Problems of Understanding in the Cross—cultural Communication.doc

1、1Problems of Understanding in the Crosscultural CommunicationAbstract. This is a cross-cultural encounter people speaking a foreign language with native speakers or talk with foreign language speakers between cross-cultural and language exchanges. Understanding of issues， including cross-cultural en

2、counters did not understand and misconceptions two， the generation of these cases can be attributed to language session principles and culture. To understand the problem from both sides to solve the understanding of the problem to take the strategy， and the understanding of cross-cultural encounters

3、 is multidimensional and dynamic two sides proceed from the conversation， talk to both sides in the process of expression and understanding of language information be properly chosen in order to avoid the emergence of understanding the problem. Key words： Cross-cultural， Encounter， Conversation， Und

4、erstanding issues 1 Introduction The exchange of cross-cultural language conversation people has different linguistic and cultural backgrounds in an 2intercultural encounter， talking to both sides of the language is the mother tongue for the party， and for the other it is a foreign language also pos

5、sible for both sides， this language than their mother tongue. This article discusses only native speakers； the other party is a foreign language speaker. The two sides talk with the use of language to linguistic competence and cultural background， and thus understand the problem appears often in con

6、versation. The conversation is a two understanding reached or not depends on the two sides. This paper attempts to expand the understanding of cross-cultural encounters， both from the conversation analysis for understanding the problems generated， the strategy taken by the two sides to resolve the p

7、roblem of understanding conversation， the proposed language understanding involves a multidimensional and dynamic. 2 Understanding in the Conversation Cross-cultural encounter different language and cultural background of the people peek into the contents of the conversation in this peek into the me

8、et with unpredictability， especially for the talker who speak a foreign language， they cannot foresee talks vocabulary， grammar， and other content that may be encountered. Therefore， to understand the problem 3is more or less in this cross-cultural conversation unforeseen. Speak in a cross-cultural

9、encounter fully understood， the two sides the smooth conduct exchanges and communication cannot be called problems， understand the problem in this discussion is the obedient people understand the speakers words manifested no understanding and misunderstanding. Do not understand is obedient people ca

10、n understand the words limited or completely do not understand， may also be due to the encounter suddenly topic switch cause the hearer knows what to do. When the speaker between partial or complete， temporary and long-term understanding of the illusion， misunderstanding so produced. The misconcepti

11、on is that native speakers and foreign language users of the same language unit gives a different meaning. Of obedient people hear the kind of meaning that he felt justified， but in fact is not the speaker to express meaning. Understand the problem of cross-cultural encounters does not understand or

12、 misunderstood， the communication between the two may appear different results. Problem when the conversation either or both exchange understand the problem， one or both may be resolved， the exchange may continue. Sometimes， it is also possible to understand the problem cannot be solved， such 4as sp

13、eaking a foreign language speaker completely unable to understand native speakers， exchanges were forced to interrupt. Another possible scenario is that the dialogue both sides do not realize misunderstanding exchange， the exchange of ideas is not interrupted but continued down. To distinguish betwe

14、en these two cases did not understand and misunderstanding is not easy. Did not understand and misunderstanding between no absolute boundaries， especially misunderstood， it is usually made by the speaker is speaking a foreign language they do not understand the contents of the imaginary， subjective

15、speculation. 3 The Generation of Understanding Issues Understand the problem of cross-cultural encounters can be attributed to the language session principles and cultural differences. First， understand the problem that may arise in the language level， such as lexical level. If you do not have the v

16、ocabulary foundation， language exchanges inevitably hampered， of course， will understand the problem. No discussion of the meaning of the language barrier with each other， completely unable to communicate. In the case of this discussion is to talk to the whole can understand the problem， 5just the l

17、anguage of individual words. In addition to fully listen to understand vocabulary understanding， as well as because mistook an integral part of the vocabulary of misunderstanding. Mistook this is a misunderstanding of a situation. Such problems have in common is the obedient one or several voice ele

18、ments of cognitive deviation. Italian Angelina in an interview the German zuerst （first thing） to listen in to zu Essen （to eat）. This is her imaginary guess. Produce often mistook its incentives， such as the elements associated with the previous discourse （alleged time or space， etc.） ， when the di

19、scourse of native speakers， the listener might be heard the discourse mistook. These elements will bring the illusion of understanding obedient people speak a foreign language， as they are not fully able to understand， so by virtue of the few words he heard Lenovo play to go to understand. In additi

20、on， native speakers at Speed too fast， the speech vague or unclear pronunciation are likely to cause a foreign language-speaking obedient people mistook situation. Other aspects of the language will also have a foreign language the hearers understanding of cross-cultural encounters. More complex gra

21、mmatical structures embedded sentences， omitted words such 6as the use of pronouns， spoken in the abbreviated style， vowels weak reading comprehension difficulties will result in the foreign languages hirer. Second， the relatively vague language exchange behind the session principles can bring about

22、 the understanding of cross-cultural encounters. Pragmatic scientists found that people in the conversation follow certain principles of the session， such as the cooperative principle and politeness principle. Universal understanding of issues arising from the politeness principal， people face probl

23、ems， especially in a cross-cultural encounter. This self-image includes the positive face and negative face. The positive sub we need others， like. Social need the recognition of others， face reflects the people of the needs of others. The negative sub refers to the independent exercise of the right

24、 to conduct； our behaviour is not coercion by others， and so on. Courtesy people have the awareness of the need to save face or public image. Positive politeness to be accepted in a social group， attention and love of self-image. Negative politeness is to impose the will of the impact of maintenance

25、 from others， has a self-image as a free man. The politeness principle manifested when we talk with others 7concerned about on the face of others， face no threat to others， starting from the perspective of politeness from others lose face. At the same time， for the other party to the conversation， h

26、e should also pay attention to our face， and that should give us face， do not let us lose face. The face fully reflected in the understanding of cross-cultural encounter problems， sometimes speak both parties in order to preserve each others face， in order to show polite choose to terminate the conv

27、ersation. For example， the Chileans Berta to France， a wood shop， she wanted to shelf at home is processed into the size they want， but she did not understand the timber store owner asked her about the size of professional. Unwilling to admit that he did not understand， she was trying to save face，

28、and did not understand still irrelevant answers talking to want these shelves mounted to the wall idea before the public. Her answer with the owner for questioning inconsistent Berta pause and hesitation to their own understanding of the problem exposed. The shop owner saw her awkward hesitation and

29、 silence， having regard to her face， and did not ask any. Bertas very embarrassing， so both do not want to repeat their own problems to worry about the recurrence of the case do not understand the loss of face， do 8not want to ask any questions. Third， from the perspective of the conversation people

30、 speaking a foreign language， should also be considered as a non-native speaker， his mother tongue and cultural background of the impact of cross-cultural encounters that cultural factors in cross-cultural encounters. Moroccans Fatima Dutch talk with officials responsible for housing issues， for a l

31、ong period of time to remain silent， very uncooperative. She was silent because she felt that government officials do not know about his private life， such as a few children to sleep in the room is an insult to their own. Because of the silence of Fatima， who officials do not know where there is a p

32、roblem， the exchange has been hampered. The official Fatima foreign language ability is the reason why she cannot answer； mutual misunderstanding is not very deep. However， he Fatima in front of the AC that she has enough foreign language skills to answer his question， but she remained silent， then

33、he probably will think that this behaviour is much more serious than the language problem； the misunderstanding will be relatively deep. Look at these three aspects to understand the problem from a cross-cultural language exchange， language level， the problem is easier to solve， Conversational Princ

34、iples and 9brought cultural differences， understand the problem more difficult to solve. The following discussion of the strategy commonly used when talking to both sides understands the problem in addressing cross-cultural encounters. 4 Solve the Problem of Understanding In fact， understand the pro

35、blem occurs， talk to the two sides will not take stand idly by attitude， and they will take a certain strategy to solve the problem. Foreign language conversation usually has following four strategies. If his foreign language ability is sufficient to identify their own understanding of the problem，

36、but also afraid of losing face， he will take positive and effective， able to show that the strategy of their own understanding of the problem， such as asking the meaning of what to take for help to the mother tongue to talk to strategy. If his foreign language ability is limited and it is to take in

37、to account their own face， may appear in the example above Berta in the wood shop， shopkeeper did not understand the problem， although know to understand the problem is to select the answer to my question， to cover up the problem response strategy. The conversation the two sides will make as much as

38、 possible to avoid communication breakdowns language， foreign language 10users often use this strategy， especially in the face of such understanding problems. No matter how foreign language ability， he has taken a wait and see， wait-and-see strategy. Ignore first understand the problem， here below，

39、and look forward to their problems be solved naturally below. Speak a foreign language-speaking people sometimes choose not to show that the problem or make vague， ambiguous response， because he wanted to native speakers to decide whether or not to negotiate and adopt strategies. He could save face

40、because we wanted to be afraid to show that the existence of exchange with foreign language disadvantage thus selects the sidelines. Native language conversation in cross-cultural language exchange strategy is the following three. The active and targeted is to solve the problem of foreign language s

41、peech understanding. Understand the problems， we must first take up the important task of solving the problem， to abandon the initial use of language and expression， choose more talk human language ability to speak a foreign language to match the language of the AC to continue through the interpretation given synonyms or antonyms. Wait and see， this strategy of language ability or high or low speak a foreign language conversation. To give up， the mother tongue talkers still understand the