMENTOFCASHFLOWS,SPECIFICALLYADDRESSESTHECASHFLOWSTATEMENT,ANDONLY15PARAGRAPHSWITHINSFAS95DISCUSSTHEAPPROPRIATECATEGORIZATIONOFCASHEXPENDITURESWITHINTHECASHFLOWSTATEMENTONTHEOTHERHAND,APLETHORAOFAUTHORITATIVEGUIDANCESURRO
20、UNDSTHECALCULATIONANDPRESENTATIONOFEARNINGSTHEFOLLOWINGEXAMPLESSHOWHOWCOMPANIESCANEMPLOYCERTAINTECHNIQUESMANYOFWHICHAREWITHINGAAPTOSHOWIMPROVEDREPORTEDCASHFLOWSSTRETCHINGOUTPAYABLESTHESIMPLESTTHINGTHATCOMPANIESCANDOTOIMPROVEREPORTEDOPERATINGCASHFLOWISTOSLOWDOWNTHERATEOFPAYMENTSTOTHEIRVENDORSEXTENDIN
21、GOUTVENDORSUSEDTOBEINTERPRETEDASASIGNTHATACOMPANYWASBEGINNINGTOSTRUGGLEWITHITSCASHGENERATIONCOMPANIESNOW“SPIN”THISASAPRUDENTCASHMANAGEMENTSTRATEGYANOTHERCONSEQUENCEOFTHISPOLICYISTOBOOSTTHEREPORTEDGROWTHINCASHFLOWSFROMOPERATIONSINOTHERWORDS,REPORTEDOPERATINGCASHFLOWSCANBEIMPROVEDDUESOLELYTOACHANGEINP
22、OLICYTOSLOWTHEPAYMENTRATETOVENDORSIFANALYSTSORINVESTORSEXPECTTHECURRENTPERIODIMPROVEMENTTOCONTINUE,THEYMAYBEMISTAKENVENDORSWILLEVENTUALLYPUTINCREASINGPRESSUREONTHECOMPANYTOPAYMORETIMELY6THEREFORE,ANYBENEFITMAYBEUNSUSTAINABLEOR,ATMINIMUM,ANYYEAROVERYEARIMPROVEMENTINOPERATINGCASHFLOWMAYBEUNSUSTAINABLE
23、THEEXTENSIONOFPAYABLESCANBEIDENTIFIEDBYMONITORINGDAYSSALESINPAYABLESDSPTHISMETRICISCALCULATEDASTHEENDOFPERIODACCOUNTSPAYABLEBALANCEDIVIDEDBYTHECOSTOFGOODSSOLDANDMULTIPLIEDBYTHENUMBEROFDAYSINTHEPERIODASDSPGROW,OPERATINGCASHFLOWSAREBOOSTEDASEXHIBIT1SHOWS,GENERALELECTRICCORPORATIONBEGANSTRETCHINGOUTITS
24、PAYABLESIN2001ANDTHEREFORERECEIVEDBOOSTSTOOPERATINGCASHFLOWTHEFIGURESSHOW,HOWEVER,THATWHILETHECOMPANYRECEIVEDASIGNIFICANTBENEFITTOCASHFLOWSFROMOPERATIONSIN2001,THATBENEFITBEGANTOSLOWINSUBSEQUENTPERIODS,INDICATINGTHATGEWILLPROBABLYBEUNABLETOCONTINUETOFUELGROWTHINOPERATINGCASHFLOWUSINGTHISMETHODINTERE
25、STINGLY,GEMODIFIEDSOMEEXECUTIVECOMPENSATIONAGREEMENTSTOINCLUDECASHFLOWFROMOPERATIONSASAMETRICONWHICHMANAGEMENTISEVALUATEDFINANCINGOFPAYABLESAMORECOMPLICATEDVERSIONOFSTRETCHINGOUTPAYABLESISTHEFINANCINGOFPAYABLESTHISOCCURSWHENACOMPANYUSESATHIRDPARTYFINANCIALINSTITUTIONTOPAYTHEVENDORINTHECURRENTPERIOD,
26、WITHTHECOMPANYTHENPAYINGBACKTHEBANKINASUBSEQUENTPERIODANARRANGEMENTBETWEENDELPHICORPORATIONANDGENERALELECTRICCAPITALCORPORATIONSHOWSHOWSEEMINGLYINNOCUOUSVENTURESCANAFFECTOPERATINGCASHFLOWSTHEARRANGEMENTALLOWEDDELPHITOFINANCEITSACCOUNTSPAYABLETHROUGHGECAPITALSPECIFICALLY,GECAPITALWOULDPAYDELPHISACCOU
27、NTSPAYABLEEACHQUARTERINRETURN,DELPHIWOULDREIMBURSEGECAPITALTHEFOLLOWINGQUARTERANDPAYAFEEFORTHESERVICETHISAGREEMENTPROVIDEDDELPHIWITHAMEANSTOCHANGETHETIMINGOFITSOPERATINGCASHFLOWSINTHEFIRSTQUARTEROFTHEVENTURE,DELPHIDIDNOTHAVETOEXPENDANYCASHWITHRESPECTTOACCOUNTSPAYABLETOVENDORSTHEIMPACTTOOPERATINGCASH
28、FLOWSCANBESEENINDELPHISACCOUNTINGFORTHEAGREEMENTWITHGECAPITALAFTERGECAPITALPAIDTHEAMOUNTSDUEFROMDELPHITOITSVENDORS,DELPHIRECLASSIFIEDTHESEITEMSFROMACCOUNTSPAYABLETOSHORTTERMLOANSDUETOGECAPITALDELPHIDIDTHISINAQUARTERINWHICHCASHFLOWSWERESEASONALLYSTRONGANDITHAD7ACCESSTOTHEACCOUNTSRECEIVABLESECURITIZAT
29、IONFACILITIESTHERECLASSIFICATIONRESULTEDINADECREASETOOPERATINGCASHFLOWINTHATQUARTER,ANDANINCREASEINFINANCINGCASHFLOWSINTHESUBSEQUENTQUARTER,WHENDELPHIPAIDGECAPITAL,THECASHOUTFLOWWASACCOUNTEDFORASAFINANCINGACTIVITYBECAUSEITWASAREPAYMENTOFALOANNORMALLY,CASHEXPENDITURESFORACCOUNTSPAYABLEAREINCLUDEDINOP
30、ERATINGACTIVITIESTHEREFORE,BECAUSEOFTHEARRANGEMENT,DELPHIWASABLETOMANAGETHETIMINGOFREPORTEDOPERATINGCASHFLOWSEACHPERIODBECAUSETHETIMINGANDEXTENTOFTHEVENDORFINANCINGANDOFFSETTINGRECEIVABLESSECURITIZATIONSWASATTHEDISCRETIONOFCOMPANYMANAGEMENTANOTHEREXAMPLESHOWSTHATTHEACCOUNTINGPROFESSIONHASBEENSLOWTOA
31、DAPTTOTHESETYPESOFTRANSACTIONSDURING2004,THREECOMPANIESINTHESAMEINDUSTRYAUTOZONE,PEPBOYS,ANDADVANCEAUTOPARTSALLFINANCEDPAYMENTSTOVENDORSTHROUGHATHIRDPARTYFINANCIALINSTITUTIONINOTHERWORDS,SIMILARTODELPHIABOVE,THEFINANCIALINSTITUTIONPAIDTHEVENDORSONBEHALFOFTHERESPECTIVEAUTOMOTIVECOMPANYSUBSEQUENTLY,TH
32、ECOMPANYPAIDBACKTHEBANK,THEREBYSLOWINGDOWNITSRATEOFPAYMENTTOTHEVENDORSANDBOOSTINGITSOPERATINGCASHFLOWWHILEEACHOFTHESEAUTOPARTSCOMPANIESUSEDASIMILARPROCESSFORFINANCINGPAYABLES,EACHREFLECTEDITDIFFERENTLYONITSCASHFLOWSTATEMENTINTERESTINGLY,TWOOFTHESECOMPANIESHADTHESAMEAUDITORTHISDISPARITYINACCOUNTINGTR
33、EATMENTMADEANALYSTSCOMPARISONSOFFREECASHFLOWYIELDSFOREACHOFTHESECOMPANIESIRRELEVANTTHELESSONHEREISTHATAUDITORSSHOULDASKQUESTIONSWHENEVERFINANCIALINTERMEDIARIESAREINSERTEDINBETWEENPARTIESTHATUSUALLYHAVENOFINANCIALINTERMEDIARYSECURITIZATIONSOFRECEIVABLESAPARTICULARLYSIGNIFICANTITEMTHATCOULDOBFUSCATEBO
34、THTRUECASHFLOWSANDEARNINGSISTHESECURITIZATIONOFRECEIVABLESSECURITIZATIONSOFRECEIVABLESOCCURWHENCOMPANIESPACKAGETHEIRRECEIVABLES,MOSTOFTENTHOSETHATHAVEALONGERTERMANDHIGHERCREDITQUALITY,ANDTRANSFERTHEMTOAFINANCIALINSTITUTIONORAVARIABLEINTERESTENTITYVIEIFTHEVIEISBANKRUPTCYREMOTEIE,CREDITORSCANNOTATTACH
35、8THEASSETSOFTHEVIEIFTHEVIESPONSORFILESFORBANKRUPTCY,THENGAAPINDICATESTHATTHERECEIVABLESHAVEEFFECTIVELYBEENSOLDANDTHEPROCEEDSRECEIVEDSHOULDBEREFLECTEDINTHEOPERATINGSECTIONOFTHECASHFLOWSTATEMENTTHEISSUERELATESTONONFINANCIALCOMPANIES,WHICHAREINEFFECTABLETOBOOSTREPORTEDOPERATINGCASHFLOWBYDECIDINGHOWMUCH
36、ANDWHENTOSECURITIZEACCOUNTSRECEIVABLETOTHEEXTENTTHATPROCEEDSRECEIVEDFROMTHESECURITIZATIONSINCREASE,ANYREPORTEDIMPROVEMENTINCASHFLOWFROMOPERATIONSSHOULDBECONSIDEREDUNSUSTAINABLE,BECAUSETHEREISALIMITTOHOWMUCHACOMPANYCANSECURITIZEANINTERESTINGCOROLLARYTOTHEIMPACTONOPERATINGCASHFLOWFROMSECURITIZATIONSIS
37、THEIMPACTONEARNINGSSPECIFICALLY,INMANYCASESCOMPANIESCANREPORTGAINSWHENLONGTERMACCOUNTSRECEIVABLEARESECURITIZEDTHISOCCURSBECAUSETHEBOOKVALUEOFTHERECEIVABLESATTHETIMETHEYARESECURITIZEDDOESNOTINCLUDEALLTHEFUTUREINTERESTINCOMETHATISTOBEEARNED,YETTHEENTITYPURCHASINGTHERECEIVABLESWILLHAVETOPAYFORTHATINTER
38、ESTASARESULT,INTHISSIMPLIFIEDEXAMPLE,BECAUSETHEAMOUNTRECEIVEDFORTHERECEIVABLESISGREATERTHANTHEBOOKVALUE,AGAINISGENERATEDTHEAMOUNTOFTHEGAINCANBEAFFECTEDASWELLBYAVARIETYOFMANAGEMENTASSUMPTIONS,SUCHASTHEEXPECTEDDEFAULTRATEOFTHERECEIVABLESSECURITIZED,THEEXPECTEDPREPAYMENTRATE,ANDTHEDISCOUNTRATEUSEDGAAPD
39、OESNOTPRESCRIBEWHEREONTHEINCOMESTATEMENTTHISGAINISTOBERECORDEDWHILEONECOMPANYMAYREPORTTHEGAINONSALEOFTHERECEIVABLESWITHINREVENUESTHEMOSTAGGRESSIVEAPPROACH,ANOTHERMIGHTRECORDITASANOFFSETTOSELLING,GENERAL,ORADMINISTRATIVEEXPENSESANOTHERCOMPANYMIGHTREPORTTHEGAIN“BELOWTHELINE”INOTHERNOOPERATINGINCOMEMARRIOTTCORPORATIONUSEDTORECORDTHEGAINONSECURITIZATIONSOFTIMESHARENOTESRECEIVABLESWITHINREVENUE
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