英语阅读理解主旨大意题的解题技巧.doc

1、英语阅读理解主旨大意题的解题技巧高考英语阅读理解主要考查考生能够在单位时间内快速阅读英语短文，了解短文的主题思想，对文中信息进行分析、推理、判断，并把握上下文事实、细节之间的时空顺序和逻辑关系，理解作者的意图、态度以及文章寓意的能力。综观历年阅读理解题的设问，我们可以看出：试题设问手法灵活、提问深入，而且语篇意识进一步加强了；不仅要求学生理解文章的字面意思，还要求学生理解文章的内在含义。阅读理解的考查题型主要有六大类：细节理解题，推理判断题，主旨大意题，词义猜测题，判断作者意图、态度、观点题和判断文章的基本结构题。其中，主旨大意题型旨在考察考生通过快速阅读获取语篇的中心思想的能力，以及辨别主要

2、信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生运用逻辑概括能力，从文章的字里行间获取文章中的代表性观点和中心论点。主旨大意题是考生容易出错的题型之一，错误主要表现为：概括文章中心时以偏概全（只见树木不见森林） ，概括性不够，或者概括过度，超出了文本的内容，缺乏针对性。高考阅读理解主旨大意题型的命题形式主要有：1. The main topic/subject of the passge is _.2. What is mainly discussed in the text/X paragraph？3. What is the main idea of the passage？4. The purpose o

3、f this passage is _.5. The passage mainly focused on _.6. What would be the best title/topic/headline of the text？上述命题形式大致可以概括为三类：选择段落或文章的主题思想、写作目的和标题。下面结合高考实例来分析主旨大意题的解题技巧。一、 文章或者某段落的主旨大意主题句定位法众所周知，文章是由段落组成，每个段落都是围绕某个中心思想展开的一群句子的组合，而段落的中心思想又是为文章主旨服务的。寻找文章中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每一小段的主题句，然后通过寻找共同点，找出整个文

4、章的主题句，这是找准文章主题大意的关键。主题句是文章的核心，它往往是一个有很强概括性和代表性的句子。找到了文章的主题句，文章的中心思想也就显而易见了。但是由于文章表现手法各不相同，主题句出现的位置也不尽相同。在多数情况下，尤其在说明文和议论文中，主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种：开头、文中和文末。解题时，我们通常采用浏览的方式，仔细选读文章的首尾段和首尾句（包括每一段的首尾句） ，重点搜索主题线索和脉络。下面阐述五种主题呈现的方式：1开门见山式主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、论证或发展主题思想。这种写作手法叫做演绎法，在英语文章中尤为常见，这种文章的主题句最容易找到，故主

5、题思想显而易见。 （2005 年全国高考重庆卷 E 篇）：In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad，that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relat

6、ionship between people.What does this passage mainly talk about？_A.Competition helps to set up self-respect.B.Opinions about competition are different among people.C.Competition is harmful to personal quality development.D. Failures are necessary experience in competition.2藏头露尾式主题句出现在文尾。即文章先阐述了细节，然后

7、归纳要点，得出结论，概括主题，叫做归纳写作法，主题句往往位于末段。这一类文章的主题句也很明显，不难找到。On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can. We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet. Whats more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot

8、of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.Whats the main idea o

9、f the passage？ _A. Keep away from the Internet. B. Surf the net. C. The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life. D. We can entertain ourselves on the Internet.3首尾呼应式在有些文章中，为了突出主题，作者在文章开头提出主题，接着进行阐述或论证，在结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也很常见。值得注意的是，前后两个主题句不是简单的重复，再次出现的主题句往往是前面主题句的进一步引申或发展。Lacrosse

10、(曲棍球 ) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World. People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal isThere

11、are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio. At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.The passage is mainly about _ .

12、A. How to Play Lacrosse B. Lacrosse in Canada C. The History of Lacrosse D. LacrosseA Popular Game in Canada 4抛砖引玉式即文章的开头只是提出一个问题或者貌似正确的观点，而真正的主题则是通过对问题的解析和引申，或是通过责问和驳论的方式导出主题。How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environmentsmostly for entertainment purposesis fair

13、and respectful？Zoo officials say they are concerned about animals. However, most zoos remain “collections” of interesting “things” rather than protective habitats (栖息地). Zoos claim (声称 ) to educate people and save endangered species(物种), but visitors leave zoos without having learned anything meanin

14、gful about the animals natural behavior, intelligence, or beauty.Actually, we will save endangered species only if we save their habitat and put an end to the reasons people kill them. Instead of supporting zoos, we should support groups that work to protect animals natural habitats.What does the au

15、thor try to argue in the passage ？_A.Zoos are not worth the public support.B.Zoos fail in their attempt to save animals.C.Zoos should treat animals as human beings.D.Zoos use animals as a means of entertainment.5藏龙卧虎式即主题句隐含在全文当中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，要求考生根据文章的细节来分析、概括推导出文章的主题。具体方法是：首先弄清楚各个段落讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些

16、内容在逻辑上有什么联系，寻找共同点,然后加以归纳形成主题。Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed(无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As

17、time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each others hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Lets shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached.The

18、 first paragraph mainly tells us _. A. where handshaking was first practicedB. how handshaking came aboutC. about the relationship between handshaking and tradeD. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China二、选择最好的标题选帽原则标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子，它高度概括了文章内容，点明文章主题，它是文章中心思想最精练的表达形式。那如何选择文章的标题

19、呢？如同选择文章的主题思想一样，标题要有概括性、全面性、针对性。标题要避免概括不够，即以部分代整体，或以事实细节代替具体的大意；也要避免概括过度，即脱离了文本内容的过度发挥，导致标题范围太大，缺乏针对性。像帽子一样，大小合适才行。另外，标题要简洁、突出、新颖。标题是文章的点睛之笔，所以它还要具有醒目的特点，能吸引读者。例一 He wishes the holiday season would end already. His back aches, his red suit feels like a spacesuit, his cheeks have gone tight from smil

20、ing for 12 hours The questions from children these days are harder than ever. Now, with thousands of children expecting a father or mother serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, the questions are as heart-breaking as they are unanswerable. For example, “Can you please bring Daddy home from the war in time

21、for Christmas morning？”Santas also have a pretty good chance of getting sued (指控)What would be the best title for the passage？ _AChristmas: Not a Good Festival for Santas BIs Santa Claus Really Alive？ CA Christmas Story DWhat Does Santa Claus Do for Children ？例二 I suddenly heard an elephant crying a

22、s though frightened. Looking down, I immediately recognized that something was wrong, and ran down to the edge of the near bank. There I saw Ma Shwe with her three-month-old calf struggling in the fast-rising water, and it was a life-and-death struggle. Her calf was floating and screaming with fear.

23、 While I was wondering what I could do next, I heard the sound of a mothers love. Ma Shwe had crossed the river and got up the bank and was making her way back as fast as she could, roaring (吼叫) all the time, but to her calf it was music.What can be the best title for the text?A Mothers Love A Brave

24、 Act Deadly River A Matter of Life and Death一般情况下，考生在做阅读理解题时，首先要快速浏览，预测大意,然后灵活交替使用跳读、回读、细读等方式，寻找有用的信息，验证和纠正先前的预测。其次，对关键句子要仔细解读,如文章的首尾段和首尾句，抓住大意，确定文章的主题思想，分清层次，辨别主题和细节。一旦考生弄清楚文章主旨大意，那么在做其他的细节理解题、推理判断题和词义猜测题的时候，都会有一个正确的方向，做题的正确率也会大大提高。三其他注意事项(一) 特别关注结论性或者转折性的语言，文中出现的连词（转折 but/ however，因果 so/ therefore

25、，或一些常见但在文章中间出现有一定目的的词（in fact, the study shows that, for example, in short）, 这些词后面所阐述的往往就是主题句 。(二)关注高频词 (常为名词)（三）在选择正确答案的过程中，尽量要避免选择过于绝对的选项。例如：选项中包含有all, completely, only, almost, absolutely, definitely 等。通常正确的答案有一定的概括性和结论性，过于细节的选项往往不是正确答案，而过于笼统的选项则往往缺乏准确性，或者过于片面，需要我们在选择时注意。四一种特殊的做题方法-假定标题写作法；这是一种逆向

26、思维的方法。这种方法就是先设定某一个选项为正确的文章标题，那么，按照这个标题文章通常应该怎么写、写什么呢？根据标题里的核心词，我们可以在头脑里大致确定一下文章的结构和内容，如果二者与阅读短文基本相同，就可以判断该项正确；如果与短文大相径庭，就可以判断该项不对。 使用这种方法的关键是找出标题中的核心词。Passage 7 (2009 年浙江英语卷 E 篇)Four people in England, back in 1953, stared at photo 51. It wasnt much a picture showing a black X. But three of these pe

27、ople won the Nobel Prize for figuring out what the photo really showedthe shape of DNA. The discovery brought fame and fortune to scientists James Watson, Francis crick, and Maurice Wilkins. The fourth, the one who actually made the picture, was left out.Her name was Rosalind Franklin. “She should h

28、ave been up there,” says historian Mary Bowden. ”if her photo hadnt been there, the others couldnt have come up with the structure.” one reason Franklin was missing was that she had died of cancer four years before the Nobel decision. But now scholar doubt that Franklin was not only robbed of her li

29、fe by disease but robbed of credit by her competitions.As Franklins competitors, Wilkins, Watson and Crick had much to gain by cutting her out of the little group of researchers, says historian Pnina Abir-Am. In 1962 at the Nobel Prize awarding ceremony, Wilkins thanked 13 colleagues by name before

30、he mentioned Franklin. Watson wrote his book laughing at her. Crick wrote in 1974 that “Franklins was only two steps away from the solution.”No, Franklin was the solution.” She contributed more than any other player to solving the structure of DNA. She must be considered a co-discoverer,” Abir-Am sa

31、ys. This was backed up by Aaron Klug, who worked with Franklin and later won a Nobel Prize himself. Once described as the “Dark Lady of DNA”, Franklin is finally coming into the light.What is the text mainly about?A. The disagreements among DNA researchers. B. The unfair treatment of Franklin.C. The

32、 process of discovering DNA. D The race between two teams of scientists.五 错误选项的特点以偏概全. 只是局部信息, 或是一句没有展开论述的话.过于笼统. 即归纳的主题太泛, 与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论述.把观点强加与作者. 读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解.无关信息, 既在文章中没有提到或找不到语言依据的信息练习一：Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduat

33、ion. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris

34、Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.练习二If you were planning to buy a tele

35、vision set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hu-rry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set w

36、hich is “just right for you” It costs 395. This sales trick is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.The paragraph co

37、uld be entitled _.A. Buyer Beware B. Closeout(出清存货) Sale C. Crime Pays D. Buying a TV Set 练习三Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self- respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as “honor“ help you create this life of good feelings.

38、Heres an example to show how honorable actions create happiness. Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent, and profit from the clerks mistake, we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement. Later we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune. On the ot

39、her hand, if we tell the clerk about the uncharged item, the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul.Then, what is it to do with our sense of happiness? In the first case, where we dont tel

40、l the clerk, a couple of things would happen. 50. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?How to Live Truthfully B. Importance of PeacefulnessC. Ways of Gaining Self-respect D. Happiness through Honorable Actions练习四A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the

41、port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city. As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and

42、the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air i

43、nside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing cover

44、ing and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining. Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system, just below the road surface on one side, removes any extra liqu

45、id, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will includ

46、e emergency phones. 75. The passage is mainly about _. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the construction of two tunnels D. the design of two tunnels 练习五 2010 辽宁 CToo much TV-watching can harm childrens ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree

47、, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedrooms TVs.6

48、7. What would be the best title for this text?A. Computers or Television B. Effects of Television on ChildrenC. Studies on TV and College Education D. Television and Childrens Learning Habits练习六The term “multitasking” originally referred to peoples ability to carry out several tasks one time. For ma

49、ny people ,multitasking has become a way of life and even a key to success .In fact, some excellent mental acrobic exercises(大量训练)involve engaging the brain in two or more challenging activities at a time. Although checking email while talking on a phone and reading the newspaper may be second nature for some people ,many times multitasking can make u