科技论文写作综述.ppt

1、General Introduction to EST WritingA standard pattern Introduction Methods (Experimental) Results Discussion Conclusions (Acknowledgements/References/Appendices)BEGINNINGMIDDLEEND Abstract (Summary) is a completely separate piece of writing that describes the content of the articleIntroductionOne pu

2、rpose - to prepare readers for the “middle” of the paper (the “Results” of your work) provides the relevant background to understanding the researchincludes results of other closely related research provides a clear indication as to what problem are you addressing, or what idea you wish to present p

3、rovides an idea of what information (sometimes explicitly) will be presented in the article The Introduction is the most important part of the paper and the hardest to write wellwhat the section shouldnt contain your results results are assumed to be other peoples work. If you include them here you

4、risk confusing the reader “Section 3 will present the results. In section 4 we will discuss the results then finally we will present some concluding remarks in section 5” 3: Results 4: Discussion 5: Conclusionsredundant information (not concise) avoid!Introductionsometimes an outline can be useful h

5、owever “First the methods used for the measurements areexplained, and their suitability for use in determiningthe dislocation density justified. In section 3 a model isdeveloped that relates dislocation density to creep-rate.The experimental results of dislocation density are thenused to make predic

6、tions of creep-rates in the material.Finally in section 4 some of the limitations of the modelare analyzed, and the required accuracy in experimentalcreep-rate measurements to test the model is discussedif you use an outline, make sure it is useful!in general only for longer papers, and those with n

7、on-standard layoutIntroductionSection: Experimental (Methods) also prepares the reader for the middle of the paper how did you carry out the experiments? information is put here that would distract the reader in the “Results section” details of routine processes, standard methods,equipment suppliers

8、 for “technique papers” standard procedures used outline of the new techniques you have developed (the details are your results in this case)Section: Experimental (Methods) (cont.) The information provided should be detailed so that another research can repeat the work times/temperatures/sequence of

9、 events data pre- and post-processing The information should be specific what equipment you used what programs you used a reader can verify that the techniques/equipmentare suitable for the data you are about to presentSection: Results What you observed reported in appropriate detail and accuracy to

10、 allow somebody to verify your work Each result is introduced and explainedindividually comparison of two results can go in the Discussion section use of Figures and Tables Figures show many values, or trends in data Tables give individual valuesSection: Discussion part of the “end” of your document

11、 how do the results reflect the issues/ideasmentioned in the “Introduction” the ideas in the two sections must match what is the significance of the results? information gained by comparing different results may also contain any or all of (amongst others) comparison with previously published researc

12、h possible sources of error in your results implications (usefulness) in other research areas outstanding questions requiring further researchSection: Discussion (cont.) looking at all the results taken together using individual results, or groups of results todevelop a general understanding or to support a particular idea