1、土壤中新型肥料氮素淋失特征研究摘 要:氮素淋溶是农田氮素损失的重要途径,也是造成地下水硝酸盐污染的重要原因,研究土壤氮素淋失特征对预防地下水氮素污染具有十分重要的意义。该文采用室内土柱淋溶试验的方法,研究了新型肥料在土壤中的迁移及淋溶规律,分析了氮素淋溶的地球化学响应特征,并确定了各形态氮素淋失量。研究结果表明:尿素、缓释肥料、稳定性肥料处理氮素淋溶量差异显著,分别为 208.66、131.95、125.24kg?hm-2,缓释和稳定性肥料的氮素淋失率分别为 32.98%和 31.31%,比尿素低19.15%和 20.85%,说明缓释和稳定性肥料可以显著减少氮素的淋失及对地下水的污染。硝态氮、
2、铵态氮、有机氮分别占氮素淋失量的49.89%75.19%、6.48%12.77%、14.92%31.31%,说明硝态氮是氮素淋溶的主要形态,其次是有机氮和铵态氮。 关键词:土壤;新型肥料;氮素淋失;地球化学响应 中图分类号 S158 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-7731(2016)08-16-05 Abstract:Nitrogen leaching is an important way of nitrogen loss,which makes it the dominant process accounting for nitrate pollution in groundwate
3、r. Therefore,it is of great significance to study the characteristics of nitrogen leaching in soil which may pave a way for groundwater nitrogen pollution prevention and control.In our study,soil column method was used to study nitrogen transport and leaching behavior of new emerging fertilizers in
4、soil. Meanwhile,the geochemical responses of soil to nitrogen leaching were analyzed and the leaching amounts of main nitrogen species were determined.The results showed that nitrogen leaching losses were significantly different between new emerging fertilizers and traditional nitrogen fertilizers.
5、Nitrogen leaching losses of urea,slow-release fertilizer and stabilized fertilizer were 208.66,131.95 and 125.24 kg?hm-2,respectively.The nitrogen leaching rates of slow-release fertilizer and stabilized fertilizer(32.98% and 31.31%)were lower than that of urea(52.16%) ,which indicated that slow-rel
6、ease fertilizer and stabilized fertilizer significantly reduced nitrogen losses.Nitrate,ammonium and dissolved organic nitrogen respectively accounted for 49.89%75.19%,6.48%12.77% and 14.92%31.31% of the nitrogen leaching amount,which demonstrated that nitrate nitrogen was the main form of nitrogen
7、leaching,followed by dissolved organic nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen. Key words:Soil ;New emerging fertilizers;Nitrogen leaching;Geochemical response 地下水是一种宝贵的自然资源,是人类生产生活中重要的供水水源之一,一旦被污染便难以治理1-2。近些年来,青岛市大沽河流域地下水污染日益严重,调查表明,大沽河地下水中硝态氮超标率为 73.7%,最高浓度达到 106mg?L-1,超标近 10 倍3-4。由此可见,大沽河地下水源地硝酸盐污染控制已经到了刻
8、不容缓的地步。 氮素淋溶损失是农田氮素损失的重要途径,也是造成地下水氮素污染的重要原因之一5。大多数研究表明,铵态氮易被土壤胶体吸附和被转化为硝态氮,所以其淋失量很少6-7,只有当超过土壤吸附容量时才能通过淋溶进入地下水;而土壤胶体对硝态氮的吸附能力很弱,可以造成大量的硝态氮淋溶损失8-9。随着研究的不断深入,开始出现有关酰胺态氮淋溶的报道。Zhang 等10指出,土壤淋溶液中不但包含硝态氮和铵态氮,也包括有机氮;赵营等11也发现,宁夏灌区设施番茄黄瓜轮作土壤淋溶液中有机氮占氮素淋失量的 10%27%。 目前土壤氮素淋失影响因素研究主要集中于施肥12-13、灌溉与降水14-15、土壤特性16-17等方面,而有关新型肥料类型(尤其是缓释和稳定性肥料)的研究还较少。杜建军等18研究了 6 种缓/控释肥料施入土壤后的氮淋溶情况,发现氮素淋溶量均低于尿素;胡斌等19也发现,控释肥料能有效控制氮素向下淋溶;俞巧钢等20研究发现,添加 1%DMPP 的稳定性肥料比单施尿素能有效抑制硝化反应的发生,明显降低硝态氮的淋溶风险。综上所述,缓释和稳定性肥料作为新型肥料类型,能够降低氮素淋失的风险21,因此研究其在土壤中的氮素淋失规律具有十分重要的意义。