E-Commerce Readiness for SMEs in Developing CountriesA Guide for Development Professionals【外文翻译】.doc

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32、LBUSINESSCYCLEFORPOSSIBILITIESASANEREADINESSINITIATIVEIS5DEVELOPEDFUNDAMENTALLY,BUSINESSESGAINSCANCOMEFROMTWOSOURCESADDINGMOREVALUEFORCUSTOMERS,HENCEINCREASINGREVENUE,ANDREDUCINGPRODUCTIONANDOPERATIONALCOSTSATHIRDBENEFITMAYBETOREDUCERISKSBYDIVERSIFYINGABUSINESSSCUSTOMERBASEORPRODUCTLINESONTHEREVENUE

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43、LESTOAVOID7外文文献译文标题发展中国家中小企业为开展电子商务作准备专业发展指南资料来源LEARNLINK教育发展研究院作者JUDITHEPAYNE内容提要在两年前，当“网络泡沫”爆发时，尽管有很多家企业受损，但真正的商业分析学家都认为电子商务正在改变企业得经营模式，从而来改变全球的商业环境。企业需要明确的是要不要使用电子商务，什么时机使用电子商务，以及如何使用电子商务。实际上，在一些行业中，很多企业正在学习使用电子商务，这已不再是一个值得考虑的选择，而是一种生存的要求。在信息和通信技术的基础上，电子商务有可能促成前所未有的全球化业务。发展中国家的企业将很快、很显著地受它的影响，正如其

44、他地区那样。世界各地的决策者和倡导者正在为解决这一日益严重的“数字鸿沟”而不懈努力。中小企业对于国家的经济发展起着至关重要的作用，发展中国家也不例外。企业电子商务的发展不能被耽搁，并且有许多企业证明他们已经利用电子商务提供的机会，展示了自己的企业实力。现在是时候，采用适当的技术和应用，更加系统地为发展中国家中小企业电子商务的发展提供机会，并且这已不再是天方夜谭，而是一个实实在在的趋势。简介在本地和全球范围内，互联网以及与其他信息通信技术的使用正在改变着企业的经营方式。这些影响在发达国家表现得较为显著。在发展中国家里，越来越多的企业选择使用信息通信技术并以此来开展电子商务。与在未来几十年将发生的

45、变化相比，迄今为止的影响是比较小的。专家认为信息和通信技术将深刻影响企业的经营方式；但他们不知道确切的影响将是什么。企业使用电子商务，能够更好的服务现有客户，寻找新的客户和供应商，以及改善业务流程效率等等，并从中获得利益。企业也想方设法地扩大他们销售的产品和服务的范围，改善他们的营销方式以及售后服务质量。在发展中国家的中小企业要能够了解如何，何时，是否以及在哪里使用电子商务技术来获得收益。发展中国家中小企业实施电子商务要面临更多的障碍和限制，因为他们运行电子商务不仅存在成本高的问题，同时还有上网和语言的障碍。OECD组织最近的一项调查发现，对电子8商务技术的认识不足以及需求缺乏是企业使用电子商

46、务的主要障碍之一。电子商务的定义基于本文的写作目的，我们使用了电子商务的广泛定义企业利用信息和通信技术，来帮助它改善与客户或供应商的关系。狭义的电子商务可能会仅限于商业交易本身的电子交换，例如，订单和发票。即使受到法律法规和基础设施的制约，使企业很难实现商务交易的电子化过程，但事实上，发展中国家的企业还是有机会从广泛的电子商务定义中获得一定的利益。例如，发展中国家的企业也许能够利用电子市场或者互联网搜索制定出一个产品的市场价，从而使这个产品更具竞争力并赢得新客户。许多中小企业还可以通过合理使用互联网做市场调查，找到竞争对手的信息，追查新客户的线索，或为客户提供更好的服务等手段，来提高企业竞争力

47、。所有这些活动都在广义的电子商务范围内，可称之为“电子商务”。这种广泛的定义包括办理业务或交易业务相关信息在（1）企业和消费者（客户）（2）企业对企业例如，其中一家企业向另一家企业购买耗材或者购买他们的产品进行转售。（3）企业对政府企业与政府之间的电子化交易是把关于企业产品的许可证或者报告要求，还有企业销售的产品或服务发放给政府。鉴于发展中国家在技术和电信基础设施的变化，我们大致确定了“电子化”部分的定义。这个“电子化”的范围包括通过计算机对互联网以及网站的使用，还有对电台、移动电话（有时候被称为“移动电子商务”）、基于IP的语音、光盘甚至是没有电讯元件的计算机应用程序的使用。这些都可以被用作

48、发展中国家企业电子商务的创新方式。定义中还提到一点电子商务包含了国内以及国际业务。中小企业可能会找到电子商务最有利的使用方法，来加强与国内外客户及供应商的关系。为什么针对发展中国家的中小企业进行筹备为什么选择重点发展中小企业本文阐述了将中小型企业作为重点对象来发展电子商务的两大关键因素。首先，中小企业在发展中国家的经济中起着重要的作用。根据联合国贸易与发展会议研究成果，在发展中国家，中小企业为60至70的人口创造了就业的机会。9显然，这类企业做好开展电子商务的准备是非常必要的，并且要充分利用电子商务带来的所有优势。选择中小企业发展电子商务还有很重要的一个原因是，中小企业不像大企业那样要面临那么

49、多来自企业自身机构和编制的限制，所以它能够更好更快地适应新技术。电子商务能为中小企业提供更多的优势，尤其是在发掘那些他们之前不容易获得的国内或是国外市场中的新客户和供应商。互联网的广泛使用，是导致各地市场逐渐被全球化的原因之一。电子商务能够为中小企业在竞争市场中创造更好的机会，事实上，在某些地区，电子商务已经或即将成为企业生存竞争的必要条件。关键是要让企业能够意识到电子商务带来的潜在利益，使他们明白一点，就是电子商务能够为中小企业营造公平的竞争环境，帮助企业更好地参与竞争。当中小企业专注于电子化准备时，也必须意识到相对于较大的企业他们可能要面临的额外的挑战。举个例子，中小企业往往更难找到投资新技术所需要的资金，也很难抽出时间来弄清楚电子商务的哪些方面对企业是有意义的。欧洲联盟将中小企业所创造的效益视作经济增长的重要组成部分，它已经启动了一项正如美国政府那样来刺激中小企业对互联网使用的计划。电子商务的潜在利益世界各地的企业都可以受益于电子商务技术。他们可以利用这些技术来（1）在国内和国际范围内寻找新客户、合作伙伴以及供应商（2）为现有客户和新客户提供更好的服务，从而为企业创造更多的价值。（3）提高企业业务流程的效率（4）提供全新的服