英语科技论文写作Unit 6.ppt

1、Unit 6 Textual Development (1) Topical Highlights Description: objective description, subjective description, general requirements for research description Logical Development: developing by chronological sequence, developing by investigation procedures, developing the research “from Abstract to Con

2、crete”, developing the research “from Concrete to Abstract”, developing by using other logical sequencing Reasoning (Persuasion) Special Attention: sentence structure (2) short form sentences led by “as”; present, past and present perfect tenses, passive voice, subjunctive mood, etc. No professional

3、 paper is purely theoretical or experimental. However, there do exist different emphases and distinctive features in papers of theoretical nature and those of experimental nature. In this unit, we focus on the aspects of description, logical development, and reasoning (or persuasion). Description Ob

4、jective Description The author has to take an objective approach instead of a subjective one. All the related situations require a precise description of the conditions or processes his research involves. In such cases his goal is to supply information to build up as accurate a picture as he can for

5、 his readers. The author has to select desirable details and eliminate others, though he can hardly be completely objective. Description Subjective Description To show the authors impressions of responses to what he has seen The author does not only want to describe the object itself but also expres

6、s directly or indirectly his impressions or opinions of what he is describing. To aim not only at conveying the actual record of sights and sounds, but also the authors attitudes and bias on what he is describing Description Neither of the two approaches to description exists independently. Objectiv

7、e description is always the product of a subjective selection of details, while subjective description captures reaction to an objective reality. A skillful professional writer, however, should adjust the balance between objectivity and subjectivity to suit the topic, thesis, purpose, and audience o

8、f a paper. Description General Requirements for Research DescriptionPresenting a Picture of the Object A research description is intended to present a picture of the appearance of an object or the details or process of an investigation. A research description must include information about the facto

9、rs with which the research topic is involved. The emphasis is constantly oriented to the ways and manners in which the factors concerned function. Description General Requirements for Research DescriptionPresenting a Picture of the Object A number of words that list or classify facts are usually use

10、d for the purpose, such as group, set, class, kind, variety, be numbered among, be included in, be grouped with, exclude, except, include, comprise, contain, take in, excluding, excepting, also, in addition, likewise, subdivision, subgroup, subset, similarly, etc. Description General Requirements fo

11、r Research DescriptionIllustrating the Object in Artificial Language A research description is often accompanied by one or more figures, graphs, pictures or tables. All the information and data should be presented as figuratively and obviously as possible. Details or origins of such data and informa

12、tion may appear in the description itself or may be postponed till the end of the paper in the form of notes or references. Description General Requirements for Research DescriptionIllustrating the Object in Artificial Language The following are some words for illustration and analogy: for example, for instance, a case in point is, such as, be analogous to, comparable, similar, correspondingly, in the same way, by the same token, can/could be compared to, to make a comparison, between X and Y, to draw an analogy between X and Y, similarly, etc.