分子生物学复习题郭洁.doc

1、guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentia

2、lity, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operat

3、ional mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the conting

4、ent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the to

5、p, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the provinces Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is d

6、aily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decisio

7、n implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office wor

8、k of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of syst

9、em of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices br

10、ing new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp

11、 the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiativeSecondly, we should strengthen the team. A unit is a team in various sections of the unit inside is also a small team. A unit with a team spirit, formed a team responsibility, cohesion and co

12、mpetitiveness. You want to make a unit, a Department work improvement, must be melting inside a feeling of solidarity and mutual help, for a common goal and determined to achieve the spirit, cultivating a strong collective spirit and team responsibility, sense of honor. Therefore, we need to start i

13、mproving office work and enhance the efficiency of Office work and strive to build a concerted . Fault. In accordance with the requirements of modern management science, establishing strict responsibility system of management by objectives. A work who is in charge, who is in charge and who is respon

14、sible, what right do these people have, what responsibility, has to truthfully and clearly understood. Departments at all levels should strictly implement the check in the Office of party Committee evaluation, significant accountability and reward incentive system, pay close attention to duty cash a

15、nd making unity, rights, responsibilities, and to inspire each of cadres spirit and morale, Super courage. Investee insists, is a deep topic, is a real problem, is a big issue. Today, I just combined this year, the citys Communist Party Committee Office, had some rough talk and understanding, we mus

16、t strengthen research and exchanges in this regard in the future. Investee in the new year, we must hold high the banner of Deng Xiaoping theory and the “three represents“ theory the great banner of, under the correct leadership of the CPC, adhere to the people-oriented, insist on truth, adhere firs

17、t to excellence, efforts to do Office work to a new level. Speech at the Conference on the system of government offices in the city around the development of service function to create a new situation in the work of the Office of the citys system of Government-speech at the Conference on the system

18、of government offices in the city This system of government offices working in the citys main task is to study Government systems of administrative supervision, administrative information, administrative reception and information technology issues. For the meeting, the City Mayor Ma has made importa

19、nt instructions, the Municipal Government Office fully prepared brewing, combined with practical work to develop the notice on further strengthening the supervision work, the XX, Chief Information interim measures for 2005 and the citys system of Government Administration informatization constructio

20、n task statement and other documents. Before the General Assembly and organization of counties (districts) of the scene to observe the Government Office, achieve the purpose of exchanges of work, thought. Today, the Tang Mayor also attended the meeting and delivered an important speech in the midst,

21、 hope good grasp of implementation. Next, I would like to make a few remarks. A, and around Center, looks at development, strengthened service, city government system Office work rendering atmosphere in recent years, city government system Office toand steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the “

22、surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation“ is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be “Gramophone“, “mail room“ and “the Messenger“ is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of impleme

23、ntation consciousness, this is Government Office sector first bit of task, to first, and is duty-bound, insisted reported truth, and told truth, and out confess, and do facts, and pragmatic effect, put work of to points real put to research solution reform development stable in the of major problem

24、Shang, put to research solution masses production life in the of urgent problem Shang, put to research solution work in the exists of highlight problem Shang, put an end to to Conference implement Conference, to file implementation file, never can makes superior of decision and deployment in a “impl

25、ementation“ Lost in the sound. System Office of the Government sector must take the lead in party and Government policies, the deployment and carry out specific targets, in the implementation efforts, for example on the implementation, on the implementation of a performance. City Government System O

26、ffice to seriously implement implementation national, and Province Government system Secretary-General Office Director Conference spirit, according to around overall, grasp implementation this a general requirements, insisted reform innovation, further change management concept, and management funct

27、ions, and management system and management method; insisted quality first, ensure for led, and for grass-roots, and for masses provides quality efficient service; insisted strictly rule political, efforts construction a support political firm, and business master, and service political clean, and st

28、yle excellent of Office team. Concrete work, and must deal with “three relationships“: one is to handle well the relationship between passive adaptation and active service. Office service functions to the passive aspect of its work, which requires us to host lead when action must be strictly in acco

29、rdance with the intentions and requirements for leadership, work within the limits of delegated authority, not offside, participation in the intervention, and not decision-making, coordination is not contemplated. Meanwhile, Office work and must become more conscious, give full play to the initiativ

30、e and work to some foreseeable, be proactive, prepared, thinking ahead, providing information, active leadership, reflect the situation, ahead of good research, reference point, in key places to promote overall efficiency. Second, to handle the relationship between administrative services and transa

31、ction services. Administrative services and Services Office services complement the two aspects of the job. Administrative services is the core service is guaranteed. Note that combines both, adhere to government service as the main line, the Chief turns around the overall situation, turns around th

32、e district. On one hand, will attachthree a representative“ important thought for guide, efforts adapted new situation, and new task, and new requirements, tightly around city reform development of overall, further change functions, strengthened service, determined to innovation, Government System O

33、ffice overall work of quality and level has has new of improve, for city economic social development made has due of contribution. 1, staff assistant for further strengthening. Around the focus of leadership services, actively carry out research studies, for all levels of Government on the event, gr

34、ab global proposed a number of solutions with a higher reference value recommendations provide a basis for improving government leadership. About development, adjustment of interest difficulty, people the focus of the problem, and give full play to the offices that are interlinked, dredge about, con

35、tact and coordination of functions, in order to reduce conflict, to avoid omissions, form a joint force, promoting the Government to play an active role in the work as a whole. Working around Government Center implementation supervision intensified, broadened and improved efficiency, do check the fr

36、uit, fruit, assisting the Government in implementation of the Assistant role to play, a powerful impetus to the realization of the objectives of the Government. 2, the service areas to further expand. The full implementation of the open government pilot project, strengthening carrier construction, i

37、nnovative forms of public, deepening public content, extends the open range, regulate public procedures, establishment of a city, County, Township and village-level administration system, to meet the peoples right to know, creates conditions for the effective exercise of supervision. Development iss

38、ued the XX, matters of significant public policy implementation measures, such as the question of hearing 6 system, open Government continues to promote in depth. Established opened the city (County) long public phones, solving a number of concern peoples immediate interests and produce hot spots an

39、d difficult problems in life, by all sectors of the community alike. Universal Chief was built starting at the city and county levelsHall masses, serve the community for the Government to play a better Windows and tie. With the system of Government Office for hub, connecting the County (district) an

40、d the departments of municipal government Web sites and Office decision-making service system has been built in the city, Government Office local area network established, significantly accelerate the pace of office automation and information network. 3, improved quality and productivity with new wo

41、rk. City levels Government Office put pursuit quality and efficiency as measure Office overall work level of important standard, pendulum in highlight location, around service overall, and pay close attention to the implementation this central, right processing inherited and innovation, and full and

42、 focus, and on Shang service and on Xia service of relationship, bold innovation, focused on effectiveness, presentation of policy sex, and targeted and2013 年分子生物学（分子遗传学）硕士生复习题1 阐述你对基因概念的理解和诠释。基因是编码蛋白质或 RNA 等具有特定功能产物的遗传信息的基本单位，是染色体或基因组的一段 DNA 序列（对以 RNA 作为遗传信息载体的病毒而言则是） ，包活编码序列（外显子） 、编码区前后对于基因表达具有调控功

43、能的序列和单个编码序列间的间隔序列（内含子） 。基因是生物体传递和表达遗传信息的基本单位，基因通过复制把遗传信息传递给下一代，使后代出现与亲代相似的性状。）染色体水平上的基因概念：孟德尔的豌豆杂交试验总结出生物的遗传性状是由遗传因子控制的，肯定遗传的物质性。基因一词由丹麦生物学家约翰逊提出。著名遗传学家摩尔根对基因做出定义：基因在染色体上呈直线排列，基因是遗传物质的基因单位和突变单位，基因是控制性状的功能单位，它能产生对立的表现型，这意味基因是染色体上的一个特定区域。）代谢水平上的基因概念：比德尔和塔特姆提出“一个基因一个酶”学说，只适用于同源多聚体构成的酶类。本柔进行了经典的基因精细结构分析

44、，将比德尔提出的学说发展为“一个基因一条多肽链”的概念，把遗传功能单位称为顺反子。3）DNA 分子水平的基因概念：Avery 的细菌转化实验中指出：携带遗传信息的是 DNA 而非蛋白质，Hershey 和 Chase 对 T4 噬菌体感染大肠杆菌证实遗传的分子基础是核酸，Waltson 和 Crick 提出 DNA 双螺旋结构模型，从分子水平揭示了基因的结构。Blake 进一步提出可能每一个外显子相当于蛋白质的一个结构单位， “一个外显子，一个结构域”的精细表达。分子生物学的发展进一步扩展了基因的概念，证明了基因不仅可以重叠，而且可被分离，有的基因并不被转录或不完全转录，而作为一个单位转录的也

45、往往不是一个基因。以前认为基因是在染色体上成直线排列的独立单元，现已发现一些相关的基因在染色体上的排列并不是随意的，而是由相关功能的基因构成一个小的“家族”或基因群。随分子水平上基因结构与功能的研究，发现了移动基因、断裂基因、假基因、重叠基因等。DNA 分子上有遗传效应的节段可以分两类：一类能转录，产生 RNA 分子，称为转录基因；另一类不能转录，但对转录能起调节控制作用，称为操纵基因。转录基因有 mRNA 基因、tRNA 基因、rRNA 基因和调节基因。其中 mRNA 基因通过转录和翻译，能产生对应的蛋白质，这种蛋白是细胞中重要的结构和功能物质，mRNA 基因称为结构基因。调节基因通过转录和

46、翻译也能产生对应蛋白，对转录基因有调节作用。tRNA 基因、rRNA 基因能转录，但不能翻译成对应的蛋白，只能在合成蛋白的过程中发挥特定作用，如果没有tRNA 基因、rRNA 基因，蛋白质的合成是不能进行的。启动基因是 RNA 转录酶识别盒结合的序列，操纵基因是阻遏蛋白结合的序列，他们虽不能转录、翻译成多肽，但这两种特定的核苷酸序列发生改变，就会改变相应结构极影的活性，就此意义上讲，他们也具有特定的遗传效应，所以也称为基因。2 举例解释蛋白质二级结构、超二级结构（MOTIF） 、三级结构、DOMAIN 和四级结构。蛋白质二级结构（secondary structure of protein）指

47、它的多肽链中有规则重复的构象，限于主链原子的局部空间排列，不包括与肽链其他区段的相互关系及侧链构象。二级结构主要有 -螺旋、- 折叠、 -转角。常见的二级结构有 -螺旋和 - 折叠。二级结构是通过骨架上的羰基和酰胺基团之间形成的氢键维持的，氢键是稳定二级结构的主要作用力。-螺旋( -helix) ：蛋白质中常见的一种二级结构，肽链主链绕假想的中心轴盘绕成螺旋状，一般都是右手螺旋结构，螺旋是靠链内氢键维持的。每个氨基酸残基（第 n 个）的羰基氧与多肽链 C 端方向的第 4 个残基（第 n+4 个）的酰胺氮形成氢键。在典型的右手 - 螺旋结构中，螺距为 0.54nm，每一圈含有 3.6 个氨基酸残

48、基，每个残基沿着螺旋的长轴上升 0.15nm。螺旋的半径为 0.23nm。-折叠( -sheet) 是蛋白质中的常见的二级结构，是由伸展的多肽链组成的。折叠片的构象是通过一个肽键的羰基氧和位于同一个肽链或相邻肽链的另一个酰胺氢之间形成的氢键维持的。氢键几乎都垂直伸展的肽链，这些肽链可以是平行排列（走向都是由 N 到 C 方向） ；或者是反平行排列（肽链反向排列） 。超二级结构也称之基元（motif） 。是指在球状蛋白质分子的一级结构的基础上，相邻的二级结构单位（ 螺旋 折叠等）在三维折叠中相互靠近，彼此作用，在局部形成规则的二级结构组合体，这种组合体就是超二级结构。 组合形式：若干二级结构可以

49、特殊的几何组合出现在蛋白质结构中，这些组合起来的结构单元称作超二级结构或花样。超二级结构可与某些特殊的生物功能相联系，也可仅作为结构的组装块。-环 - 花样是含有两个 -螺旋，并以一个环区域相连接的具有特殊功能的超二级结构。在已知的蛋白质结构中观察到两种这样的花样，一种是 DNA 结合花样，另一种是钙结合花样又称 EF 手，每种都有自己的几何形状和所需的氨基酸残基序列。EF 手出现在来自肌肉的蛋白 Parvalbumin，troponin 以及 calmodulin 等结构中，它们通过结合钙来调节细胞功能的变化。EF 手提供了一个维持钙配基的支架用于结合和释放钙，这是人们在蛋白质结构中首先认识的功能花样之一。 组合形式：发夹 或 -环- 花样是两条反平行的 -链，通过一个环相连接构成的超二级结构，在蛋白质结构中频繁出现。- 回折中相邻近的两条 链易形成这种发夹 花样。两条 链之间的环的长度不等，一般为 2-5 个残基。与 - 环- 花样不同的是，发夹 花样无特殊的功能。蛋白质的三级结构是指球状蛋白质的多肽链在二级结构的基础上相互配置而形成特定的构象。 螺旋、 折叠、 转角和无规则卷曲等二级结构通过侧链基