1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献原文THEQUALITYOFDEMOCRACYTHEORYANDAPPLICATIONSMATERIALSOURCEFROMTHEHELENKELLOGGINSTITUTEFORINTERNATIONALSTUDIESAUTHORGUILLERMOODONNELL,JORGEVARGASCULLELL,OSVALDOMLAZZETTAABSTRACTGUILLERMOODONNELLRECENTLYTAUGHTASEMINARATTHEUNIVERSITYOFNOTREDAMEONDEMOCRATICTHEORYONEOFTHEQUESTIONSEXPLOREDI
2、NTHISCLASSWASWHETHERITISPOSSIBLETODEFINEANDDETERMINETHE“QUALITY”OFDEMOCRACYJORGEVARGASCULLELL,ASTUDENTINTHISCOURSE,RETURNEDTOHISNATIVECOUNTRYOFCOSTARICA,FORMEDASMALLRESEARCHTEAM,ANDSECUREDFUNDINGFORUNDERTAKINGA“CITIZENAUDIT”OFTHEQUALITYOFDEMOCRACYINCOSTARICATHISPATHBREAKINGVOLUMECONTAINSODONNELLSQUA
3、LITATIVETHEORETICALSTUDYOFTHEQUALITYOFDEMOCRACYANDVARGASCULLELLSDESCRIPTIONANDANALYSISOFTHEEMPIRICALDATAHEGATHEREDONTHEQUALITYOFDEMOCRACYINCOSTARICAITALSOINCLUDESTWELVESHORT,SCHOLARLYREFLECTIONSONTHEODONNELLANDVARGASCULLELLESSAYSTHEPRIMARYGOALOFTHISCOLLECTIONISTOPRESENTTHERATIONALEANDMETHODOLOGYFORI
4、MPLEMENTINGACITIZENAUDITOFDEMOCRACYTHISBOOKISANEXPRESSIONOFAGROWINGCONCERNAMONGPOLICYEXPERTSANDACADEMICSTHATTHERECENTEMERGENCEOFNUMEROUSDEMOCRATICREGIMES,PARTICULARLYINLATINAMERICA,CANNOTCONCEALTHESOBERINGFACTTHATTHEEFFICACYANDIMPACTOFTHESENEWGOVERNMENTSVARYWIDELYTHESEVARIATIONS,WHICHRANGEFROMACCEPT
5、ABLETODISMAL,HAVESERIOUSCONSEQUENCESFORTHEPEOPLEOFLATINAMERICA,MANYOFWHOMHAVERECEIVEDFEWIFANYBENEFITSFROMDEMOCRATIZATIONATTEMPTSTOGAUGETHEQUALITYOFPARTICULARDEMOCRACIESARETHEREFORENOTONLYFASCINATINGINTELLECTUALEXERCISESBUTUSEFULPRACTICALGUIDESFORIMPROVINGBOTHOLDANDNEWDEMOCRACIESTHISBOOKMAKESIMPORTAN
6、TSTRIDESINADDRESSINGTHEINCREASINGPRACTICALANDACADEMICCONCERNSABOUTTHEQUALITYOFDEMOCRACYITWILLBEREQUIREDREADIN2GFORPOLITICALSCIENTISTS,POLICYANALYSTS,ANDLATINAMERICANISTSGUILLERMOODONNELLISTHEHELENKELLOGGPROFESSOROFGOVERNMENTANDINTERNATIONALSTUDIESATTHEUNIVERSITYOFNOTREDAMEHEISTHEAUTHOROFCOUNTERPOINT
7、SANDCOEDITOROFPOVERTYANDINEQUALITYINLATINAMERICAANDTHEUNRULEOFLAWANDTHEUNDERPRIVILEGEDINLATINAMERICA,ALLPUBLISHEDBYTHEUNIVERSITYOFNOTREDAMEPRESSJORGEVARGASCULLELLISCOORDINATOROFTHECITIZENAUDITONTHEQUALITYOFDEMOCRACYINCOSTARICAANDASSISTANTDIRECTOROFTHEANNUALREPORTONTHESTATEOFTHENATION,COSTARICAOSVALD
8、OMIAZZETTAISPROFESSORINTHESCHOOLOFPOLITICALSCIENCEANDAMEMBEROFTHERESEARCHCOUNCILATTHENATIONALUNIVERSITYOFROSARIO,ARGENTINA1AUDITINGFORSOCIALCHANGEINTHECONTEXTOFTHEMILLENNIUMDEVELOPMENTGOALSNOTTOOLONGAGO,PUBLICDEMANDSFORACCOUNTABILITYANDTRANSPARENCYINGOVERNANCEWEREGIVENLESSPRIORITYTEENDOFTHECOLDWARER
9、A,RISINGDEMOCRATIZATIONOFCOUNTRIESANDEMERGENCEOFSTRONGCIVILSOCIETIESANDOPENMEDIAARECREATINGNEWANDMORERADICALDEMANDSOFTRANSPARENCYANDACCOUNTABILITYINTHEPUBLICSECTORTESEDEMANDSARECANTEREDONSTRONGERMONITORINGANDEVALUATIONANDMORERIGOROUSAUDITOFPUBLICEXPENDITUREATTHESAMETIME,ANINCREASINGLYACTIVECITIZENRY
10、ISCHAMPIONINGTHECALLFORRESPONSIVEGOVERNMENT,FORPOLICIESTHATFOSTEREQUITYANDDEVELOPMENT,FORABUDGETARYPLANNINGPROCESSWHICHISOPENANDSUBJECTTOSCRUTINY,FORERADICATIONOFGRAFTANDCORRUPTION,ANDFORENHANCEDANDDEMONSTRATEDRESULTSHOWEVER,DESPITETHESERECENTPOSITIVETRENDS,STUDIESSHOWTHATMANYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESPERF
11、ORMPOORLYWITHRESPECTTOHOLDINGITSGOVERNMENTTOACCOUNTANDINEFORTSTOCONTROLCORRUPTION,INTHEEQUITABLEDISTRIBUTIONOFSERVICESANDINEFECTIVEDECENTRALIZATIONMANAGINGTHEPUBLICSECTORINTODAYSENVIRONMENTOFCONSTANTCHANGEHASBECOMEADEMANDINGCHALLENGEFORPOLICYMAKERS,SERVICEDELIVERYMANAGERS,ANDCIVILSERVANTSACHALLENGET
12、HATISESPECIALLYDAUNTINGFORTHOSEINDEVELOPING3COUNTRIESANDCOUNTRIESWITHECONOMIESINTRANSITIONTECURRENTTRENDSANDCHALLENGESTOWHICHGOVERNMENTSHAVETORESPONDANDTOWHICHTHEREARENOBOUNDARIESINCLUDELONGTERMFOCALIMBALANCE,NATIONALSECURITY,GLOBALINTERDEPENDENCE,CHANGINGECONOMY,DEMOGRAPHICS,SCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,QU
13、ALITYOFLIFEANDENVIRONMENT,ANDLASTBUTNOTLEASTGOVERNANCECONSEQUENTLY,THECHALLENGESFACINGTHEAUDITPROFESSIONAREALSOCONSTANTLYEVOLVINGTEUNITEDNATIONS,TOGETHERWITHINTERNATIONALFNANCIALINSTITUTIONSANDDEVELOPMENTAGENCIES,HAVEFORTHELASTTWODECADESEXPRESSEDCONCERNWITHTHELACKOFGOVERNANCEANDACCOUNTABILITYINDEVEL
14、OPINGCOUNTRIESANDHAVEENDEAVOUREDTOFNDRESPONSESANDSOLUTIONSALTHOUGHSTRUCTURESANDMECHANISMSEXISTINALLCOUNTRIESFORENSURINGPUBLICACCOUNTABILITY,THESEHAVEINMANYCASESNOTBEENSUCCESSFULINRESOLVINGISSUESOFGOVERNANCETEREFORE,THEABILITYOFTHETRADITIONALACCOUNTABILITYMECHANISMSTOEFECTCHANGEONTHEFUNCTIONING,PERFO
15、RMANCEANDTRANSPARENCYOFGOVERNMENTSAREINCREASINGLYBEINGOPENLYDEBATEDINTERNATIONALEFORTSAREFOCUSINGONISSUESOFGOVERNANCEANDACCOUNTABILITY,ANDINTERVENTIONSDEALINGWITHGOVERNMENTREFORMRANGEFROMADMINISTRATIVEREFORMSTOTHEREDESIGNOFJUDICIALANDAUDITINSTITUTIONSINADDITION,THEDONORCOMMUNITYISINCREASINGLYINITIAT
16、INGPROJECTSAIMEDATBUILDINGTHECAPACITYOFCIVILSOCIETYANDCITIZENSATLARGETODEMANDACCOUNTABILITYFROMTHESTATETEFOCUSISONSTRENGTHENINGPUBLICACCOUNTABILITYTHROUGHPRESSUREFROMOUTSIDEOFGOVERNMENTS,ESPECIALLYTHROUGHCIVILSOCIETYINSTITUTIONSINDEED,DONORSARETARGETINGFORKEYREFORMTHESTRENGTHENINGOFPARLIAMENTS,PROTE
17、CTINGTHEAUTONOMYOFTHEJUDICIARY,IMPROVINGTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEPUBLICSECTOR,SUPPORTINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFPROFESSIONALMEDIA,ENCOURAGINGPRIVATEINVESTMENT,ANDDECENTRALIZINGDELIVERYOFSERVICESWHILEINTHISCONTEXT,THESTRENGTHENINGOFSUPREMEAUDITINSTITUTIONSSAISINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESHASRECEIVEDSOMEDEGREEOFATTENTIONBY
18、THEDONORCOMMUNITY,NOTENOUGHATTENTIONHASBEENPAIDTOTHESEINSTITUTIONSASPOTENTIALTOOLSFORPROMOTINGSOCIOECONOMICANDPROPOORGOVERNANCEFEWREFORMPROCESSESOFSAISHAVEZEROEDINONHOWTHEAUDITFUNCTIONCOULDBECOMEATOOLTOEMPOWERCITIZENSINFURTHERINGTR4ANSPARENCYANDACCOUNTABILITYFORPUBLICSPENDINGTEUNITEDNATIONSDEPARTMEN
19、TOFECONOMICANDSOCIALAFAIRSUNDESAPROPOSESTHATSAISANDTHEAUDITCOMMUNITYATLARGEIMPROVETHEIRIMPACTBYTAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHEGROWINGVOICESOFWHATHAVEBECOMEKNOWNAS“ALTERNATEWATCHDOGS,”INCLUDINGCIVILSOCIETYORGANIZATIONSANDTHEMEDIA,WITHSPECIALREFERENCETOTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEMILLENNIUMDEVELOPMENTGOALSMDGSTEQUESTI
20、ONISWHETHERTHEAUDITFUNCTION,BOTHEXTERNALANDINTERNAL,CANBEMADEMOREOPEN,PROACTIVEANDPARTICIPATORY,MOVINGTHEFUNCTIONFROMBEINGATECHNOCRATICANDARECLUSIVETOOLOFEXPENDITURECONTROLTOAMOREENGAGINGTOOLFORSOCIALCHANGEANDCITIZENEMPOWERMENTITISUNDESASBELIEFTHATTHEWAYAUDITISCURRENTLYCONDUCTEDANDTHEINSTITUTIONALFR
21、AMEWORKWITHINWHICHAUDITACTIVITIESARECONDUCTEDPROVIDEOPPORTUNITIESTHATCANMAKEAMEANINGFULCONTRIBUTIONBOTHTOTHEACCOUNTABILITYASPECTOFTHEPUBLICEXPENDITUREANDTOTHECOREOFWHATGOVERNMENTINITIATIVESAREEXPECTEDTOACHIEVEREDUCEPOVERTY,GUARANTEESOCIALJUSTICEANDEMPOWERPEOPLEONEOFUNDESASNEWESTINITIATIVESISTOMAKETH
22、EAUDITFUNCTIONMORECENTRALTOPROPOORGOVERNANCE,WITHTHERESULTSBASEDAUDITOFMDGSASAFOCUSAREATEOBJECTIVEISTOEXTENDTHEROLEOFCIVILSOCIETYFROMPARTICIPATIONINTHEDESIGNOFPROPOORSTRATEGIESANDSERVICEDELIVERYTOINCLUDEINCONTRIBUTINGTOTHEACCOUNTABILITYPROCESSESOFTHEGOVERNMENTTOENSUREFULL,TIMELYANDQUALITYIMPLEMENTAT
23、IONGOVERNMENTCOMMITMENTSITISTOEXPLORETHISPOTENTIALTHATUNDESAORGANIZEDTHEEXPERTGROUPMEETING/WORKSHOPON“AUDITINGFORSOCIALCHANGE”TEWORKSHOP,AMONGOTHERTHINGSINCLUDEDTHEEXAMINATIONOFSUCCESSFULCASESTUDIESINVOLVINGPARTICIPATORYAUDITANDMONITORINGINORDERIFRST,TOFACILITATEEVOLUTIONOFINSTITUTIONSANDINSTITUTION
24、ALPROCESSESTHATARECONDUCIVETOSUPPORTPROPOORPOLICIESANDDECISIONMAKINGIISECONDLY,TOASSISTPUBLICSECTORINSTITUTIONSANDMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSTOBECOMEMORERESULTSORIENTED,ANDACCOUNTABLE5WITHREGARDTOTHEFRST,UNDESAHASLAUNCHEDAPROGRAMON“ENGAGEDGOVERNANCE”EXAMINING,PROMOTINGANDADVOCATINGTHECONCEPTOFCITIZEN/GOVERNME
25、NTDIALOGUINGFORPROPOORPOLICIESINCLUDINGPROPOORBUDGETING,MOREASANORMRATHERTHANASANADHOCARRANGEMENTINTHISENDEAVOUR,WESEESETSOFPARALLELANDYETCOMPLEMENTARYMOVEMENTS,NAMELY,PUBLICINSTITUTIONSADOPTINGAMOREENGAGINGBEHAVIOURINITSDECISIONMAKINGANDTHECIVILSOCIETYORGANIZATIONSBECOMINGMORECOLLEGIALANDSUPPORTIVE
26、INITSDIALOGUINGROLE,AIMINGATINTERLINKINGISSUESOFENGAGEMENT,SOCIALJUSTICEANDPROPOORDEVELOPMENTUNDESARECENTLYHELDANEXPERTGROUPMEETINGONPROPOORBUDGETINGWITHREGARDTOTHEISSUEOFRESULTSORIENTATIONOFTHEPUBLICSECTORINSTITUTIONS,DESAHASTAKENINITIATIVESTOPROMOTESYSTEMS,PROCEDURESANDMETHODOLOGIESFORRESULTSBASED
27、MONITORINGANDEVALUATIONINRECENTTIMES,UNDESAHASSUPPORTEDTHEGOVERNMENTOFSRILANKATODEVELOPMDGBASEDRESULTSINDICATORSANDTOASSISTOVERSIGHTOFMDGRELATEDPROGRAMSINAMORETRANSPARENTANDACCOUNTABLEMANNERUNDESAALSOHELDANEXPERTGROUPMEETINGONAIDMANAGEMENTANDEXPLOREDMONITORINGAIDWITHINTHERESULTSFRAMEWORKTEFOCUSOFTHE
28、EXPERTGROUPMEETING/WORKSHOPISONPARTICIPATORYAUDITEXPERIENCESANDMETHODOLOGYPARTICIPATORYAUDITISDIFERENTFROMSOCIALAUDITINTHATITREFERSTOAUDITPROCESSESWHERESTAKEHOLDERSAREDIRECTLYORINDIRECTLYINVOLVEDTHROUGHAVARIETYOFAUDITANDMONITORINGMETHODSANDPUBLICHEARINGSSOCIALAUDITREFERSTOAPROCESSTHATENABLESANORGANI
29、ZATIONTOASSESSANDDEMONSTRATEITSSOCIAL,ECONOMIC,ANDENVIRONMENTALBENEFTSANDLIMITATIONSITISAWAYOFMEASURINGTHEEXTENTTOWHICHANORGANIZATIONLIVESUPTOTHESHAREDVALUESANDOBJECTIVESITHASCOMMITTEDITSELFTO6外文文献译文标题民主质量的理论与应用资料来源FROMTHEHELENKELLOGGINSTITUTEFORINTERNATIONALSTUDIES作者GUILLERMOODONNELL,JORGEVARGASCUL
30、LELL,OSVALDOMLAZZETTA摘要吉列尔莫奥唐奈最近任教于圣母大学民主理论研讨会。在这个研讨会上探讨的问题之一是是否可以准确定义和确定民主的“质量”。豪尔赫巴尔加斯屈莱尔,这门课程的一个学生,他回到自己的国家哥斯达黎加,形成一个小的研究小组,开展对哥斯达黎加民主质量的担保资金的“公民审计”。这个开创性的书卷包含了奥唐奈对民主质量的定性理论研究和巴尔加斯屈莱尔的描述和分析的经验数据,一些他收集的关于哥斯达黎加民主质量的数据。它还包括十二个不足,奥唐奈和巴尔加斯屈莱尔撰写的学术思考散文。它的首要目标是收集到目前为止为落实民主公民审计所采用的基本原理和方法。这本书表达了越来越多的政策专家
31、和学者近来非常关心民主制度的出现,特别是在拉丁美洲,新政府的有效性和影响一落千丈是无法掩饰的事实。这些变化,接受程度很小,由此对拉丁美洲的公民造成了严重后果,其中许多人没有从民主化改革中收获任何好处。因此,试图来衡量一个国家的民主质量质量不仅是很好的对智力的挑战,也是对于改善旧的和新的民主国家的有用的实用指南。这本书对急速增长的学术界和实际的关于民主质量问题的关注起到了一定的解释作用。它丰富了政治学家,政策分析家,和拉丁美洲人关于这方面阅读的素材。吉列尔莫奥唐奈是海伦凯洛格和圣母大学政府与国际问题研究的教授。他是所有圣母院大学出版社出版的关于(联合国)拉丁美洲和美国的贫困和不平等的对位和共同编
32、辑的作者。豪尔赫巴尔加斯屈莱尔是民主公民审计质量在哥斯达黎加和助理署长的年度报告国家哥斯达黎加的协调员。奥斯瓦尔多阿尔札特教授是政法大学和阿根廷的罗萨里奥国立大学研究理事会的成员学院的教授。1社会变革背景下的审计千年发展目标7不久以前,公众要求的问责制和施政的透明度得到了较少的优先权。冷战时代结束,新兴民主化的国家出现强大的民间社会和开放媒体创造了新的和更激进的对公共部门透明度和问责制的要求。这些要求是建立在较强的监测评价和更严格的审计公共支出上的。同时,日益活跃的公民支持响应政府的政策,促进公平与发展,为预算规划进程,并公开接受审查,根除贪污腐败,并增强和显示结果。然而,尽管出现这些积极的趋
33、势,但研究表明,许多发展中国家表现不佳就表现在其政府帐户和控制腐败在公平分配服务和有效的分权上的努力不足。在环境不断变化的今天,管理公共部门已成为政策制定者,服务经理,公务员的一项艰巨的挑战,尤其对那些在发展中国家和经济转型国家。针对目前的趋势和挑战,政府必须作出反应,这是没有边界的包括长期政府积极的财政不平衡,国家安全,全球相互依存,经济的变化,人口,科技,生活质量和环境,以及最后但并非最不重要的治理。因此,面临的挑战的审计专业也在不断变化。联合国与国际金融机构和开发机构,在近二十年中始终对发展中国家缺乏治理和问责制表示关注,并努力寻找相应的解决方案。虽然用结构和机制来确保公众问责存在于所有
34、国家,但在这种情况下,仍没有成功解决问题的治理先例。因此,传统责任机制的能力是影响功能、性能的变化,和透明的政府被越来越多的公开辩论。国际上的努力都侧重于问题的治理和问责,并从改革行政司法和审计机构的设计干预处理政府改革。此外,捐助界越来越多地发起旨在建立民间社会的能力和满足广大市民的需求的项目。重点是通过外部压力的政府,特别是通过民间社会机构加强公共问责制。事实上,捐助者的目标是改革的重点,加强议会,司法保护的自主性,提高公共部门的性能,支持发展专业媒体,鼓励私人投资,分散提供服务。而在这方面,加强最高审计机构(SALS)通过捐助界在发展中国家收到了一定程度的重视,没有足够重视这些机构在促进
35、社会经济和扶贫治理的潜在作用。一些最高审计组织的改革进程已把注意力集中在如何将审计的功能拓展到成为一个赋予公民以促进透明度和问责制的公共开支的工具。联合国经济及社会事务(SALS)建议,SALS和审计界被称为“候补监察部门”越来越被人熟知从而发挥着巨大的影响,包括特别对执行千年发展目标(MDGS)的民间社会组织和媒体。问题是审计的外部和内部职能可不可以更开8放,积极参与,从技术的和隐居的支出控制工具转变为一个更参与社会变革和公民权力的工具。UNDESAS认为这个审计方式是目前正在进行的而且这个制度框架内可以为审计活动提供机会,做出对公共支出的责任方面有意义的贡献,实现政府的期望减少贫困,保证社
36、会和授权人的公正。UNDESAS的一项最新的举措是使审计功能更加针对扶贫治理,以千年发展目标作为重点领域。目标是扩大民间社会的作用,参与扶贫战略的制定和提供服务,包括有助于政府问责制的充分,及时和质量实现的承诺。社会事务署举办的专家组会议/研讨会“审计社会化”正是本文要探讨。车间,除其他外,包括审查成功的案例研究涉及参与审计和监测()第一,促进发展机构和体制的进程,有利于支持扶贫政策和决策;()其次,协助公共部门机构和管理系统变得更加注重成果和负责。开始,UNDESAS发起了一个“经营治理”项目研究,倡导公民概念/政府对话的扶贫政策,包括扶贫预算,变的更为规范,而不是作为一个特设安排。在这一努
37、力中,我们看到组平行但相辅相成的运动,即公共机构,采用更吸引人的行为在其决策,民间社会组织在针对互连问题的接触,社会正义和扶贫开发上越来越在对话中扮演合作和积极的角色。UNDESAS最近举行了一次专家组会议部扶贫预算。关于这一问题的结果导向的公共机构,DESA已经采取措施促进系统,程序和方法,以结果为导向的监测与评价。最近,UNDESA支持斯里兰卡政府制定以结果为基础的千年发展目标,以协助监督千年发展目标的有关程序,使之更加透明和负责。UNDESA还召开了专家组会议援助管理和探讨援助的成果框架。专家组会议/研讨会的重点是参与性审计的经验和方法。参与性审计不同于社会审计,主要是审计过程中的利益相关者通过各种审计和监控的方法及公众听证会直接或间接参与。社会审计是指一个过程,组织来评估和显示其社会,经济,环境和局限性。它是一种测量一个组织致力于的价值观和目标程度的方法。
Copyright © 2018-2021 Wenke99.com All rights reserved
工信部备案号:浙ICP备20026746号-2
公安局备案号:浙公网安备33038302330469号
本站为C2C交文档易平台,即用户上传的文档直接卖给下载用户,本站只是网络服务中间平台,所有原创文档下载所得归上传人所有,若您发现上传作品侵犯了您的权利,请立刻联系网站客服并提供证据,平台将在3个工作日内予以改正。