林业资源的规划和政策【外文翻译】.doc

1、本科毕业论文外文翻译译文标题林业资源的规划和政策资料来源日本东京林业社会和出版社2004作者HIDEOFUJISAWA森林进化的社会条件和经济学因此改变森林功能,并反过来影响经济学,它是一个连续统一体的功能的反馈系统。政策机构从该系统的建立关系的角度森林作为一个公共资产。森林规划系统维护时间和空间秩序,以体现以上资源政策。森林资源政策的目的,体现在森林法律,第一条,是“节约国家土地和促进国家经济的培育森林和提高和维护森林生产力,”这可以看成是一个广义的概念,森林的期望是什么，是与社会发展一般多样化，因此,期望水平提高。当这些期望组成一个社会价值,那么不同的功能这是主体的公民的期望成为资源科学技

2、术机构资源研究学会1971。因此,政治开发森林资源的政策通常依据人的价值判断。在当前的机构,即在第二条森林和林业基本法以下简称基本法,森林资源应适当地设法保留保护等多种功能的国家土地、水头部保护、节约自然环境、娱乐、防止全球变暖的,和提供森林产品。在修改前，都应该按照已有的规定基本法办事。另一方面,林业政策,目的是提升工业林业生产力,增加人民收入,和推进社会地位。政治动机是基于指标的一般市场,即要求木材、木材价格、木材的销售方式、林地价格、工资林业职业,森林工业劳动循环、林业产业生产力、木材流通,森林的所有制结构、行为模式之中森林拥有者、汇率、趋势在国外木材进口,收入水平和生活水平跟林业相关的

3、人员。像其他任何行业,林业低于经济学的强烈影响,应该这样做遵守的基本规则开放竞争中经过深思熟虑的价格控制是不允许的。因此,适用的手段也可能是有限的。如上所述,森林产业为指导市场,而提高森林功能是指导由公众舆论。在理论上是不可能对这两个方面应该是兼容的,也就是说,森林工业要提升,以这样的方式来满足足够的森林的功能改善。把这个基本问题制度问题产生的差距来预期森林的本身作用情况。森林规划系统旨在建立多元化功能森林以及目标的供应和利用森林产品在政府所的规划的基本方案上。这位规划部长在农业、林业和渔业都有建树，然后准备一个“全国森林的计划,”紧随其后“区域森林计划”“地方森林改善计划”。这些计划都通过实

4、践,为实现商业林业在各自的森林船舶所有人主动实行对国有林场的营林计划批准由市长。不过,如上所述,林业生产实践的基础志愿动机的森林所有者、分离实际的运行和规划是一种常见的情况,无论如何深入森林的计划认为要重点实施。尽管某些地区林业政策为了避免这样的空白,是有一个限度的效果,从上述政策看到明显的特点。根据森林和林业的基本规律,2001年修订、林业政策都包含在我们的森林资源的政策。第三条写道“根据显著展出的角色的多元化功能的森林,来保护林业工人,促进生产力的提高水平,通过建立一个理想的林业结构,那林业发展必须想象健康。“为了参考,根据林业基本法修正公布前,在第二条,它指出,“国家林业政策的目标,根据

5、经济社会发展和社会生活的国家和它的人民,调整自然、经济、社会限制的缺点森林和预期增强林业产业生产力,而促进林业的生产力为了达到一个稳定的发展不是差异。与其他产业,同时,预期收入的增加和向上的社会地位林业人员”。有几个原因对于修改现行政策。在联合国会议环境与开发UNCED、1992年的“NONLEGALLY约束力权威观点的全球共识的原则在管理保护和可持续发展所有各类森林”,引发了采用共识形成管理、保育和可持续发展,对所有类型的森林。这随后森林认证体系建立在世界各国,都是不断努力的成果。然而,在日本,寥寥无几了森林拥有者已经达到了森林认证和森林业主一般有太关心全球问题。这已经被指出在出版”业务森林

6、可持续”,再在一章“小的兴趣在日本和亚洲,”,阐述“尝试森林可持续经营与森林认证在亚洲,日本都快认不出”简金斯与史密斯2002。如果这种情况在日本是继续在未来的日子里发生,毫无疑问,日本将被要求发挥更积极的全球性的角色,将被要求森林拥有者考虑社会责任相关的森林控股。另一个原因是双方的第三次大会COP3的联合国大会的框架内气候变化。京都议定书已被采用在这里,和日本承诺要减少了二氧化碳1155亿吨的二氧化碳水平为代表的平均水平在过去数年的排放水平20082012年,减少6从1990年的1229亿吨二氧化碳的水平。一为了实现这一措施是通过努力的森林管理。在COP7会议上,一个目标,13岁吨4767万

7、吨二氧化碳C,39的标准年总排放量证实。在六月1998年,“基本措施,防止全球变暖”被同意。同年,一个“法律促进的防止全球变暖”,今年采用了,京都议定书通过。日本达到一个阶段,作为一个民族,她必须交给她责任的森林的改进。第三,人们的预期的森林已经改变在很大程度上对公众的参与森林。根据一项民意调查结果显示所进行的内阁在1980年,人们的预期都集中在预防的灾害、木材生产、头节水、空气净化、抗噪措施、健康和休养,和非木质森林生产,按这个顺序排列。以类似在1999年进行的一项民意调查显示,人们的期望其中最主要集中在预防灾害真的是在1980年,但真正保护了吗第二,取代木材生产,这是在过去的。换句话说,人

8、们的预期是主要对公用事业转移方面的森林。第四个理由是原木的价格,这是肯定的下降。例如,杉树CRYPTOMERIA粳稻物种,从标准下降了100年1965年,到仅为73。在同样的时间实际工资指数已增加到562分。因此,林业的盈利能力作为一个产业持续下降,自然,内部的速度还减少了比例分配。在2000年的“年度报告的森林和林业发展趋势,“回报率只有12的杉树,即使包括补贴。这进一步阻碍了森林所有者从林业,因此林业本身正在经历一个巨大的下降。在这种情况下,继续以前的政策不会是有益的。凭借着管理系统、森林隔间将成为一个管理单位,而且是可持续系统产生的木材,同时实现多种功能森林的内部将建立森林室。这样的进步

9、,在森林经营的进一步发展计划系统,建立可持续的森林管理,扩大森林认证对系统的机会。外文文献原文TITLETHEFORESTPLANNINGSYSTEMINRELATIONTOTHEFORESTRESOURCEANDFORESTRYPOLICIESMATERIALSOURCETHEJAPANESEFORESTRYSOCIETYANDSPRINGERVERLAGTOKYO2004AUTHORHIDEOFUJISAWAFORESTSEVOLVEWITHSOCIALCONDITIONSANDECONOMICS,WHICHCONSEQUENTLYCHANGEFORESTFUNCTIONS,ANDINTU

10、RNAFFECTSOCIOECONOMICSITISACONTINUUMOFFUNCTIONALFEEDBACKSYSTEMSFORESTRESOURCEPOLICIESAREINSTITUTIONSWHICHAREESTABLISHEDINRELATIONTOTHISSYSTEM,FROMTHEVIEWPOINTOFFORESTSASAPUBLICASSETFORESTPLANNINGSYSTEMSMAINTAINTEMPORALANDSPATIALORDER,INORDERTOMATERIALIZETHEABOVERESOURCEPOLICIESTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEFORES

11、TRESOURCEPOLICY,ASSTIPULATEDUNDERTHEFORESTLAW,ARTICLE1,ISTO“CONSERVENATIONALLANDANDCONTRIBUTETOTHESTATESECONOMYBYCULTIVATINGANDSUSTAININGFORESTSANDENHANCINGFORESTPRODUCTIVITY,”WHICHCANBECONSIDEREDASAGENERALIZEDCONCEPTFORFORESTFUNCTIONSINTHELIGHTOFSOCIALWELFAREWORRELL1973BOULDING1960NOMURA1960WHATISE

12、XPECTEDOFAFORESTISTOGENERALLYDIVERSIFYWITHSOCIOECONOMICDEVELOPMENTAND,CONSEQUENTLY,EXPECTATIONLEVELSARERAISEDWHENSUCHEXPECTATIONSCOMPOSEASOCIALVALUE,THENTHEVARIOUSFUNCTIONSWHICHARETHESUBJECTOFTHECITIZENSEXPECTATIONSBECOMETHERESOURCESSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYAGENCYRESOURCERESEARCHSOCIETY1971THEREFORE,THEP

13、OLITICALDRIVEOFFORESTRESOURCEPOLICIESISGENERALLYBASEDONPEOPLESVALUEJUDGMENTSINTHECURRENTINSTITUTION,NAMELYUNDERARTICLE2OFTHEFORESTANDFORESTRYBASICLAWHEREAFTER,THEBASICLAW,FORESTRESOURCESSHOULDBEADEQUATELYMANAGEDTORETAINMULTIPLEFUNCTIONSSUCHASTHEPROTECTIONOFTHENATIONALLAND,WATERHEADCONSERVATION,CONSE

14、RVATIONOFTHENATURALENVIRONMENT,RECREATION,PREVENTIONOFGLOBALWARMING,ANDPROVISIONOFFORESTPRODUCTSTHESEFUNCTIONSARECONSISTENTWITHWHATWASALREADYSTIPULATEDBEFORETHEREVISIONOFTHEBASICLAWONTHEOTHERHAND,FORESTRYPOLICIESAREGENERALLYMADEWITHTHEAIMOFINCREASINGINDUSTRIALFORESTRYPRODUCTIVITY,INCREASINGTHEINCOME

15、OFFORESTRYINDUSTRYRELATEDPEOPLE,ANDADVANCINGSOCIALSTATUSTHEPOLITICALMOTIVATIONISCOMMONLYBASEDONINDICATORSFROMTHEMARKETNAMELY,DEMANDFORWOOD,WOODPRICES,WOODSALESMETHODS,FORESTLANDPRICES,WAGESINFORESTRYOCCUPATIONS,FORESTINDUSTRYLABORCIRCULATION,FORESTRYINDUSTRYPRODUCTIVITY,WOODCIRCULATION,FORESTOWNERSH

16、IPSTRUCTURE,BEHAVIORPATTERNSAMONGFORESTOWNERS,EXCHANGERATES,TRENDSINFOREIGNWOODIMPORTS,INCOMELEVELSANDLIVINGSTANDARDSOFFORESTRYINDUSTRYRELATEDPEOPLELIKEANYOTHERINDUSTRY,FORESTRYISSTRONGLYINFLUENCEDBYMARKETPRICEECONOMICS,ANDSHOULDOBEYTHEBASICRULESOFOPENCOMPETITIONWHEREDELIBERATECONTROLLINGOFPRICESISN

17、OTALLOWEDTHEREFORE,APPLICABLEMEASURESMAYBELIMITEDASDISCUSSEDABOVE,THEFORESTINDUSTRYISGUIDEDBYTHEMARKET,WHILETHEIMPROVEMENTOFFORESTFUNCTIONISGUIDEDBYPUBLICOPINIONITISTHEORETICALLYUNLIKELYFORTHESETWOASPECTSSHOULDBECOMPATIBLETHATIS,FORTHEFORESTINDUSTRYTOBEPROMOTEDINSUCHAWAYASTOMEETASUFFICIENTLEVELOFAFO

18、RESTSFUNCTIONIMPROVEMENTTHEBASICISSUEATHANDISTHEINSTITUTIONALISSUEOFTHERESULTINGGAPBETWEENTHEANTICIPATEDROLEOFTHEFORESTANDTHESITUATIONOFTHEFORESTITSELFTHEFORESTPLANNINGSYSTEMINDICATESINNUMERICICALTERMS“THEMATERIALIZATIONOFTHEMULTIPLEFUNCTIONSOFTHEFORESTASWELLASTHEOBJECTIVESFORPROVISIONANDUSEOFFOREST

19、PRODUCTS”WITHINTHEBASICPLANESTABLISHEDBYTHEGOVERNMENTTHEMINISTEROFAGRICULTURE,FORESTRYANDFISHERIESTHENPREPARESA“NATIONWIDEFORESTPLAN,”FOLLOWEDBYTHE“REGIONALFORESTPLAN”MADEBYTHEPREFECTURALGOVERNOR,ANDTHE“LOCALFORESTIMPROVEMENTPLAN”MADEBYTHEHEADOFTHELOCALGOVERNMENTMAYORTHESEPLANSAREREALIZEDTHROUGHSILV

20、ICULTURALPRACTICESFORCOMMERCIALFORESTRYWHERETHERESPECTIVEFORESTOWNERVOLUNTARILYEXECUTESTHESILVICULTURALPLANSAPPROVEDBYTHEMAYORNEVERTHELESS,ASMENTIONEDABOVE,ASFORESTRYPRACTICESAREBASEDONTHEVOLUNTARYMOTIVATIONOFFORESTOWNERS,DISSOCIATIONBETWEENTHEACTUALOPERATIONANDTHEPLANISACOMMONOCCURRENCE,REGARDLESSO

21、FHOWTHOROUGHLYTHEFORESTPLANWASCONSIDEREDATTHEPOINTOFIMPLEMENTATIONALTHOUGHCERTAINAREASDEPENDONFORESTRYPOLICIESINORDERTOMINIMIZESUCHGAPS,THEREISALIMITTOTHEEFFECT,ASISAPPARENTFROMTHEAFOREMENTIONEDPOLICYCHARACTERISTICSACCORDINGTOTHEFORESTANDFORESTRYBASICLAW,AMENDEDIN2001,FORESTRYPOLICIESAREINCLUDEDINTH

22、EFORESTRESOURCEPOLICIESARTICLE3READS,“INLIGHTOFTHESIGNIFICANTROLESOFEXHIBITINGTHEMULTIPLEFUNCTIONSOFFORESTS,BYSECURINGFORESTRYWORKERS,PROMOTINGINCREASESINPRODUCTIVITYLEVELS,ANDBYESTABLISHINGANIDEALFORESTRYSTRUCTURE,THATFORESTRYMUSTBEENVISIONEDTODEVELOPSUSTAINABLYANDSOUNDLY”FORTHESAKEOFREFERENCE,ACCO

23、RDINGTOTHEFORESTRYBASICLAWBEFORETHEREVISION,UNDERARTICLE2,ITSTATESTHAT“THEOBJECTIVESOFNATIONALFORESTRYPOLICIESARE,INACCORDANCEWITHTHESOCIOECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDSOCIALLIVINGOFTHESTATEANDITSPEOPLE,TOADJUSTFORANYNATURALLY,ECONOMICALLY,ORSOCIALLYLIMITINGDISADVANTAGESOFFORESTRY,ANDTOANTICIPATEENHANCEDFOR

24、ESTRYINDUSTRYPRODUCTIVITY,WHILEPROMOTINGTHEPRODUCTIVITYOFFORESTRYINORDERTOATTAINASTABLEDEVELOPMENTTHATISNOTINDIVERGENCEWITHOTHERINDUSTRIES,ANDATTHESAMETIME,TOANTICIPATETHEINCREASEDINCOMEANDUPLIFTINGOFSOCIALSTATUSFORFORESTRYRELATEDPERSONNEL”THEREARESEVERALREASONSFORREVISINGTHECURRENTPOLICYATTHEUNITED

25、NATIONSCONFERENCEFORENVIRONMENTANDDEVELOPMENTUNCEDIN1992,THE“NONLEGALLYBINDINGAUTHORITATIVESTATEMENTOFPRINCIPLESFORAGLOBALCONSENSUSONTHEMANAGEMENTCONSERVATIONANDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTOFALLTYPESOFFORESTS”WASADOPTED,PROMPTINGACONSENSUSFORMATIONONMANAGEMENT,CONSERVATION,ANDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTFORALLT

26、YPESOFFORESTSTHISWASFOLLOWEDBYFORESTCERTIFICATIONSYSTEMSESTABLISHEDINVARIOUSNATIONSAROUNDTHEWORLD,ANDTHERESULTSOFTHESEEFFORTSHAVEBEENFRUITFULHOWEVER,INJAPAN,ONLYAFEWFORESTOWNERSHAVEATTAINEDFORESTCERTIFICATION,ANDFORESTOWNERSGENERALLYHAVELITTLECONCERNABOUTGLOBALISSUESTHISHASBEENPOINTEDOUTINTHEPUBLICA

27、TION“THEBUSINESSOFSUSTAINABLEFORESTRY,”INACHAPTERSUBTITLED“LITTLEINTERESTINJAPANANDASIA,”ANDELABORATESTHAT“ATTEMPTSFORSUSTAINABLEFORESTMANAGEMENTANDFORESTCERTIFICATIONAREHARDLYRECOGNIZEDINASIAANDJAPAN”JENKINSANDSMITH2002IFTHISSITUATIONINJAPANISTOCONTINUEINTHEFUTURE,THEREISNODOUBTTHATJAPANWILLBEREQUI

28、REDTOPLAYAMOREACTIVEGLOBALROLEANDTHATTHEFORESTOWNERSWILLBEREQUESTEDTOCONSIDERTHESOCIALRESPONSIBILITIESASSOCIATEDWITHTHEIRFORESTHOLDINGSANOTHERREASONISTHETHIRDCONFERENCEOFTHEPARTIESCOP3OFTHEUNITEDNATIONSFRAMEWORKCONVENTIONONCLIMATECHANGETHEKYOTOPROTOCOLHASBEENADOPTEDHERE,ANDJAPANTOOKONACOMMITMENTTODE

29、CREASECO2LEVELSTO1155BILLIONTONSOFCO2FORTHEMEANAVERAGEEMISSIONLEVELSDURINGTHEYEARSOF20082012,A6DECREASEFROMTHE1990LEVELOF1229BILLIONTONSCO2ONEOFTHEMEASURESTOREALIZETHISISTHROUGHTHEEFFORTSOFFORESTMANAGEMENTDURINGTHECOP7CONFERENCE,ATARGETOF13MILLIONTONSCOR4767MILLIONTONSCO2,39OFTHESTANDARDYEARGROSSEMI

30、SSIONRATEWASCONFIRMEDINJUNE1998,THE“ESSENTIALMEASURESTOPREVENTGLOBALWARMING”WEREAGREEDINTHESAMEYEAR,A“LAWONPROMOTINGOFPREVENTINGOFGLOBALWARMING”WASADOPTED,ANDTHISYEAR,THEKYOTOPROTOCOLWASRATIFIEDBYTHEDIETJAPANHASREACHEDASTAGEWHERE,ASANATION,SHEMUSTCOMMITTOHERRESPONSIBILITIESOFFORESTIMPROVEMENTTHIRDLY

31、,PEOPLESEXPECTATIONSOFFORESTSHAVESHIFTEDLARGELYTOWARDSPUBLICINVOLVEMENTINFORESTSACCORDINGTOANOPINIONPOLLCONDUCTEDBYTHECABINETOFFICEIN1980,PEOPLESEXPECTATIONSWEREFOCUSEDONTHEPREVENTIONOFDISASTERS,WOODPRODUCTION,HEADWATERCONSERVATION,AIRPURIFICATION,ANTINOISEMEASURES,HEALTHANDRECUPERATION,ANDNONWOODFO

32、RESTPRODUCTION,INTHATORDERINASIMILAROPINIONPOLLCONDUCTEDIN1999,PEOPLESEXPECTATIONSFOCUSEDMOSTPROMINENTLYONTHEPREVENTIONOFDISASTERS,ASWASTHECASEIN1980,BUTWATERHEADCONSERVATIONCAMEINSECOND,REPLACINGWOODPRODUCTION,WHICHCAMEINLASTINOTHERWORDS,PEOPLESEXPECTATIONSOFFORESTSHAVEBEENSHIFTINGLARGELYTOWARDSTHE

33、PUBLICUTILITIESASPECTSOFFORESTSTHEFOURTHREASONISTHEPRICEOFLOGS,WHICHISDEFINITELYDECLININGFOREXAMPLE,THESUGICRYPTOMERIAJAPONICASPECIES,WHICHHASDECLINEDFROMTHESTANDARDAT100IN1965,TOAMERE73BY1999DURINGTHESAMETIME,THEACTUALWAGEINDEXHASINCREASEDTO562POINTSCONSEQUENTLY,THEPROFITABILITYOFFORESTRYASANINDUST

34、RYHASDECREASEDCONSISTENTLY,ANDNATURALLY,THEINTERNALRATEOFRETURNHASDECREASEDPROPORTIONATELYINTHE2000“ANNUALREPORTONTRENDSOFFORESTANDFORESTRY,”THERETURNRATEWASONLY12FORSUGI,EVENWHENINCLUDINGSUBSIDIESTHISFURTHERDISCOURAGESFORESTOWNERSFROMFORESTRY,ANDHENCEFORESTRYITSELFISEXPERIENCINGATREMENDOUSDECLINEUN

35、DERTHESECONDITIONS,THECONTINUATIONOFFORMERPOLICIESWOULDNOTBEBENEFICIALUPONESTABLISHMENTOFANINCORPORATIVEMANAGEMENTSYSTEM,THEFORESTCOMPARTMENTWILLBECOMEAMANAGEMENTUNIT,ANDASILVICULTURALSYSTEMTHATSUSTAINABLYPRODUCESTIMBERANDATTHESAMETIMEREALIZESTHEMULTIPLEFUNCTIONSOFTHEFORESTWILLBESETUPWITHINTHEFORESTCOMPARTMENTWITHSUCHADVANCES,FURTHERDEVELOPMENTINTHEFORESTMANAGEMENTPLANSYSTEM,ESTABLISHMENTOFSUSTAINABLEFORESTMANAGEMENT,ANDEXPANSIONTOWARDSAFORESTCERTIFICATIONSYSTEMAREAWAITED