1、1句子成分句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接和间接宾语) 、补足语、定语、状语、同位语和插入语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语) ,表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。句子成分分类一主语主语是谓语陈述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁” 。一般由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、不定代词、 、从句(主语从句)充当。大多数主语都在句首。如:1. The classroom is very big.2. We work in a big
2、 factory. 3. Three are enough. 三个人就够了4. What we need is food.5. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实 6. To do is harder than to say.7. Everyone is here. 8. The rich are not always happy. 在“There be ”句型中,主语的位置在中间。如:There is a bird in the tree. 在个别句型中,主语在整个句子后面,这时前面用 it 作形式主语。如:1. Its very important for us to le
3、arn English well.2. Are you a student?3. Do you like English songs?4. There stands a policeman二谓语谓语时用来说明主语“做什么” 、 “是什么”或“怎么样” ,谓语必须是动词,它有时态、语态和语气的变化,并受主语人称和数的影响 ,谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。 (主谓一致原则)如:1. He is very generous.2. She looks very smart and cool3. We have finished the job.4. He can speak German
4、.5. The flowers are often watered by me.(一) 、动词的意义:表示动作或状态。(二) 、动词的用法:1、作谓语动词;2、可以有自己的状语;3、及物动词有自己的宾语。(三) 、动词的分类:1、行为动词(或实义动词, v.) ,占动词数量的绝大多数,具有明确的动作意义,行为动词分为不及物动词和及物动词,不及物动词本身词义完整,可以独立作谓语,及物动词本身词义不完整,必须后跟宾语共同作谓语;2、连系动词,起连接主语和表语的作用,本身有一定的词义,但是较弱,它和实意动词一样有时态和语态的变化,也受主语的人称和数的影响。连系动词可分为两大类:1)表示存在的连系动词
5、,如:be,keep,look, smell, taste, sound, feel, remain(仍是,保持), seem(好像),lie(处于),appear(呈现)等; 2)表示变化、形成的连系动词,如:become, get, turn, fall(变成) ,come(实现),grow(变成).23、助动词帮助行为动词和连系动词,成各种时态、语态、语气,或构成疑问、否定、强调等句子结构;常见的助动词有:be, do, have, will ( shall )。助动词一般无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能和行为动词或连系动词共同作谓语。、情态动词情态动词又被称作情态助动词,有一定的词义,主要
6、用来表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度或看法,表示能力、允许、请求、必要、可能、需要等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化、与动词原形连用。情态动词有:can / could, may/might, must, shall/should, will/would ,need, dare, ought to, had to .情态动词+have+ 过去分词; 情态动词表示推测的用法。三表语表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样” ,由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式、动名词、数词及从句(表语从句)来充当,它的位置在系动词后面。1. My father is a teacher.2. We must keep he
7、althy.3. They are at the theatre.4. Everyone is here.5. My job is to teach them English.6. Her job is training the nurses.7. That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.8. Three minus two is one四宾语 在主动语态的句子中谓语动作承受者叫宾语。英语中,及物动词(或相当于及物动词的短语动词) 、介词后须带宾语,少数形容词后也可以带宾语。可以担任宾语的有:名词、代词、数词、动词不定式(短语) 、动名词、形
8、容词以及从句(宾语从句)等1. I am reading a book.2. He often helps me.3.like to play basketball. (作动词的宾语。)4. Glad to meet you. (作形容词的宾语。)5. I enjoy listening to music very much.6. Give me three, please7. I believe that they can finish the work in time. 宾语从句应特别注意的三要素是:时态、语序、连接词 直接宾语和间接宾语:英语中,一些及物动词如:give, pass, s
9、how, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend 等,可以带两个宾语。一个指人,叫间接宾语;一个指物,叫直接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如果放在其后,则间接宾语前一般加介词 to,以表示动作对准谁;或加介词 for,以表示动作为谁做。例如:He gave me an interesting book. He give an interesting book to me.Jim bought me a beautiful present. Jim bought a beautiful present for me.直接宾语是代词,则必须放在间接宾语之前,
10、并且在二者之间加上介词 to 或 for。例如:Give it to me, Lily. 不能说 Give me it, Lily.There two pencils on the desk, pass them to me. 不能说 pass me them.复合宾语英语中,一些及物动词的宾语须在其后加上一个补足语,对其进一步作补充说明,意思才够完整和明确,该补足语即叫宾语补足语。宾语和其补足语一起构成复合宾语,二者之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。3能担任宾语补足语的有:名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式和分词(现在分词、过去分词) 。We must keep our classroom cl
11、ean.五补足语补语是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语,补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语 “宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:1. 名词作宾补We elected him monitor2.形容词作宾补Dont make your hands dirty.3.副词作宾补We found Li Ming out when we arrived.4.介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home.5.省略 to 的不定式作宾补 (一感 feel 二听 hear、
12、listen to 三使 have、 let、make 四看 notice、 see、 watch、 observe)I saw a girl go into the building.6.带 to 的不定式作宾补Want sb. to do sth.7.现在分词作宾补The boss kept them working all day.8.过去分词作宾补Yesterday he got his leg broken. 形式宾语形容词(6123 高考热点)We found it impossible to get there before Saturday. 宾 语+ what 从句Mr. L
13、i has made the factory what it is today.The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago.六定语 定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式、分词或从句(定语从句)都可以充当定语。1. 形容词作定语The black bike is mine.2.代词作定语Whats your name?3.名词作定语They made some paper flowers.4.介词短语作定语The boys in the room are in Class Thre
14、e, Grade One.5.从句作定语The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.6数词作定语 Do it now, you may not get a second chance. 现在就干吧,你可能再没有机会了。 4基数词用作后置定语: page 20 Room 16 the year 1949 7.动词不定式作定语I have a lot of homework to do.8分词充当定语(单个分词作定语往往前置,分词短语往往后置,left 特例) a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 在英语中,并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前
15、面,有的是放在被修饰词的后面,故称“后置定语” 。1. 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。如:If you dont know the answer, ask someone else.Do you have anything important to tell me?2.介词短语作定语时要后置。如:Do you know the boy behind the tree?The students in the room are all my frie
16、nds.3.动词不定式作定语时要后置I have a lot of homework to do.注 动词不定式作主语时,to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时,那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。Do you have any piece of music to listen to?4 .nearby、 below、 downstairs、left 等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如:We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below?The people downstairs are liste
17、ning to a talk now?They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with 20 dollars left. ( remaining 20 dollars)*有些动词的过去分词和现在分词的形式比较固定:lose 常用过去分词 lost;而 miss 常用现在分词missing; remain 常用分词 remaining;leave 常用过去分词 left。The missing boy has been found.Lo
18、st in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.5. enough 修饰形容词或副词要后置 old enough6. 分词短语作定语后置 A man called Jack7. 基数词用作后置定语: page 20 Room 16 the year 1949 七状语 状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的词、短语或从句(状语从句) ,叫状语。状语在句中可以表示:时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、比较、以及伴随等情况。能担任状语的有:副词、介词短语、动词不定式、名词以及 if, whether,when,
19、while, as soon as, because , until ,before 等引导的状语从句。例如:、副词He can play the guitar well. (程度)Please read aloud!(方式)Im going to Beijing today.(时间)52 、介词短语He stayed at home.(地点)Thank you for your help.(原因)We shall leave for Shanghai tomorrow. (地点)、动词不定式The little boy is too young to look after himself.(
20、结果)、名词Wait a minute, please.(时间)Thanks a lot. (程度)、状语从句If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.(条件)Ill write an E-mail to you as soon as I get to America.(时间)Jack stays in bed because he is ill today. (原因)I got up early this morning so that I could catch up the train. (目的)The movie is so interest
21、ing that I have seen it twice. (结果)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,不能使用任何形式的将来时(一般将来时或过去将来时) 。当它们用于修饰时态为将来时的主句时,其本身则不能在时态上与主句保持一致,而用一般现在时来代替一般将来时,或用过去将来时来代替过去将来时。 (主将从现)状语从句的省略 一)状语从句中的省略省略句的规则 1.当从句的主语和主句的主语一致(或者从句的主语为 it)2.从句谓语中包含 be 动词如:be doing, be done, be to do, be +adj 在此种情况下可以省去从句的主语和 be 动词保留 be 之后的部分,被保留部分
22、常为现在分词、过去分词、不定式、形容词等。 a. Ill buy a TV set if (it is )necessary. b. While( I was )walking alone in the street, I heard my name called.八、同位语以 2002 年的一道高考题看“同位语“ 在 2002 年的高考英语试题中有这样一道关于同位语的试题: Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, I will always treasure A that B one C it D
23、 what 分析句意,可知答案为 B。one 为 moment 的同位语。 为了对同位语这一语法现象有一个更清晰的认识和理解,我们在这里对同位语做一个简单的总结和概括。 所谓同位语,是指跟在某些名词的后面,对前者做进一步的解释、说明、补充和概括,但不对前者起修6饰作用的一种句子成分。如: 1 用名词或代词作同位语。 The youngest boy, Peter, refused to accept the money 那个最小的男孩彼得拒绝接受那笔钱。 2 用数词作同位语。 We four were greatly touched to hear the old mans story 听了老
24、人的故事,我们四人都很受感动。 3 用形容词作同位语。 He has read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign 他看了各种各样的书,古今中外都有。 4 用副词作同位语。 Second and most importantly, you must set off with a gun in the night 第二点,也是最重要的一点,你深夜出发必须带着枪。 5 用-ing 形式作同位语。 Thats her habit, reading in bed 躺在床上看书是她的习惯。 6 用不定式作同位语。 You
25、r suggestion,to strike while the iron is hot, seemed a good idea 你的建议很好,应该趁热打铁。 7 介词 of 引起的短语也可以充当同位语。它可以表示与代词、数词、地点名词、年、月、日、年龄等名 词,以及长度、速度、重量和价值等名词同位的成分。 The city of Beijing is the capital of China 北京是中国的首都。 8.用从句作同位语。 我们可用连词 that, whether 以及连接代词 who, which, what 和连接副词 how, when, where, why 等来引导从句作
26、同位语,称为同位语从句。在同位语从句中 that 虽不作句子成分,且无意义, 但不可省略。同位语从句常对一些抽象名词做进一步的解释和说明。这些名词常见的有:idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order 等。 The question who should go abroad requires consideration 谁出国这个问题还需要考虑。 I have no idea when she will be back 我不知道她什么时候回
27、来。 Word came that he had been abroad 据说他已经出国了。 注意:came 是主句的谓语,插在主语 word 和同位语从句之间。通常, 同位语从句是紧接在与它同位的名词后面的,但当主句的谓语比较短时,为了防止句子头重脚轻,同位语从句可以和它同位的名词隔开。再如: A saying goes that practice makes perfect 熟能生巧是一句谚语。 需要注意的是,在 advice, order, request, suggestion 等名词后的同位语从句中,谓语动词常用(should) 动词原形。 The professor gave us
28、 some advice how we (should) use the computer 教授给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。 九、插入语英语中的插入语是插在句子中的一个词,短语或从句,通常被逗号、破折号或句子的其他部分隔开,它与句子的其他部分之间没有语法上的关系,因此,有的语法学家将其归为独立成分,区别于独立主格结构。插入语在句中通常是对一句话的一些附加解释,说明或总结;有时表示说话者的态度和看法;有时起强调的作用;有时是为了引起对方的注意;还可以起转移话题或说明事由的作用;也可以承上启下,使句子与前面的语句衔接的更紧密一些。7To be frank, I dont quite agr
29、ee with you. 坦率地说,我不太同意你的意见。In short, we should not stop halfway. 简言之,我们不能半途而废。英文常见插入语in other words 换句话说, in a sense 在某种意义上, in general 一般说来,in my view 在我看来, in addition 此外, as a matter of fact 事实上,strictly speaking 严格地说, generally speaking 一般地说,judging from根据判断, to tell the truth 老实说, that is 也就是说
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