初中英语初一--名词及所有格.doc

1、1第四讲 名词及所有格姓名： 学校： 年级： 【学习目标】： 1. 了解名词及所有格的定义，及其用法2. 通过读写训练，掌握名词及其所有格的用法【知识要点】一、名词的概念及分类名词是表示人、事物、物质种类、抽象概念的词，它属于一种重要的实词。名词可以从不同的角度进行分类，分类如下：1、根据构词法进行分类： 简单名词：man chair land water 复合名词：farmland roommate seaside 派生名词：argument ability greatness questionnaire 2、根据词汇意义进行分类：专有名词和普通名词，其中普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、

2、物质名词和抽象名词。3、根据语法意义进行分类：名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。个体名词 表示人和事物的的个体 book chair house teacher doctor table集体名词 表示人或一些事物的群体或总称 family,police,people, baggage ,clothing可数名词物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词 water air tea snow rain wood普通名词抽象名词 表示动作、状态、品质等抽象概念 work health fun luck future名词专有名词 专有名词一个人和事物所特有的名称，如时间、地点、机构、国家等。Mr.

3、 Brown, China the White House, 不可数名词二、名词的数1、可数名词的规则变化情况 构成方法 读音 例词2一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/;2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/map-maps bag-bagscar-cars以 s,sh,ch, x 等结尾的词加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses box-boxesbrush-brushes,watch-watchesce,se,ze, (d)ge 等结尾的词加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses以 y 结尾的1)以辅音字母+y结尾的词2) 元音字母+y 结尾变 y 为 i 再加 es直接

4、加 s 变复数1.清辅音后读/s/;2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/1)baby-babies,factory-factories story-stories2)monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays以 o 结尾的名词 1)有生命的加 es 2)没有生命的加 s3) 均可1.清辅音后读/s/;2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/1)potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes2)photo-photos piano-pianos3) zero-zeros / zeroesVolcanovolcanos/ volcanoes以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词1)去 f,fe

5、加 ves2) 加 s3) 均可1.清辅音后读/s/;2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/1)half-halves wolf-wolves,wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves2)belief-beliefs roof-roofssafe-safes gulf-gulfs3)handkerchief- Handkerchiefs / handkerchiefs例外 Stomachs, pianos, photos, roofs, safes 保险箱, beliefs 信条2、可数名词复数的不规则变化 构成方式 例词变内部元音 foot-feet tooth-teet

6、h mouse-mice man-men woman-women goose- geese词尾加-en 或-ren child-children ox-oxen单、复数词形相同 a deertwo deer，a sheepfive sheep ，a fishthree fish，a means some means3汉语音译词如度量衡、币制等单位的名词无复数形式,但要用斜体ten jin 100mu ten li seven dan单复数形式相同 a Japanese-five Japanesea Chinese-ten Chinese词尾的 man 为mena Frenchmantwo Fr

7、enchmenan Englishwomanseven Englishwomen表示“某国人 ”的名词，其单、复数变化的 3 种情况词尾加-s a Germanfive Germansa Russianten Russians3、复合名词的复数形式1)一般将主体名词变为复数。mother-in-law mothers-in-law 岳母 passer-bypassers-by 过路人looker-onlookers-on 旁观者 editor-in-chiefeditors-in-chie 主编2)无主体名词构成的复合词，在词尾加一 s。如：go-between go-betweens 中间人

8、，媒人 grown-upgrown-ups 成年人3)由 man 或 woman 构成的复合名词，两者都要变成复数。如：a man teacher two men teachers； a woman doctor ten women doctors4、不可数名词的量的变化1)借助单位词表示不可数名词的量a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread a bottle of orange a glass of water（milk） a cup of tea a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of ri

9、ce2）用 much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any 等表示多少，不可数名词也可用 a lot of, lots of, some, any, much 等来修饰。The rich man has a lot of money There is some milk in the bottleIs there any water in the glass？ I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice5、名词单、复数的特殊用法1）有相同两部分组成的名词（谓语动词用复数）glasses

10、眼睛, contact lenses 隐形眼镜, trousers 裤子, scissors 剪刀, shoes 鞋, socks 袜子, gloves 手套 三、名词所有格及其用法。名词的格的种类4英语名词有三个格，即主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格形式相同，所以它们又统称作通格。当名词用作主语、宾语、表语时，用通格。英语名词的所有格表示所属关系，它分-s 所有格和 of 所有格 两种形式。 定义：名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系的一种形式，名词所有格的构成包括s 所有格、of 所有格和双重所有格。（1）-s 所有格的构成方法一般情况(包括单数名词和不带词尾 s 的复数名词

11、)加 -s： childrens books 儿童图书todays paper 今天的报纸 带词尾 s 的复数名词只加省字撇()： girls school 女子学校the Smiths car 史密斯家的小汽车 注：带词尾 s 的单数名词，通常仍加s： the bosss plan 老板的计划the hostesss worry 女主人的担心 带词尾 s 的人名，可加s 或只加省字撇()： Dickens novels 狄更斯的小说Charless job 查理斯的工作 不带词尾-s 却以咝音结尾者，一律加s： Marxs works 马克思的著作Georges room 乔治的房间 注意：

12、（考点）如果一个事物为两个人或两个以上的人共同拥有，只在最后一个名词的末尾加s。E.g. This is John, Jack and Toms room. E.g. Mr. Green is Jim and Kates father. 表示某人的家，店铺的所有格，一般可以省略它所修饰的名词。 the Greens 格林家 the barbers 理发店 at the tailors 在裁缝店at the doctors 在医院the Smith 史密斯这个人 the Smiths 史密斯一家人the Smiths 史密斯的家（住处） the Smiths史密斯一家人的家（住处）s 所有格常表

13、示有生命的东西，但也可表示无生命的东西，如：时间，自然现象，国家，城市等实体，度量衡以及价值等。例：five minutes walk 五分钟步行的路程 todays newspaper 今天的报纸 5thirty dollars value 30 美元的价值 Chinas capital 注：一个七岁的女孩a seven-year-old girl a seven years old girl a girl of seven a girl of seven years一百米的赛跑100-meter race 100 meters race 用 and 连接的并列连词的所有格要分两种情况，即表

14、示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列连词后加-s，表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加-s： Toms and Jims rooms 汤姆和吉姆(各自) 的房间 Tom and Jims rooms 汤姆和吉姆(共同) 的房间 用于某些固定表达中： a stones throw 一箭之遥at ones wits end 黔驴技穷 at arms length 以一臂之距out of harms way 在完全的地方（2） 、of 所有格表示无生命的名词的所有格，一般用 of 所有格。如：the legs of the chair 椅子的腿 the cover of the book 书的封面

15、（3） 、双重所有格双重所有格，即两种形式结合在一起应用“of + 名词s”。如：the books of the librarys 图书馆的书a photo of Jim a photo of Jims (4) -s 所有格与 of 所有格的用法比较(1) of 所有格既可用于有生命的人或物，也可用于无生命的东西。of 所有格有时可以与-s 所有格互换。如： Mr Smiths son = the son of Mr Smith 史密斯先生的儿子 Jims patience = the patience of Jim 吉姆的耐心 the Queens arrival = the arriva

16、l of the Queen 女王的到达 (2) 必须用 s 所有格的情形： 表类别时：mens shoes 男鞋，childrens stories 儿童故事 表来源时：Johns telegram 约翰的电报 当被修饰的名词后有同位语修饰时：Marys husband, a policeman, has just been here. 玛丽的丈夫是个警察，刚刚来过这儿。 6(3) 必须用 of 所有格的情形： 用于无生命的事物时：the subject of the sentence 句子主语 表同位关系时：the City of Beijing 北京市 当中心词是名词化的名词时：the

17、life of the poor 穷人的生活 当 of 所有格中的名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时：Mr Smith is a foreign teacher of a university in China. 史密斯先生是中国一所大学的外籍教师。名词所有格【经典例题】1. They got much _ from those new books.A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories解析: much 是用来修饰不可数名词的, A B D 三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, C 项为不可数名词, 因此选 C.2. I have two _ and three b

18、ottles of _ here.A. orange, orange B. oranges, orangesC. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges解析: orange 有两种含义 , 一种可数名词橘子, 另一种是不可数名词橘汁 , 此题第一空应填可数名词, 第二空填不可数名词, 因此选 C。3. Every evening M r. King takes a _ to his home .A. 25 minutes walk B. 25 minutes walkC. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk解析: 句中的 minut

19、e 应该用其复数的所有格形式,只+,而不能+s, 因此选 A。4. An old _ wants to see you.A. people B. person C. the people D. the person 解析: person 与 people 都有”人” 的意思, 但用法不同 . “一个人”用 “a person”,“两个人” 用 “two persons”; people 泛指 “人们”是集合名词,表示复数, the people 指 “人民”, a people 指 “一个民族”. 应选 B。5. Help yourself to _.A. chickens and apple

20、s B. chickens and appleC. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples解析: chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple 为可数名词, 故应+s, 因此选 D。6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _.A. rooms number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. 7rooms numbers解析: room number 房间号码. room 可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词 . 类似的还有 my phsics teacher

21、,two bus drivers 等. 应选 C。7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _.A. family B. house C. home D. room解析: family 指的是家庭或是家庭成员 ; house 指的是房子 (住所); room 指的是房间;而 home 指的是家, 因此选 C.8. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai .A. Mary and Peters

22、 B. Mary and PeterC. Marys and Peter D. Marys and Peters解析: 此句中 “mothers”是复数,表示两个人各自的母亲 ,因此应选 D。9. Li Lei has been to _ many times this month.A. her uncle B. her uncles C. her uncles D. aunts 解析: 此句意为 “李雷这个去她舅舅家多次 ”. 表示具体场所时, 可省去所有格后面的名词.因此选 B。10. He is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teachi

23、ng.A. many experiences B. much experienceC. an experience D. a lot experience解析: experience 作 “经验 ” 讲时是不可数名词 , 作 “经历”讲时是可数名词. 本句中应理解为 “经验”,因此是不可数名词,排除 A C. 又因 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句, 不用于否定句, 因此选 B。11. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago.A. you B. your C. your sister D. your siste

24、rs解析: 此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选 D。12. A group of _ are talking with two _.A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen 解析: Frenchman 是复合词 ,其复数形式为 Frenchmen; German 的复数为直接在单词末尾+S, 应选 A.【经典练习】（ ）1.The team _ having a meeting .A. is B. are C. am D. be（ ）2. “Would you

25、like _?” “_, please.”8A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, CoffeesC. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees（ ）3. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men.A.earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millionsC. the earth and stone, millio

26、n of D. the earths and stones, millions（ ）4 Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost.A. child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, life（ ）5. -This is a photo of _ when they were young.-OK, how happy they both looked!A. my father and mother B. my moth

27、er and fathersC. my mothers and fathers D.my fathers and my mother（ ）6. The new student is in _ , Grade Two.A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Three class（ ）7. Today is September 10th. Its _ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Te

28、achers（ ）8. The market isnt far from here. Its only _ bicycle ride.A.half an hours B. half an hours C. half an hour D. an hour and a half（ ）9. - What would you like to drink, girls?- _, please.A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffeC. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees（ ）10. During Christmas

29、, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _.A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks（ ）11. Some _ are flying kites near the river.A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs（ ）12. After the exam, well have_ holiday.A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks D. two weeks9二所有格练习1. Today is September 10th. It

30、s _ Day.A. Teacher B. Teachers C. Teachers D. Teacher 2. Its June 1st, its _ Day. A. Childrens B. Childrens C. Childrens D. Childrenss 3. This year, _ is on May 9th. A.My mothers brithday B. My mothers brithday C. My mothers brithday D. My motherss brithday 4. Lin Tao is ill, so he has to go to the

31、_ . A. doctor B. doctors C. doctors D. doctor 5. Where is Mr. Zhang? He is in the _ . A. teachers reading room B. teachers reading room C. teacher reading room D. teachers reading room 6. This is _ ball. Its not _ . A. the boys, girls B. the boys, the girls C. the boy, the girl D. boys, girls 7. Thi

32、s year, the most popular _ hat is that kind. A. womans B. womens C. womens D. womans8. Look at the book, its not mine, and its not yours, so it must be _ . A. somebody elses B. somebody else C. somebodys else D. somebody else 9. These are _ . A.newspaper of today B.todays newspaper C. todays newspap

33、ers D. today newspapers 10. Its about _ from my home to our school. A. twenty minutes walk B. walk of twenty minutes C. walk of twenty minutes D. twenty minutes walk【家庭作业】（ ）10. They are those _ bags.Please put them on the bus.A. visitor B. visitors C. visitors D. visitors（ ）11.- How many workers ar

34、e there in your factory?- There are two _.A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of（ ）12. -What do you think of the _ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven?- It sounds really wonderful. 10A. subject B. music C. book D. animal（ ）13. There is not enough _ in the corner for the fridge.A. place B.

35、 room C. field D. ground（ ）14. _ comes from sheep and some people like eating itA. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk（ ）15. If you dont take more _, youll get fat.A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise（ ）16. My school is about twenty _ walk from here.A. minute B. minutes C. minutess D. minutes（ ）1

36、7. Mum, I have _ to tell you!A. a good news B. some good news C. some good newes D. much good news（ ）18. Which is the _ to the post office?A. street B. way C. road D. address（ ）19. I stayed at _ last Sunday.A. my uncles B. my uncles C. my uncles D. my uncles family（ ）20. Maths _ not easy to learn.A. are B. is C. am D. were