英语构词法讲解及相关练习.doc

1、1构词法 Word Formation在英语中，词的构成方式主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。一、合成 Compounding 两个或更多的词合成一个词。方式：1. 直接写在一起。 2. 用连字符(-)连接。 3. 由两个分开的词构成。(1) 合成形容词方式 例词1 形容词形容词 red-hot2 形容词名词 first-class, full-time, part-time3 形容词现在分词 good-looking, free-thinking, 4 形容词过去分词 ready-made5 形容词名词-ed good-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded6 名

2、词名词-ed iron-willed7 名词形容词 world-famous, day-long 8 名词现在分词 beauty-loving, freedom-loving, job-hunting, 9 名词过去分词 man-made, water-covered, 10 副词形容词 ever-green11 副词现在分词 hard-working, far-seeing12 副词过去分词 well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known13 数词名词 five-year14 数词名词+形容词 five-year-old15 数词名词-ed four-leg

3、ged, six-storied (2)合成动词构成方式 例词1 名词动词 day-dream2 副词动词 overcome, upturn 翻起3 形容词动词 white-wash(3)合成名词构成方式 例词1 名词名词 horseback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone, 2 形容词名词 back-yard, forehead, 3 动名词名词 hiding place, reading-room4 动词副词 get-off, break in, 5 副词动词 output, overflow(4)合成副词 however, maybe, whereve

4、r, whenever, forever (5)合成代词 whoever, whatever, everyone, nobody, myself, something, anything, 二、派生 Derivation前缀前缀 含义 例词a- 处在 arise, aside, aloneen- 使可能 enrich, enable, enslavedis- 不，否定 dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder, disagree2un- 不做相反动作unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, u

5、nclose, undress, uncover, untiein-im-ir-il-不，非 inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impracticalirregular, irresponsibleillogical, non- 不，非 non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stopde- 向相反方向发展 Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解冻）anti- 反（对） anti-

6、freeze, anti-fascistmis- 错误的，坏的 misdoings, misunderstand, misfortunere 重复，再 rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle, co- 共同 co-exist, co-operate, co-educationex 以前的 Ex-husband, ex-presidenttele 远程 telephone, telegraph, telescopesuper- 在上面，超级 supermarket, superpower, under- 在之下 underline, underestimate, u

7、nderground, inter- 相互，之间 international, interact, inter-changesub- 下，次 subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent, trans- 过，穿过，变 transformation(变形), translatevice- 副 vice-premier, vice-presidentsemi- 半 semifinal, semicircle, semi-automaticbi 两个 bicycle, biennial 两年一次的tri 三个 triangle 三角形, tricyc

8、le 三轮脚踏车, triplets 三胞胎mul- 多，多种 multiply, multi-national, multi-colouredkilo- 千 kilometre, kilogram 后缀 后 缀 例 词-er farmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater-ess actress, waitress, princess, hostess-or conductor, sailor, transistor, operator, -ar be

9、ggar-ese Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese-ian musician, Egyptian, physician-ist scientist, dentist, communist, socialist, -ent/-ant assistant -ment argument, judgment, government-ness happiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness-tion dictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, in

10、vention-ing building, wedding, painting-ship leadership, friendship, hardship-age shortage, marriage, leakage-ty loyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty名词-th truth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth3-ance acceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance-ence dependence, confi

11、dence, reference, entrance, defence-ful mouthful, handful, plateful, -al refusal, denial, arrival-y difficulty, possibility, -dom freedom, wisdom, kingdom-ism socialism, materialism注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。后 缀 例 词-al central, industrial, national, natural-an Euro

12、pean, American, Australian-ern eastern, northern, southern-able reasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable, sensible-ful careful, cheerful, grateful, faithful, -ish childish, Swedish, selfish-ive destructive, collective, active, creative, effective-y thirsty, dirty, windy,

13、sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny-less careless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless-en golden, wooden, woolen-ous courageous, famous, continuous, serious, various-ary imaginary, revolutionary, secondary-ic realistic, historic, poetic-some troublesome, burdensome, lonesome, hand

14、some-like childlike, womanlike, manlike-ant ignorant, significant, observant, important-ent diligent, silent, excellent, frequent -ly lively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly形容词-ish childish, foolish后 缀 例 词-ize realize, modernize, mechanize, criticize, -en widen, strengthen, lengthen, s

15、harpen, widen, shorten, quicken, deepen动词-fy Simplify, beautify, terrify, 后 缀 例 词-ward(s) forward, northward, backward, downward副词 -ly slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendly三、转化 Conversion: 指一个词不变化词形，而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。1. 名词和动词之间的转化4telephone 电话 打电话, mirror 镜子像镜子一样反映, drink 喝饮料, reco

16、rd 录音记录, name, date, hand, study, 2. 形容词转化为动词 perfect 完美的使完善3.名词转化为形容词(副词) front 前面前面的4.形容词转化为名词 chief 主要的首领.Match the right words from the right column with the words on the left. ( ) 1. enrich A. trying to find jobs( ) 2. semicircle B. remove, get rid of ice, frost( ) 3. troublesome C. of, having,

17、 using imagination( ) 4. sharpen D. make or become sharp( ) 5. job-hunting E. half a circle( ) 6. limitless F. causing trouble( ) 7. imaginative G. make rich, improve in quality, flavour, etc.( ) 8. defrost H. without limit.Use the appropriate form of the words to fill in the blanks. 1. The mother d

18、idnt know why her daughter was crying _. (noise)2. He was one of the best _ in yesterdays football match. (play)3. Look! How _ Kate is laughing! (happy)4. It snowed _ last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy)5. Edison was a great _. During his life he had many _. (invent)6. More

19、and more _ have come to visit China over these years. （foreign）7. We want _ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy)8. Please give me some reference work. It will _ my task. (simple)9. The boy had the _ of being half starved. (appear)10. The police have _ a plot against the President. (cover)11.

20、The doctor said that Marys mother needed an _.(operate)12. She hoped that her son would become a _. (music)13. Few _ words made us excited. (speak)14. The days on the moon get hotter than _ water. (boil)15. Thank you for your _. (kind)16. Many college students work while they are studying because th

21、ey want to make some money for their college _. (expensive)17. Most international _ letters are written in English, too. (busy)18. The boy noticed an _ mistake on his paper, but he decided not to say anything about it. 5(correct) 19. When in Rome, do as the _ do. (Rome)20. The teacher was pleased wi

22、th her _. (honest).根据上下文语境和提示的首字母，在划线处写出一个合适的词。A. RaftingRafting is an exciting adventure. A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams. Rafting is a good way to experience n_. If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few f_

23、trees or rocks. If you are looking for more e_, you may want to try whitewater rafting. Whitewater rafting is more a_ and difficult than normal rafting. It is done on rivers and streams where the water moves q_. You have to be c_ not to hit rocks, trees and other dangers. The name “W_” comes from th

24、e fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly. B. Are we endangered?Steve Jones is an environmental expert who tries to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered. If we know more about what causes e_, we may be able to take m_ before it is too late. A spe

25、cies can become e_ for different reasons. Animals and plants must have a habitat or home, which is c_ and clean, and where there is enough food and other resources. They are all used to their environment; that is, they have learnt how to live s_ in their habitat. Keys: .1. G 2. E 3. F 4. D 5. A 6. H

26、 7. C 8. B.1. noisily 2. players 3. happily 4. heavily 5. inventor; inventions 6. foreigners 7. satisfactory 8. simplify 9. appearance 10. uncovered 11. operation12. musician 13. spoken 14. boiling 15. kindness16. expenses 17. business 18. uncorrected 19. Romans 20. honesty. A 篇 nature, fallen, excitement, adventurous, quickly, careful, WhitewaterB. 篇 endangerment, measures, endangered, comfortable, successfully