初中英语零基础知识点.doc

1、1零基础英语2道勤文化学校 编写目录第一章 词类及基本句型 .3第二章 名词 .3第三章 一般时态 .5第四章 代词 .7第五章 数词 .10第六章 常用其它时态 .14第七章 感叹句 .16第八章 形容词、副词比较级和最高级 .18第九章 冠词 .21第十章 反义疑问句 .26第十一章 主谓一致 .29第十二章 介词 .32第十三章 定语从句 .36第十四章 状语从句 .393第一章 词类及基本句型一、词类名词：表示人、食物或抽象概念的名称动词：表示动作或状态（及物动词和不及物动词）形容词：修饰名词、代词。 “的”副词：修饰动词、形容词。 “地”二、基本句型基本句型一：主语+谓语（不及物动词

2、）基本句型二：主语+谓语（及物动词）+ 宾语基本句型三：主语+系动词+ 表语基本句型四：主语+谓语+ 直接宾语+ 间接宾语基本句型五：主语+谓语+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语基本句型六：There be 句型三、练习判断下列句子属于那种句型1. He made the boy laugh.2. Toms mother sounded worried.3. My father often reads newspaper after supper.4. We gave them some money.5. Mr Johnson taught us German last year.6. All of us

3、 considered him honest.7. Classes begin at eight every day.8. The report sounds interesting.9. Would you please pass me the dictionary?10. The pain made him cry out.11. You should study hard.12. Her job is to look after the children in the hospital.13. They push the door open.第二章 名词一、名词的分类及数（1）名词 普通

4、名词 可数名词不可数名词4专有名词 表人、地方、机构、事物、组织的专用名称（2）名词变复数的规则（3）特殊的名词变复数单数 复数 意义 单数 复数 意义foot feet 脚；英尺 knife knives 刀tooth teeth 牙齿 woman women 妇女child children 孩子 ox oxen 牛basis bases 基础 phenomenon phenomena 现象（4）单复数相同fish chicken fruit deer sheep means(方式) Swiss(瑞士人) Chinese Japanese works（工厂）crossroads（十字路口）

5、head（牲畜数量“头”）（5）名词形式上是单数，意义上是复数cattle 牛（总称） 、people 人民、 police 警察、staff 全体员工（6）学科类名词，形式上是复数，意义上是单数politics 政治； physics 物理； maths 数学（7）不可数名词常见易错：advice 建议; furniture 家具; equipment 设备； fun 乐趣；information 信息；paper 纸；work工作；progress 进步；traffic 交通；housework 家务劳动；wealth 财富。（8）有些名词既可做可数又可做不可数名词 可数 不可数 名词 可

6、数 不可数glass 玻璃杯 玻璃 danger 危险人物 危险room 房间 空间 time 次数倍数 时间work 工厂工程 工作 life 生命 生活二. 名词所有格（1）有生命的在词尾加“s”；无生命的用 “of +名词”（2）双重所有格构成a/an/this/that + 名词 + of +名词性物主代词/ 名词所有格注意:of 前的名词一定要有 a/an/this/that 等限定词of 前的名词不能是专有名词of 后的名词必须是特定的指认的名词如：these books of my friendsa friend of my fathersa friend of mine三、练习

7、1. This is _ reading-room.A. the teachers B. teachers C. teachers D. the teachers52. Nothing was found but _ broken.A. the room window B. the rooms window C. the room of the window D. the window of room3. How many_ would you like? A. paper B. bread C. pieces of papers D. pieces of bread4. Please get

8、 me a new _ when you go to town.A. clothes B. dress C. clothing D. trousers5. There are 34_ doctors in the hospital.A. woman B. women C. womans D. womens6. He is old , but he has _to do every day.A. a lot of work B. much worksC. lots of homeworks D. quite a lot of homeworks7. Therere many _ in my br

9、others album.A. leafs B. toys C. books D. stamps8. Yesterday I went to the market and bought a lot of _.A. tomatoes B. potatos C. vegetable D. meats13.Please remember to give the horse some tree _.A leafs B leaves C leaf D leave14.The son asked his mother to buy _ glasses for him.A a type of B a pil

10、e of C a piece of D a pair of15.There is a _ of wood left on the ground.A cup B piece C box D pair16.- What do you think of the _ there? - They are very delicious.A cakes B meat C rice D milk9. Today is September 10th. Its _ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A Teachers B Teachers C

11、the Teachers D Teachers10.-Wheres your father? - At _.A Mr Greens B Mr Green C the Mr Greens D Mr Greens11. He found two _ in the room.A photos B heros C tomatos D potatos12.This table is made of _.A many glass B glasses C some glasses D glass第三章 一般时态一、一般现在时6用法：表示经常性习惯性的动作或常存在的状态；客观真理构成：主语+be 动词（am、

12、is 、are）+表语主语（单三）+动词实义动词（s/es）时间状语：often、usually、every（day、week 、month）二、一般过去时用法：表示过去技经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态构成：主语+be 动词（was、 were）+表语主语+动词过去式时间状语：yesterday、at that time、last（week 、month、year）三、一般将来时用法：表示将要发生的事情或存在的事情构成：主语+will/shall（第一人称）+动词原形表示未经事先思考的意图，表明说话者的观点、主观意识主语+be going to+动词原形表示已经决定或安排要做的事，客观迹象表

13、明必然或可能发生的事，表示自然现象主语+be to+动词原形表示计划中约定的或按职责、义务必须去做或即将发生的动作主语+ be about to+动词原形（常与 when 连用）表示主观要做的事，常与 when 连用四、时态练习题1.-Nancy is not coming to the party tonight. -But she _ me shed love to.A tells B told C will tell D is going to tell2. If I find his telephone number，I _ you.A tell B told C is telling

14、 D will tell 3.Jim _ to work in his home after he graduated from university.A goes B went C will go D have gone4.Keep practicing and you _ your English.A improve B will improve C improving D improves5.-When _ Jim _ to New York? -YesterdayA does; get B did; get C will; get D has; got6.Teacher told us

15、 the earth _ around the sun.A travelled B travels C will travel D travelling7. -Ann is in hospital. - I _ , I _ her.A didnt know; will see B knows; will see C knows ; sees D didnt know; saw7第四章 代词一、人称代词的用法1.人称代词的人称、数和格。 2.人称代词有主格和宾格之分。如：I like table tennis. （作主语） Do you know him?（作宾语）3.人称代词还可作表语。作表语

16、时用宾格。 如：-Whos is knocking at the door? -Its me.4.人称代词在 than 之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。如：He is older than me. He is older than I am.单数 复数主格 宾格 主格 宾格第一人称 I me we us第二人称 you you you you第三人称hesheithimherit they them二、物主代词的用法1.表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。2. 形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如：Our teacher is coming to see us.

17、 This is her pencil-box.注意：名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。Our school is here, and theirs is there.（作主语）- Is this English-book yours? （作表语）- No. Mine is in my bag.Ive already finished my homework. Have you finished yours?（作宾语）数 人称 形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词第一人称 my mine第二人称 your yourshis hisher hers单数第三人称its its

18、8第一人称 our ours第二人称 your yours复数第三人称 their theirs练习题：1. This is not my pencil-box. _ ( I ) is in the bag.2. Trees are planted in _ ( we ) country every year, which makes our country more and more beautiful.3. -Is that bike Miss Gaos? -Yes, it is _(she) . Beautiful, isnt it?4. Help _ (you) to some fru

19、it, Jack.5. -Who taught your brother to surf ? -Nobody. He learnt all by _ (he).6. Their English teacher is from America, but _ (we) is from England.7. Marys answer is different from _ ( I ).8. -My watch keeps good time. What about _ (you)? -Mine? Oh, two minutes slow.9. Sam is my brother. Do you li

20、ke to play with _ (he)?10. Did you enjoy _ (you), Mary and Kate?三、反身代词的用法 英语中用来表示“自己” ，等意义的代词称为反身代词。反身代词在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。1. 作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语。指同一个人或一些人。 He called himself a writer Would you please express yourself in English? 2. 作表语。It doesnt matterIll be myself soonThe girl in the news is mys

21、elf 3. 作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。I myself washed the clothes=I washed the clothes myself. （作主语同位语）You should ask the teacher himself （作宾语同位语）I - myself 我自己 you - yourself 你自己he - himself 他自己 she - herself 她自己it - itself 它自己 we - ourselves 我们自己you - yourselves 你们自己 they - themselves 他们自己常用短语1. by oneself 单独

22、的；独自的 2. enjoy oneself 玩的愉快3. help oneself to 自用 4. dress oneself 自己穿衣服5. say to oneself 自言自语 6. teach oneself = learn by oneself 自学四、指示代词的用法 指示代词包括：this，that，these，those。 1.this 和 these 指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that 和 those 则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例:This is a pen and that is a pencil We are busy these days In those

23、 days the workers had a hard 9time2. 有时 that 和 those 指前面讲到过的事物，this 和 these 则是指下面将要讲到的事物例:I had a cold. Thats why I didnt come. What I want to say is this ; Pronunciation is very important in learning English3. 有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用 that 或 those 代替例:Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as th

24、ose made in Shanghai4. this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例:Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?五、疑问代词的用法 疑问代词有 who，whom，whose，what 和 which 等。疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，一般在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。Who is going to come here tomorrow?（作主语） What is that? (作表语)Whose umbrella is this? (作定语) Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语)六、不定代

25、词的用法不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，不定代词有：some, any， many, much, each, neither, other, another, all, both, one, none, either在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。七、相互代词的用法表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有 each other 和 one another 两种形 式。在当代英语中，each other 和 one another 没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语，定语。作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式。We should learn from each other / on

26、e another. （宾语）Do you often write to each other / one another? （宾语）We often borrow each others / one anothers books. 定语The students corrected each others / one anothers mistakes in their homework. （作定语）八、练习题1 These are books. Yours are over there.A I B my C me D mine2 is she? She is a teacher.A What

27、 B How C Who D Where3 is wrong with my watch. It has stopped.A Something, working B Something, to workC Any thing, working D Anything, to work4 Mary, help to the bananas, please.A you B your C yourself D yourselves105 do you go to school every day? By bus.A How B Why C When D Where6 My skirt is popu

28、lar than.A much, her B much, hers C more, her D more, hers7 Can you speak English? Yes, but only.A few B a few C little D a little8 Mr.Smith is an old friend of .A I B me C my D mine9 “ do you hear from your parents?” “About once a month.”A How long B How many C How often D How much10 Mr Green would

29、nt say at the meeting.A everything B nothing C anything D something11 “Mum, Anns coming tonight. Lets give her to eat.” “Good idea!”A anything nice B nice anything C something nice D nice something12 When shall we meet, this evening or tomorrow evening? I dont mind. time is OK.A Some B Neither C Eit

30、her D Both13 This is not her kite, but.A hes B him C he D his14 Dont worry, Mum! news is good news. Im sure daddy will come back soon. A No B Many C Those D Two第五章 数词一、分类1.基数词：表示数目多少（1）以下是最基本的基数词，学习者必须牢记：one(1), two(2), three(3), four(4), five(5), six(6), seven(7), eight(8), nine(9), ten(10), eleven

31、(11), twelve(12), thirteen(13), fourteen(14), fifteen(15), sixteen(16), seventeen(17), eighteen(18), nineteen(19), twenty(20), thirty(30), forty(40), fifty(50), sixty(60), seventy(70), eighty(80), ninety(90), a hundred(100), a thousand(1000), a million(1000000), a billion (十亿)（2）2199 的表示法。先说“几十”，再说“

32、几” ，中间加连字号：twenty-one(21), thirty-six(36), forty-five(45), ninety-nine(99)等。 （ 3）101999 的表示法。先说“几百” ，后接 and，再加末尾两位数(或末位数)：one hundred and one(101), five hundred and thirty(530), seventy hundred and eighty-nine(789)（3）1000 以上的基数词。先从右至左数，每三位数加一个逗号( 即以此把数目分为若干段)。第一个逗号前的数为 thousand(千) ，第二个逗号前的数 million(百万)，第三个逗号前的数为 billion(十亿) ，第四个逗号前的数为 trillion(万亿) ，然后一段一段地数2.序数词：表示先后顺序。