Transparency as Contested Political Terrain- Who Knows What about the Global GMO Trade and Why does it Matter【外文翻译】.doc

1、1本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文标题就如有争议的政治透明度情形有谁知道关于全球转基因生物贸易的重要性以及为什么资料来源全球政治环境作者古皮塔艾利特在这篇文章中，我分析有关于转基因转化的信息披露因为它在卡塔赫纳协议中被制度化，像受益人政权和目标这样的信息披露方面的实践。这个评估需要，最重要的，是有一个对于披露比较有系统的描述从而使得假设得到进一步的发展。这样的目标可以被广泛的认为是概念规范化，包括程度上和实体上。也许寻求进一步披露，第一，规范知情权，第二，它也许寻求进一步的各种程序的结束，如增强参与或者对接受者的选择，或者增强其能力；最后，信息披露可能寻求进一步的实质性结束如环境的改善，资源可

2、持续利用或减少风险。如果这样的话，它的有效性不仅要考虑实质性的结果还有它的规范和程序。笔者之前，通知旨在知道危险物质转化的权利；细节上，它旨在提高告知权；实质上，它寻求确保监管和缓解有关转基因贸易的风险。在此高度有争议的政策领域，然而，这样的统治目的绝不是两厢情愿的。对于那些在全球范围内提倡转基因生物市场转入的，旨在追求更有效的决策与询证以便于贸易，而不是由于对立产生限制贸易。事先知情权是破译潜在矛盾的有效途径。争议集中在信息披露上大宗农产品贸易中转基因品种性质和范围。通过对有关贸易的范围和相关性披露的详细分析，三个观点是先进的。第一，我认为，正确选择国家能促进进口，在当前有限的信息披露制度在

3、，概不退换的规范事实上盛行于转基因产品的贸易中。关于转基因品种的新信息，协议并不要求信息具体披露，因此未能转移风险，有限的范围也使得转基因出口商在现有市场上没有改变。因此，我认为披露有关转基因贸易在全球治理上不是市场强迫的。文章详细介绍了全球转基因商品贸易所涉及的政治谈判和冲突公开的范围。我分析了目前协议的目的在与让透明度更规范、程序和全新。分析基于卡塔赫纳协议。谈判边界上的披露。2尽管是农产品大量进口的国家，他们的出口和转基因商品的出口也很少被其他国家允许。包括美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、阿根廷、巴西和中国。关键的进口农产品国家包括欧盟、日本、墨西哥、中国、南非和其他许多男方国家。加入一些大型发

4、展和经济合作发展组织的国家的位置是不断演变的，如巴西、中国、南非、新西兰和墨西哥，他们要么是同时进口和出口的国家（中国、南非），要么担心转基因商品未来的出口或与转基因出口商的贸易关系（墨西哥）。透明度的争议权利的了解以及为什么首先，信息披露义务发货人可能包含转基因商品，正如他听起来，准确。从本质上说，它要求任何装运商品处于散装状态，对于任何基因改造过的商品需要经过核准。其次，“可能包含”这个信息披露对于出口商来说是众所周知的。从本质上来说，任何装运出口的散装装运和转基因商品装运都需要这样一个声明。2006年著名的协议决定，事实上没有新的信息披露需要遵循遏制。上市的转基因商品出现在一次装运，只有

5、那些同一品种的作为商品被交易的需要列出。在这里，再次测试的负担可能不定时，揭示其他物种的转基因商品（信息不是现已知出口商）是可以避免的。最后一点被认为是额外的信息披露义务，在2006年很多推广活动被同意，那些转基因生物体，保存品种存在身份，他们遏制转基因商品。乍一看，这似乎能推进“可能包含”。然而，迅速评估显示，身份保存，作为一个理念及实践，被更广泛与转基因商品的改良。身份保护的想法是要确保一个高价值的作物，使其不受污染。实践证明，身份保护具有经济意义，如大豆。出口国家供应市场，希望消费者实用大豆。巴西是一个典型的例子。结论透明度的转变潜力有多大。在全球范围内，争议已经转移到标准化抽样标准，适

6、当的检测方法和可用性测试的协议。这些讨论反映不同的检测方法，以及更广泛的争议与可追溯的严格的会促进贸易的法律。在卡塔赫纳协议中，国内标签，特别是关于转基因商品贸易，在另一个国际舞台上，冲突已经出现。在大多数南方国家，转基因标签的严格实施是引人注目并且是势在必行的。在这些国家中，仍然将担负起提供关于出口商出口的转基因商品的信息和咨询。缺乏的是，他们必须处理一个退换的现状。作为回应，一些禁止性设立，部分原因是由于因为技术的复杂性和巨大的费用替代了严格的标签制度及相关努力实现传统的共生关系，然3而，实现知情并没有生效。在这里，透明度未履行其潜在转变。那是否要离开治理和潜在披露授权呢在我看来，在分析如

7、何开展信息披露工作时，（而它是失败的），卡塔赫纳协议不是无关紧要的。事实上，有一系列预期的效果，包括总体努力，以及国内选民支持生物授权问题和使用有关转基因作物预防原则。无论如何，目前得益于披露最少的人恰是最需要它的人。相比之下，促使披露规范在一些穷的国家建立从而获得关于转基因的过渡，正式这些国家对与复杂检测的讨论，如今已经占据和控制了全球治理的舞台。为治理披露，两种不同路线的争议会以考虑未来的前景进行受理。首先，这里的批判观点可能意味着采用所有其他治理规范，政治冲突是不可避免的，这将获得更广阔的意义和相关的背景。存在着这样一个观点，因为透明度本身就是如同一个竞技场一样存在冲突，所以它不能同时提

8、供手段去超越他们。如果是这样的话，透明度充满变化是由于期待值的不同。从另一个角度可以看到更多的可能的辩证关系和更大的透明度。存在这样一个观点，透明度不仅能塑造政治环境，而且能使其发生变化。如果是这样的话，通过透明度授权的全球规划的进化是可变的。从这样一个角度来看，分析的关键仍然是透明度的确可以转变。1外文文献原文TITLETRANSPARENCYASCONTESTEDPOLITICALTERRAINWHOKNOWSWHATABOUTTHEGLOBALGMOTRADEANDWHYDOESITMATTERMATERIALSOURCEGLOBALENVIRONMENTALPOLITICSAUTHOR

9、GUPTAAARTIINTHISARTICLE,IANALYZEDISCLOSURERELATINGTOGLOBALGMOTRANSFERSASITISBEINGINSTITUTIONALIZEDWITHINTHECARTAGENAPROTOCOLREGIMEANDTHEAIMSANDBENEACIARIESOFSUCHDISCLOSUREINPRACTICETHISASSESSMENTREQUIRES,ARSTANDFOREMOST,AMORESYSTEMATICDELINEATIONOFTHEVARIOUSAIMSTHATDISCLOSUREISPRESUMEDTOFURTHERSUCHA

10、IMSCANBEBROADLYCONCEPTUALIZEDASNORMATIVE,PROCEDURALANDSUBSTANTIVEDISCLOSUREMAYSEEKTOFURTHER,ARST,ANORMATIVERIGHTTOKNOWOFRECIPIENTSASANENDINANDOFITSELFSECOND,ITMAYSEEKTOFURTHERVARIOUSPROCEDURALENDS,SUCHASENHANCEDPARTICIPATIONORCHOICEOFRECIPIENTS,ORENHANCEDACCOUNTABILITYOFDISCLOSERSANDANALLY,DISCLOSUR

11、EMAYSEEKTOFURTHERSUBSTANTIVEENDSSUCHASENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENTS,SUSTAINABLERESOURCEUSEORRISKREDUCTIONIFSO,ANASSESSMENTOFHOWGOVERNANCEBYDISCLOSUREISWORKINGITS“EFFECTIVENESS”NEEDSTOCONSIDERNOTONLYSUBSTANTIVEOUTCOMESBUTALSOITSNORMATIVEANDPROCEDURALEFFECTSTHEAIMSOFPRIORINFORMEDCONSENTASONEMANIFESTATIONO

12、FGOVERNANCEBYDISCLOSURECANALSOBESIMILARLYCATEGORIZEDNORMATIVELY,PRIORINFORMEDCONSENTSEEKSTOFURTHERARIGHTTOKNOWABOUTTRANSFERSOFRISKYSUBSTANCESFORTHOSEATTHERECEIVINGENDOFSUCHTRANSFERSPROCEDURALLY,ITAIMSTOENHANCEINFORMEDCHOICEANDHENCEEMPOWERRECIPIENTSANDSUBSTANTIVELY,ITSEEKSTOENSUREOVERSIGHTANDRISKMITI

13、GATIONRELATINGTOTHEGMOTRADEINTHISHIGHLYCONTESTEDPOLICYDOMAIN,HOWEVER,SUCHGOVERNANCEAIMSAREBYNOMEANSCONSENSUALFORTHOSEADVOCATINGGLOBALLYFORMARKETACCESSFORGMOSTHATIS,GMOPRODUCERSANDEXPORTERS,THEAIMSTOBEPURSUEDBYPRIORINFORMEDCONSENTRELATEMORETOEVIDENCEBASEDEFACIENTDECISIONMAKINGSOASTOFACILITATETRADE,RA

14、THERTHANENSURINGRECIPIENTRIGHTTOKNOWANDCHOOSEASAMEANSTOPOTENTIALLYRESTRICTTRADEPRIORINFORMEDCONSENTSGOVERNANCEAIMSCANTHUSBEINTERPRETEDINPOTENTIALLYCONTRADICTORY5WAYSALTHOUGHTHEREAREVARIOUSINFORMATIONDISCLOSUREOBLIGATIONSINTHECARTAGENAPROTOCOL,IFOCUSHEREONTHEMOSTCONTESTEDASPECTOFDISCLOSUREINTHISCONTE

15、XTTHENATUREANDSCOPEOFINFORMATIONTOACCOMPANYGMOVARIETIESCONTAINEDINTHEBULKAGRICULTURALCOMMODITYTRADETHROUGHDETAILEDANALYSISOFTHESCOPEANDRELEVANCEOFDISCLOSURERELATINGTOSUCHTRADE,THREEARGUMENTSAREADVANCEDFIRST,IARGUETHAT,CONTRARYTOPROMOTINGINFORMEDCHOICEOFIMPORTINGCOUNTRIES,THECURRENTLIMITEDDISCLOSUREI

16、NSTITUTIONALIZEDWITHINTHISGLOBALREGIMEENSURESTHATANORMOFCAVEATEMPTORINFACTPREVAILSWITHREGARDTOGMOSINAGRICULTURALTRADETHEPROTOCOLDOESNOTREQUIREDISCLOSUREOFSPECIFICANDNEWINFORMATIONREGARDINGGMOVARIETIESINAGRICULTURALCOMMODITYSHIPMENTS,ANDHENCEFAILSTOOPERATIONALIZEANORMATIVERIGHTTOKNOWABOUTTRANSFERSOFR

17、ISK,ASDEMANDEDBYRECIPIENTSTHELIMITEDSCOPEOFDISCLOSUREALSOENSURESTHATDISCLOSERS,THATIS,GMOPRODUCERSANDEXPORTERSEXISTINGMARKETPRACTICESDONOTHAVETOCHANGEASARESULT,IARGUETHATDISCLOSURERELATINGTOTHEGMOTRADEASMANDATEDINTHISGLOBALGOVERNANCECONTEXTISMARKETFOLLOWINGRATHERTHANMARKETFORCINGINDEVELOPINGTHESEARG

18、UMENTS,THEARTICLEARSTDETAILSTHEPOLITICALNEGOTIATIONSANDCONFLICTSAROUNDTHESCOPEOFDISCLOSURERELATINGTOTHEGLOBALGMOCOMMODITYTRADEITHENANALYZETHECONSEQUENCESOFTHEPROTOCOLSCURRENTDISCLOSUREOBLIGATIONSANDPRACTICESFORTHENORMATIVE,PROCEDURALANDSUBSTANTIVEAIMSTHATTRANSPARENCYFURTHERSTHEANALYSISISBASEDUPONPAR

19、TICIPANTOBSERVATIONOFCARTAGENAPROTOCOLNEGOTIATIONSANDPRIMARYANDSECONDARYSOURCESNEGOTIATINGTHEBOUNDARIESOFDISCLOSUREACTORSANDSCOPEALTHOUGHAGRICULTURALCOMMODITIESAREIMPORTEDBYALARGENUMBEROFCOUNTRIES,THEIREXPORTANDTHEEXPORTOFGENETICALLYMODIFIEDGMVARIETIESOFSUCHCOMMODITIESINPARTICULARISLIMITEDTORELATIVE

20、LYFEWCOUNTRIESTHESEINCLUDETHEUNITEDSTATESWITHROUGHLY50PERCENTOFALLGMPRODUCTIONANDTRADE,CANADA,AUSTRALIA,ARGENTINA,BRAZILANDCHINATHESELATTERTHREECOUNTRIESACCOUNTFORALMOST90PERCENTOFALLGMCROPSGROWNINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESKEYIMPORTERSOFBULKAGRICULTURALCOMMODITIESINCLUDETHEEUROPEANUNIONEU,JAPAN,MEXICO,CHIN

21、A,SOUTHAFRICA,ANDMANYOTHERCOUNTRIESINTHEGLOBALSOUTH6ADDEDTOTHISARETHEEVOLVINGPOSITIONSOFSOMELARGEDEVELOPINGANDOECDCOUNTRIES,SUCHASBRAZIL,CHINA,SOUTHAFRICA,NEWZEALANDANDMEXICO,WHICHAREEITHERBOTHEXPORTINGANDIMPORTINGCOUNTRIESCHINA,SOUTHAFRICAORARECONCERNEDABOUTIMPACTONTHEIRNONGMOAGRICULTURALEXPORTSNEW

22、ZEALAND16ORABOUTTRADERELATIONSHIPSWITHGMOEXPORTERSMEXICOTRANSPARENCYASCONTESTEDTERRAINWHOSERIGHTTOKNOWWHATANDWHYFIRST,ADISCLOSUREOBLIGATIONTHATSHIPMENTS“MAYCONTAIN”GMOSIS,ASITSOUNDS,IMPRECISEESSENTIALLY,ITREQUIRESTHATANYBULKSHIPMENTOFACOMMODITYSTATETHATIT“MAYCONTAIN”ANYOFTHEGMVARIETIESOFTHATCOMMODIT

23、YTHATHAVEBEENAPPROVEDANDAREINCOMMERCIALPRODUCTIONWITHINANEXPORTINGCOUNTRYITDOESNOTREQUIREDISCLOSUREOFSPECIFICVARIETIESORQUANTITIESTHATAREPRESENTASNOTED,SUCHSPECIFICITYWOULDREQUIRESEGREGATIONOFGMFROMNONGMVARIETIESANDBETWEENGMVARIETIESWHICHISNOTCURRENTPRACTICEINTHESECOUNTRIESSECOND,A“MAYCONTAIN”DISCLO

24、SUREOBLIGATIONREVEALSINFORMATIONTHATALREADYEXISTSANDISKNOWNTOEXPORTERSESSENTIALLY,ANYBULKSHIPMENTWITHGMCROPVARIETIESREQUIRESSUCHADECLARATIONIFSHIPPEDFROMANEXPORTINGCOUNTRYWITHNOSEGREGATIONBETWEENGMANDNONGMVARIETIESINPLACE,WHICHHOLDSFORTHEVASTMAJORITYOFEXPORTINGCOUNTRIESASARESULT,NONEWINFORMATIONNEED

25、STOBEGENERATEDTHISGOESTOANOTHERKEYISSUEINASSESSINGEFFECTSOFDISCLOSURE,WHETHERNEWINFORMATIONHASTOBEGENERATEDTOCOMPLYWITHDISCLOSUREOBLIGATIONS,INCREASINGTHELIKELIHOODTHATDISCLOSUREWILLHAVEBEHAVIORALTERINGCONSEQUENCESTHEFACTTHATNONEWINFORMATIONISNEEDEDTOCOMPLYWITHA“MAYCONTAIN”DISCLOSUREOBLIGATIONISREIN

26、FORCEDBYTHECAVEATINTHEPROTOCOLS2006DECISIONTHAT,INLISTINGGMOSTHATMAYBEPRESENTINASHIPMENT,ONLYTHOSEOFTHESAMESPECIESASTHECOMMODITYBEINGTRADEDNEEDTOBELISTEDHERE,AGAIN,THEBURDENOFTESTINGFORANDDISCLOSINGPOSSIBLEADVENTITIOUSPRESENCEOFGMOSOFOTHERSPECIESINFORMATIONTHATISNOTPRESENTLYKNOWNTOEXPORTERSISAVOIDED

27、AFINALPOINTTOBECONSIDEREDHEREISTHEADDITIONALDISCLOSUREOBLIGATION,AGREEDWITHMUCHFANFAREIN2006,TOSTATEFORTHOSEGENETICALLYMODIFIEDORGANISMSFORWHICHIDENTITYPRESERVEDVARIETIESEXISTTHATTHEY“CONTAIN”GMOSATFIRSTGLANCE,THISAPPEARSTOBEA7SIGNIFICANTADVANCEOVERTHE“MAYCONTAIN”OBLIGATIONAQUICKASSESSMENTREVEALS,HO

28、WEVER,THATIDENTITYPRESERVATION,ASACONCEPTANDAPRACTICE,ISMORECOMMONLYASSOCIATEDWITHNONGENETICALLYMODIFIEDVARIETIESOFTHOSECROPSWHEREGENETICALLYMODIFIEDVARIETIESEXISTTHEIDEAOFIDENTITYPRESERVATIONISTOENSURETHATAHIGHVALUECROPUSUALLYNONGM,MORERARELYGMISNOTCONTAMINATEDWITHOTHERGMORNONGMVARIETIESTHEPRACTICE

29、THUSFARISTHATIDENTITYPRESERVINGANONGMOVARIETYOFAHEAVILYTRADEDCROPWITHGMVARIETIESSUCHASSOYBEANMAKESECONOMICSENSEFOREXPORTINGCOUNTRIESTHATWISHTOSUPPLYMARKETSTHATDESIRENONGMSOYBEANEITHERFORUSEINORGANICAGRICULTUREORBECAUSEOFOTHERDOMESTICIMPERATIVESBRAZILISACLASSICEXAMPLE,WHEREBYIDENTITYPRESERVATIONMAYBE

30、UNDERTAKENTOSUPPLYGUARANTEEDNONGMSOYAVARIETIESTOTHEEUORJAPANESEMARKETCONCLUSIONTRANSPARENCYSTRANSFORMATIVEPOTENTIALDEBATESINTHEGLOBALCONTEXTHAVENOWSHIFTEDTOSTANDARDIZATIONOFSAMPLINGCRITERIA,APPROPRIATEDETECTIONMETHODS,ANDAVAILABILITYOFTESTINGPROTOCOLSTHESEDEBATESREFLECTDIVERGENTEUUSAPPROACHESTODETEC

31、TIONANDTESTING,ANDBROADERDISPUTESOVERFACILITATINGTRADEVERSUSMEETINGSTRINGENTDOMESTICLABELINGANDTRACEABILITYLAWSDISCLOSUREINTHECARTAGENAPROTOCOL,PARTICULARLYRELATINGTOTHEGMOCOMMODITYTRADE,ISTHUSYETANOTHERGLOBALARENAWHERETHESETRANSATLANTICCONFLICTSPLAYOUTNEITHERFACILITATINGGMOTRADENORIMPLEMENTINGSTRIN

32、GENTLABELINGANDTRACEABILITYREQUIREMENTSISACOMPELLINGIMPERATIVEYETFORTHEVASTMAJORITYOFTHESOUTHFORTHESECOUNTRIES,THEDRIVINGIMPERATIVEREMAINSSHIFTINGTHEBURDENOFPROVIDINGINFORMATIONANDSOLICITINGCONSENTWITHREGARDTOINCOMINGGMOVARIETIESTOEXPORTERSINTHEABSENCEOFTHIS,THEYHAVETOCONTENDWITHACAVEATEMPTORSTATUSQ

33、UOINRESPONSE,SOMEHAVEINSTITUTEDMORATORIAORBANS,PARTLYBECAUSEOFTHETECHNICALCOMPLEXITYANDENORMOUSCOSTSOFALTERNATIVEROUTESSUCHASSTRINGENTLABELINGANDTRACEABILITYTHEPATHTAKENBYTHEEUANDRELATEDEFFORTSTOREALIZECOEXISTENCEOFCONVENTIONAL,GMANDORGANICAGRICULTUREWITHTHIS,HOWEVER,THECOMPROMISEOFPRIORINFORMEDCONS

34、ENTTOPREVENTTHETWOEXTREMESOFCAVEATEMPTOROROUTRIGHTBANSFAILSTOTAKEEFFECTTRANSPARENCYARGUABLYFAILSTOFULFILLITSTRANSFORMATIVEPOTENTIALHEREWHERE,THEN,DOESTHATLEAVEGOVERNANCEBYDISCLOSUREANDITSPOTENTIALTOEMPOWERINANALYZINGHOWDISCLOSUREISWORKINGANDWHEREITISFAILING,MYARGUMENTHEREISNOTTHATTHECARTAGENA8PROTOC

35、OLISIRRELEVANTINDEED,ITHASHADARANGEOFDESIREDEFFECTS,INCLUDINGGENERALAWARENESSRAISING,ASWELLASEMPOWERINGDOMESTICCONSTITUENCIESSUPPORTIVEOFBIOSAFETYCONCERNSANDTHEPRECAUTIONARYPRINCIPLERELATINGTOGMOCROPUSEASITCURRENTLYSTANDS,HOWEVER,ITSDISCLOSUREOBLIGATIONSBENEFITLEASTTHOSEWHOMIGHTNEEDTHEMTHEMOSTINCONT

36、RASTTOANIMPETUSFORDISCLOSUREGROUNDEDINTHENORMATIVEDEMANDOFSOMEOFTHEPOORESTCOUNTRIESTOBEINFORMEDABOUTGMOTRANSFERS,ITISTHESECOUNTRIESTHATARELEFTBYTHEWAYSIDEINCOMPLEXDISCUSSIONSABOUTDETECTIONANDTHRESHOLDSTHATNOWDOMINATEINTHISGLOBALGOVERNANCEARENATWOALTERNATIVELINESOFARGUMENTCANBEENTERTAINEDINCONSIDERIN

37、GFUTUREPROSPECTSFORGOVERNANCEBYDISCLOSUREFIRST,THECRITICALPERSPECTIVEADOPTEDHEREWOULDIMPLYTHATTRANSPARENCYLIKEALLOTHERGOVERNANCENORMSANDMECHANISMSWILLINEVITABLYMIRRORBROADERMETANORMATIVEANDPOLITICALECONOMICCONFLICTS,ANDWILLACQUIREMEANINGANDRELEVANCEINTHISBROADERCONTEXTINSUCHAVIEW,SINCETRANSPARENCYIS

38、ITSELFANARENAFORARTICULATIONOFSUCHBROADERCONFLICTS,ITCANNOTSIMULTANEOUSLYOFFERTHEMEANSBYWHICHTOTRANSCENDTHEMIFSO,ATRANSFORMATIVEROLEFORTRANSPARENCYISPERHAPSTOOMUCHTOHOPEFORASECONDPERSPECTIVESEESTHEPOSSIBILITYOFAMOREDIALECTICALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTRANSPARENCYANDTHELARGERPOLITICALNORMATIVECONTEXTWITHIN

39、WHICHITISEMBEDDEDINSUCHAVIEW,TRANSPARENCYISNOTONLYSHAPEDBYTHEMETANORMATIVEANDPOLITICALCONTEXTBUTALSOHASTHEABILITYTOSHAPEITINTURNIFSO,THEPROSPECTSFOREMPOWERMENTTHROUGHTRANSPARENCYREMAINALIVE,SINCEGLOBALNORMSEVOLVEANDAREMUTABLEFORSUCHAPERSPECTIVE,AKEYANALYTICALCHALLENGEREMAINSTOILLUSTRATECONDITIONSUND

40、ERWHICHTRANSPARENCYCANINDEEDBETRANSFORMATIVEWITHREGARDTOGMOGOVERNANCE,ASTRIKINGVEILOFUNKNOWNABILITYHANGSOVERFUTURENORMATIVEANDPOLITICALDEVELOPMENTSGIVENTHEANTICIPATORYNATUREOFTHISGOVERNANCECHALLENGE,ITISNOTCLEARHOWMARKETSFORGMANDNONGMCROPSWILLDEVELOP,WHICHCROPSWILLBEAPPROVEDANDWINACCEPTANCEORNOTINKE

41、YMARKETS,HOWNORMSOFRISKANDCHOICEWILLEVOLVE,ANDWHOWILLBEEMPOWEREDBYEMERGINGSYSTEMSANDPRACTICESOFTESTING,SAMPLINGANDVERIFICATIONTHUS,EVENIFCAVEATEMPTORCURRENTLYPREVAILS,THESHIFTINGNORMATIVEANDPOLITICALCONTEXTWITHINWHICHITDOESSOENSURESITSPRECARIOUSSTATUSWHAT9FOLLOWSINITSWAKEISNOTAFOREGONECONCLUSIONITISCLEAR,HOWEVER,ISTHATTRANSPARENCYANDDISCLOSUREWILL,FORBETTERORWORSE,BECOMEANEVERMOREIMPORTANTBATTLEGROUNDINGLOBALRISKGOVERNANCE