会话含义与英语中的劝说语功能分析【毕业设计】.doc

1、本科毕业设计（20届）会话含义与英语中的劝说语功能分析ASTUDYONTHEENGLISHPERSUASIVELANGUAGEFROMTHECONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREPERSPECTIVE所在学院专业班级英语学生姓名学号指导教师职称完成日期年月1【ABSTRACT】THISTHESISINTENDSTOSTUDYENGLISHPERSUASIVELANGUAGEINTERMSOFITSPERSUASIVEIMPLICATUREFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURETHEORYASAPOWERFULMEANSOFCOMM

2、UNICATION,PERSUASIONBARESTHECHARACTERISTICSOFEXTENSIVENESS,COMPLEXITYANDDIVERSITYTHISTHESISCARRIESOUTAPRAGMATICANALYSISOFPERSUASIVELANGUAGEBYRESORTINGTOTHECONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURETHEORYPROPOSEDBYGRICE,ASTHETHEORETICALGUIDANCEINANATTEMPTTOSTUDYHOWTHESPEAKERSUCCEEDSINPERSUADINGTHEAUDIENCECONVERSATION

3、ALIMPLICATURECOULDARISEBYMEANSOFVIOLATINGOROBSERVINGTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEMAXIMSTHEMAINEMPHASISOFTHISTHESISHASBEENLAIDONTHEANALYSISOFPERSUASIVELANGUAGEFROMTHEVIEWPOINTOFHOWTHESPEAKERVIOLATESTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEWHENSENDINGPERSUASIVEIMPLICATURESOMETYPICALCONVERSATIONSCOLLECTEDFROMMARKETING,DAILYCO

4、MMUNICATIONAMONGFAMILIESINDIFFERENTCONTEXTSARECHOSENFORCASEANALYSISTODETECTTHECONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREATLASTTHISTHESISSUMMARIESTHEPRACTICALANDTHEORETICALMEANINGOFTHISTHESISANDPOINTSOUTTHEPOSSIBLELIMITATIONSOFTHEPRESENTSTUDY【KEYWORDS】ENGLISHPERSUASIVELANGUAGECONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURECOOPERATIVEPRINC

5、IPLECONTEXT2【摘要】本文旨在以会话含义理论为指导，分析劝说语如何成功实现劝说功能。劝说语作为一种强有力的沟通工具，具有广泛性、复杂性和多样性的特点。语言学理论为研究劝说语提供了新的视角。本文运用语用学基本原理会话含义理论分析劝说语，集中探讨格莱斯的会话含义理论在劝说语应用中的具体体现和特征；通过商业领域和生活中收集的案例研究劝说者如何违反合作原则以成功实现劝说。最后揭示本研究在劝说活动中的实践意义和在语言学领域的意义并综述本文研究的局限性。【关键词】劝说语；会话含义；合作原则；语境。3目录1INTRODUCTION111DEFINITIONOFPERSUASION112RATION

6、ALEANDSIGNIFICANCEOFTHESTUDY113METHODOLOGYOFTHESTUDY214ORGANIZATIONOFTHETHESIS32THEORETICALFOUNDATIONOFTHESTUDY321CONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURETHEORY322THECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLE4221THEMAXIMSOFCOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLE4222VIOLATIONOFTHEMAXIMS523CLASSIFICATIONOFIMPLICATURE6231GENERALIZEDIMPLICATURE6232PARTICULAR

7、IZEDIMPLICATURE73CONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREANALYSISOFENGLISHPERSUASIVELANGUAGE831VIOLATIONOFTHEQUNATITYMAXIM8311GIVINGLESSINFORMATION8312GIVINGMOREINFORMATION932VIOLATIONOFTHEQUALITYMAXIM1033VIOLATIONOFTHERELATIONMAXIM1134VIOLATIONOFTHEMANNERMAXIM1135SUMMARY124CONCLUSION1441SUMMARY1442LIMITATIONS14RE

8、FERENCES1511INTRODUCTIONTHEHUMANSOCIETYISACOMBINATIONOFCOOPERATIONANDCOMPETITION,ANDPERSUASIONPLAYSANINDISPENSABLEROLEINBOTHASPECTSASAPOWERFULMEANSOFCOMMUNICATION,PERSUASIONISANEFFECTIVEWAYTOELIMINATEOBSTACLESBETWEENTHEPERSUADERANDTHEAUDIENCEANDITCANALSOINFLUENCETHEMOTIVATION,COGNITION,EMOTION,ANDAT

9、TITUDEOFTHELISTENERPERSUASIONHASGREATIMPACTONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFOURHUMANSOCIETYINAREASSUCHASBUSINESS,POLITICS,ANDCULTUREHENCEITISOFPRACTICALIMPORTANCETOSTUDYTHISLINGUISTICPHENOMENON11DEFINITIONOFPERSUASIVELANGUAGEITISACOMMONWAYTOCLARIFYACONCEPTBYPROVIDINGADEFINITION,FORADEFINITIONMAKESSOMESETSOFINSTANC

10、ESSPECIFIEDTOWHICHTHECONCEPTAPPLIESHOWEVER,THEDEFINITIONSOFPERSUASIONGIVENBYRESEARCHERSATHOMEANDABROADAREVARIOUSAMONGTHESEDEFINITIONS,SOMEREGARDPERSUASIONASAWAYOFCOMMUNICATIONDESIGNEDTOAFFECTTHEAUTONOMOUSJUDGMENTSONACTIONOFOTHERSHERBERT,1986ANOTHERDEFINITIONPROPOSEDBYOXFORDADVANCEDLEARNERSENGLISHCHI

11、NESEDICTIONARYISTHATPERSUASIONISAPROCESSTOMAKESOMEONEAGREETODOSOMETHINGBYGIVINGGOODREASONSFORDOINGITTHEFORMERDEFINITIONSEES“PERSUASION”ASAPRACTICEWHICHIMPLIESTHATTHEPERSUADERMAKESTHEOTHERSDOSOMETHINGBYARGUINGORREASONINGWITHHIMTHELATTERONEREGARDS“PERSUASION”ASANEFFECT,ASITMEANSPERSUASIONISTOMAKESOMEO

12、NETOBELIEVEWHATTHEPERSUADERSAYSANDCONVINCEHIMSIMONS,2001238NEVERTHELESS,MOSTCONCEPTSHAVEFUZZYEDGES,WHICHMEANSINSOMEGRAYAREASAPPLICATIONOFTHECONCEPTISARGUABLETHEREFORE,OTHERSTHINKTHATADEFINITIONOFPERSUASIONISNOTNECESSARYTHISTHESISAGREESWITHBERNARDSOPINIONSHECLAIMSTHATPERSUASIONISTOPERSUADETHEAUDIENCE

13、TOTHINKORACTINAPARTICULARWAYBYUSINGAPPEALSTOLOGIC,VALUESANDFEELINGSBERNARD,1986THEESSENCEOFPERSUASIONSTANDSFORTHESHREWDBUTDIPLOMATICMANIPULATIONHISTORYOFGETTINGPEOPLEFROMTHEOPPOSITESIDEONTOOURSIDEWITHOUTUSINGANYFORCE12RATIONALEANDSIGNIFICANCEOFTHESTUDYPERSUASION,AMEANSOFCOMMUNICATION,INTENDSTOCHANGE

14、THEJUDGMENTANDPRACTICEOFTHEAUDIENCE,BUTNEVERDEPRIVETHEMOFTHEIRPOWEROFMAKINGDECISIONTHEREFORE,PERSUASIONDOESNOTIMPOSEBUT2PREDISPOSESTHESUBJECTITSELFISQUITEFASCINATINGANDDUETOITSEXPLORATORYANDPRIMARYRESEARCHTHESTUDYMAYBEOFGREATTHEORETICALANDPRACTICALSIGNIFICANCEINTHISFIELDTHECHOICEOFTHETHESISTOPICONEN

15、GLISHPERSUASIVELANGUAGEISBASEDONTHEFOLLOWINGCONSIDERATIONSFIRSTLY,PERSUASIONISACENTRALFEATUREOFEVERYASPECTOFDAILYCOMMUNICATIONPERSUASIONCANBEFOUNDEVERYWHEREWHERETHEREISHUMANCOMMUNICATIONITISUNAVOIDABLEANDPERVASIVEITISQUITECLEARTHATPERSUASIONISANINDISPENSABLEPARTINLARGENUMBERSOFOCCUPATIONSLARGENUMBER

16、SOFPROFESSIONS,SUCHASSOCIALWORK,PUBLICRELATIONS,LAW,POLITICS,ADVERTISING,COUNSELING,BUSINESSMANAGEMENTASWECANSEEPERSUASIONISPARTANDPARCELINTHESEOCCUPATIONSSECONDLY,PERSUASIONEXISTSINPOLITICALSPEECHANDMARKETINGCOMMUNICATIONATHOMEANDABROADONONEHAND,MARKETECONOMYHASTRANSFERREDCHINATOAMARKETDRIVENSOCIET

17、YTHOUSANDSOFCOMMODITIESMAKEPERSUASIVECOMMUNICATIONANESSENTIALLINKTOWINTHEMARKETCOMPETITIONONTHEOTHERHAND,PERSUASIVELANGUAGEHASBEENWIDELYUSEDINPOLITICALSPEECHESANDQUANTITIESOFTHEMHAVEGONEDOWNINHISTORYFORITSPERSUASIVEIMPACTANDPOWERTHERESEARCHMAYANALYZETHEREASONSWHYSOMECOMPANIESARENOTASSUCCESSFULASOTHE

18、RSINPROMOTINGTHEIRPRODUCTSANDHELPTHEMREADJUSTTHEIRMARKETINGCOMMUNICATIONTHOUGHITMAYNOTASSURETHEMASUCCESSINTHEMARKET,ITCANINCISETHEIRCHANCESTOBEMORESUCCESSFULASTOPOLITICALSPEECH,BYSTUDYINGHOWPERSUASIVELANGUAGEWORKSANDWHYITFAILS,SPEAKERSCANUNDERSTANDMUCHBETTERINHOWTOWINTHECAMPAIGNTHROUGHTHEIRSPEECHTHE

19、THIRDCONSIDERATIONISRATHERACADEMICAGREATNUMBEROFPRINCIPLESHAVESOMETHINGTOSAYABOUTPERSUASION,BUTANALYSISFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURETHEORYISSTILLINITSINFANCYCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURETHEORY,ANIMPORTANTBRANCHOFPRAGMATICS,STUDIESLINGUISTICPHENOMENONFROMTHECONCRETECONTEXTANDTHEIRUSAGEPRO

20、PERTIESLAURA,2010169ITISBELIEVEDTOPROVIDEAMORECOMPREHENSIVEPERSPECTIVEINTHEUNDERSTANDINGOFPERSUASIVELANGUAGEANDDEEPENOURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHISLINGUISTICPHENOMENON13METHODOLOGYOFTHESTUDYTHISTHESISWILLINVOLVEILLUSTRATIVEMETHODWHENDESCRIBINGCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURETHEORYASTHETHEORETICALBASESAMPLEANALYSIS

21、WILLALSOBEUSED,WITHCASESSELECTEDFROMCOMMERCIALMARKETINGDIALOGUESANDDAILYCOMMUNICATIONSCOLLECTSAMPLESFROMDAILYLIFEINSITUATIONSSUCHASSHOPPINGMALL,HOMEDAILYCOMMUNICATIONANDSOONTHISISAQUALITATIVEANALYSISFROMTHEAPPROACHOFPRAGMATICSLEECH,1983127ITAIMSTOANALYZETHEAPPLICATIONOFCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREINSOM

22、ECONCRETECONTEXTSUCHASTHEMARKETINGCOMMUNICATION,COMMONCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENFRIENDSANDFAMILY3MEMBERSITTRIESTOANALYZEHOWPERSUASIVELANGUAGEWORKS,INANATTEMPTTOGAINSOMEINSIGHTSINTOTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHISTHEORYINTHESECOMMUNICATIONENVIRONMENT14ORGANIZATIONOFTHETHESISTHEPRESENTTHESISCONSISTSOFFOURCHAPTERSCHAPTE

23、RONEGIVESABRIEFINTRODUCTIONOFTHISRESEARCH,SPECIFYINGTHEDEFINITIONOFENGLISHPERSUASIVELANGUAGEINTHEPRESENTSTUDY,THERESEARCHPURPOSES,RATIONALE,SIGNIFICANCE,METHODOLOGYANDORGANIZATIONOFTHISTHESISCHAPTERTWOINTRODUCESTHETHEORETICALFOUNDATIONOFTHESTUDYFORTHEANALYSISOFTHEFUNCTIONANDEFFECTOFENGLISHPERSUASIVE

24、LANGUAGEBYAPPLYINGTHECONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURETHEORYTHESPEAKERMAYWANTTOCONVEYHISORHERMEANINGINANINDIRECTWAYBYVIOLATINGORFLOUTINGTHEMAXIMSOFCOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLESUCHCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREWILLBEINFERREDTHROUGHANALYSISBASEDONTHISTHEORYCHAPTERTHREEAIMSTOANALYZEENRICHEDCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREOFTYPICA

25、LMARKETINGCOMMUNICATION,DAILYCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENFAMILYMEMBERSCHAPTERFOURSERVESASACONCLUSIONOFTHETHESISANDPOINTSOUTTHEPOSSIBLEPRACTICALANDTHEORETICALMEANINGOFTHESTUDY2THEORETICALFRAMEWORKWITHTHEREVIEWOFTHERELEVANTLITERATURE,THISCHAPTERINTRODUCESGRICESCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURETHEORY4ASTHETHEORETICALB

26、ACKGROUNDFORINDEPTHRESEARCHINTOTHEPERSUASIVELANGUAGEINTHEFOLLOWINGCHAPTER21CONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURETHEORYGRICESAYSTHATASPEAKERSENDSMOREMESSAGETHANTHELITERALMEANINGOFWORDSWHICHISTRANSFERREDNOTBYUNDERSTANDINGTHEMLINGUISTICALLY,BUTBYPROVIDINGEVIDENCEOFTHEINTENTIONTHESPEAKERINTENDSTOCONVEYGRICEARGUESTH

27、ATTHECOMMUNICATIVEACTIVITIESOFHUMANBEINGSHOULDBERULEDBYPRINCIPLESANDNORMSWHILEHUNTINGFORTHEWAYSINWHICHSUCHEVIDENCEISOFFEREDBYTHEADDRESSERGRICE,2001321THETHEORYOFCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREATTEMPTSTOPROVIDETENTATIVEANSWERSTOQUESTIONSWHICHREADHOWONECANMEANMORETHANWHATONESAYSANDWHATISTHEMECHANISMUNDERLYI

28、NGTHEUSEOFASENTENCETOCONVEYEXTRAMEANINGINTHEDISSERTATIONNAMEDLOGICANDCONVERSATION,GRICECLEARLYSAYSTHATTHERATIONALEBENEATHTHECONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURETHEORYISTHEASSUMPTIONTHATRATIONALCOMMUNICATIONEXCHANGEISACOOPERATEEFFORTTOSOMEEXTENT,EACHPARTICIPANTRECOGNIZESITANDREGARDSITASASAMEPURPOSEORASETOFPURPO

29、SESGRICE,2001350THUS,AMESSAGESENDERMUSTGOBEYONDTHESEMANTICMEANINGOFWORDSTOINFERWHATTHESPEAKERINTENDSTOSENDTOREALLYKNOWTHEMEANINGOFANUTTERANCETHISNEEDSTHESPEAKERINTENDSTOCOMMUNICATEANDTHELISTENERCANRECOGNIZETHEPARTICULARINTENTIONANDALSOBEWILLINGTOCOOPERATEWITHTHESPEAKERTHECOREOFTHEPRINCIPLEISCOOPERAT

30、IVENESS,WHICHREFERSTOTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLE22THECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEGRICEDEVELOPSTHECONCEPTOFIMPLICATUREINCOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEITISMAINLYATHEORYABOUTHOWSPEAKERSUSELANGUAGEINCOMMUNICATIONHESUGGESTSTHATTHEREARESETSOFOVERARCHINGPRESUMPTIONSRULINGTHECONDUCTOFCONVERSATIONWUBINGZHANG,2007ASITSEEMSTHATTHES

31、EPRESUMPTIONSRAISEDFROMBASICRATIONALCONSIDERATIONSANDMAYBEFORMULATEDASPRINCIPLESFORTHEEFFECTIVEANDEFFICIENTUSEOFLANGUAGEINCOMMUNICATIONTOFURTHERCOOPERATIVEENDSINORDERTOFURTHEREXPLAINTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLE,GRICEPROPOSESFOURMAXIMSANDSEVERALSUBMAXIMSRESPECTIVELYTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEISSPECIFIEDFROMFO

32、URASPECTSQUANTITY,QUALITY,RELATIONANDMANNERCUIWEIAVOIDAMBIGUITYBEBRIEFANDBEORDERLYOBSCURITYMEANSTHATTHEMEANINGISHIDDENFROMLACKOFCLARITYOFEXPRESSION,WHILEAMBIGUITYINDICATESTHEPRESENCEOFTWOPOSSIBLEMEANINGSTHEFOLLOWINGEXAMPLEBASEDONTHEVIOLATIONOFTHEMANNERMAXIMISTHEFOCUSOFTHEANALYSISPERSUASIVEIMPLICATUR

33、EEXAMPLESIXCONTEXTOFSITUATIONALADYISPLANNINGTOBUYSOMEMAKEUPINASHOPSHECONSULTSTHESALESWOMANABOUTWHICHONEISSUITABLEFORHERSENSITIVESKINLADYEXCUSEMEWOULDYOUPLEASERECOMMENDSOMEPRODUCTSFORSENSITIVESKINSALESWOMANSURETHEFORMULATIONOFTHISPRODUCTISORIGINALLYFORMULATEDFORDERMATOLOGISTSSPECIFICALLYFOREVERYDAYCL

34、EANINGOFEVENTHEMOSTSENSITIVESKINEVENTHEDERMATOLOGISTSRECOMMENDTHISFRAGRANCEFREEPRODUCTTHEANSWERPROVIDEDBYTHESALESWOMANOBVIOUSLYVIOLATESTHEMAXIMOFMANNERINSTEADOFOFFERINGANANSWEROFWHICHPRODUCTISMOSTSUITABLEFORTHELADYSSENSITIVESKIN,THESALESWOMANPROLIXLYDESCRIBESTHEFORMULATIONOFTHEPRODUCTANDTHEFEATURESO

35、FPRODUCTSCLEARLY,THESALESWOMANVIOLATESTHEMAXIMOFMANNERFORNOTBEINGBRIEFBUTBEINGPROLIXHOWEVER,THECONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREISCLEARTHATTHESALESWOMANSTRONGLYRECOMMENDSTHISPRODUCTBECAUSEEVENTHEDERMATOLOGISTSRECOMMENDITINTHISWAYSHEMANAGESTOPERSUADETHELADYTOBUYTHISPRODUCTWHICHISSUITABLEFORHERSENSITIVESKIN35

36、SUMMARY13INTHISCHAPTER,EFFORTSHAVEBEENMADETOANALYZETHEENGLISHPERSUASIVELANGUAGEWITHCOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEASTHECORETHEORYTOEXPLAINHOWPEOPLEVIOLATETHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEINORDERTOPERSUADETHELISTENERASFORTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEWHICHISPOWERFULINEXPLAININGIMPLICATURE,THEREMIGHTALSOBECASESINWHICHITSEEMSTHAT

37、SEVERALMAXIMSAREVIOLATEDATTHESAMETIMEANDITISDIFFICULTTODECIDEWHICHMAXIMISOBVIOUSLYVIOLATEDTHEABOVEEXAMPLESABSTRACTEDFROMDAILYLIFEAREINORDERTODISCUSSANDANALYZETHEENGLISHPERSUASIVELANGUAGEFROMFOURASPECTSINACCORDANCEWITHTHEFOURMAXIMSOFTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLE4CONCLUSION41SUMMARYTHECURRENTSTUDYHASGIVENAB

38、RIEFPICTUREOFENGLISHPERSUASIVELANGUAGE,ANDANALYZEDTHECONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREOFTHECHOSENEXAMPLESBYRESORTINGTOTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLETHESPEAKERTRIESTOPERSUADETHELISTENERBYVIOLATINGTHEMAXIMSOFCOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLETHEMAXIMOFQUANTITY,THEMAXIMOFQUALITY,THEMAXIMOFRELATIONANDTHEMAXIMOFMANNERITCANBENOTEDINT

39、HEPROCEEDINGDISCUSSIONTHATTHEREARECASESINWHICHPARTICIPANTSINACOMMUNICATIONEXCHANGEMAYDELIBERATELYFAILTOFULFILLONEORMOREMAXIMSOFTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLETHISISTHESITUATIONINWHICHCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREOCCURSTHISTHESISOFFERSAGOODILLUSTRATIONOFHOWSPEAKERSVIOLATETHEMAXIMSINORDERTOACHIEVEPERSUASIVEPURPOS

40、E,SHOWINGTHATCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURETHEORYINAPPLICABLETOTHEDISCOVERYANDUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEENGLISHPERSUASIVELANGUAGE42LIMITATIONSTHISSTUDYISFRUITFULINITSLEADINGTOABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFENGLISHPERSUASIVELANGUAGEFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURE,YETSOMELIMITATIONSARETOBEPOINTOUTFIRSTLY,THEC

41、ASESAPPLIEDINTHISTHESISAREVERYLIMITEDTHISTHESISMAINLYCHOOSESDIALOGUESCOLLECTEDFROMTHEMARKETINGANDSOMEDAILYCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENFAMILYMEMBERSHOWEVER,ENGLISHPERSUASIVELANGUAGEWIDELYEXISTSINDIFFERENTAREASOFLIFEANDWORKTHISTHESISISONLYFROMONEANGLETOSEETHEWHOLEPICTURE,WHICHISTOSAYTOSEEAWORLDINGRAINOFSANDSE

42、CONDLY,INSOMECONTEXTSASENTENCESEEMSTOVIOLATESEVERALMAXIMSFORINSTANCE,INTHEEXAMPLEFOURTHEANSWERPROVIDEDBYTHEMOTHERVIOLATESTHREEMAXIMSTHEQUANTITYMAXIMFORNOTGIVINGENOUGHINFORMATIONASISREQUIRED,THERELATIONMAXIMFORNOTGIVINGRELEVANTINFORMATIONANDTHEMANNER14MAXIMFORNOTPROVIDINGACLEARANSWERTHEANALYSISOFTHIS

43、STUDYDOESNOTINCLUDETHEVIOLATIONOFSEVERALMAXIMSATTHESAMETIMEREFERENCESADRIAN,AKMAJIAN2001ANINTRODUCTIONTOLANGUAGEANDCOMMUNICATIONMASSACHUSETTSMITPRESSGRICE,HP2001ASPECTSOFREASONOXFORDOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESSJOHN,MCWHORTER2008UNDERSTANDINGLINGUISTICSTHESCIENCEOFLANGUAGEFLORIDATEACHINGPRESSLEECH,GN1983PRI

44、NCIPLESOFPRAGMATICSLONDONLONGMANMARTINLEVINSON,SC2000PRESUMPTIVEMEANINGSTHETHEORYOFGENERALIZEDCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREMASSACHUSETTSMITPRESSLEVINSON,SC1983PRAGMATICSCAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESSPENELOPE,BROWNLEVINSON,SC1987POLITENESSSOMEUNIVERSALSINLANGUAGEUSAGECAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESSLAURA,SICO

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