毕业论文：Different Interpretations of Loong in Chinese and Western Cultural Contexts.docx

1、1在中西方文化背景中对龙的不同阐释摘要从古至今，中国人都对汉字“龙”感到自豪，因为龙是吉祥和权威的象征。而在西方人的眼中，英语单词“DRAGON”意味着罪恶和怪物，是邪恶的象征。因此龙和DRAGON在很大的程度上是不同的。但是在英译汉或汉译英中，我们会经常把这两个词互译。这种翻译忽视了中西方文化的差异，从而造成了严重的文化误解。显而易见，这种翻译是有问题的。因此如何把汉字“龙”翻译成英语就成为一个很严肃的问题。从龙和DRAGON的差异、汉语和英语这两种语言特点的差异来确定龙的英译不失为一种好的方法关键词文化差异；DRAGON龙；翻译2DIFFERENTINTERPRETATIONSOFLOON

2、GINCHINESEANDWESTERNCULTURALCONTEXTSABSTRACTCHINESEPEOPLEAREPROUDOFTHECHINESECHARACTER“龙”FROMANCIENTTIMESTILLNOW,WHICHISTHESYMBOLOFAUSPICIOUSNESSANDAUTHORITYBUTINWESTERNPEOPLESEYES,THEENGLISHWORDDRAGONISTHESYMBOLOFDEVILANDBUGBEARSO“龙”ANDDRAGONAREQUITEDIFFERENTBUTINENGLISHCHINESEORCHINESEENGLISHTRANS

3、LATIONS,THETWOWORDSAREOFTENTRANSLATEDINTOEACHOTHERTHETRANSLATIONSIGNORETHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDWESTERNCULTURES,ANDCAUSECULTURALMISUNDERSTANDINGSOHOWTOTRANSLATETHECHINESECHARACTER“龙”INTOENGLISHBECOMESASERIOUSPROBLEMITISAGOODWAYTOTRANSLATETHEMFROMTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEEN“龙”ANDDRAGON,FROMTHERELATIO

4、NBETWEENCHARACTERISTICSOFTHECHINESELANGUAGEANDTHEENGLISHLANGUAGEKEYWORDSCULTURALDIFFERENCESDRAGON“龙”；TRANSLATION3CONTENTS中文摘要IABSTRACTIIACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIIIINTRODUCTION1ITHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHECHINESEWORD“LOONG”ANDTHEENGLISHWORDDRAGON1ALOONG”INCHINA4BDRAGONINTHEWEST6CCOMPARISONBETWEENLOONGANDDRAGON8

5、IISOMEPROBLEMSINTRANSLATION11AILLUSTRATIONSOFTHEWRONGTRANSLATIONOFLOONG11BMISUNDERSTANDINGSCAUSEDBYTHEWRONGTRANSLATION12IIIRIGHTWAYSOFENGLISHTRANSLATIONOFLOONG15ASOMETHEORIESINTRANSLATION15BONEWAYOFENGLISHTRANSLATIONOFLOONG15CANOTHERWAYOFENGLISHTRANSLATIONOFLOONG17CONCLUSION20NOTES22BIBLIOGRAPHY231D

6、IFFERENTINTERPRETATIONSOFLOONGINCHINESEANDWESTERNCULTURALCONTEXTSINTRODUCTIONITISWELLKNOWNTHATTHEREAREMANYDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDWESTERNCULTURESAND“龙”ISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTSYMBOLSOFTHECHINESECULTUREFORABOUTSEVENTHOUSANDYEARSLOONGTAKESANINDISPUTABLEROLEINTHEFIELDSOFCHINESERELIGION,POLICY,LITERA

7、TURE,ARTANDSOONFROMMINGDYNASTY,“龙”ISTRANSLATEDINTODRAGONINENGLISHHOWEVER,THEREAREMANYDISTINCTIONSBETWEENTHEMBOTHINAPPEARANCESANDCONNOTATIONSBESIDESTHEDIFFERENCESINTHEIRAPPEARANCES,“龙”ISTHESYMBOLOFCHARM,CLEVERNESS,HAPPINESS,ANDMAJESTYWHILEDRAGONISTHESYMBOLOFDEVIL,FIERCEANDTYRANNICALFROMTHISFACTOR,龙”S

8、HOULDNOTBETRANSLATEDINTODRAGONAGAINBUTNOWADAYSCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESISVERYFREQUENT,SOACCURATETRANSLATIONBECOMESINGREATNEEDASOCCASIONSREQUIREBUTGREATDIFFERENCESEXISTINDIFFERENTLANGUAGESPEOPLEINEVERYNATIONALWAYSUNDERSTANDOTHERNATIONSCULTURESWITHTHEIROWNVIEWSWITHOUTCONSIDERINGWH

9、ETHERTHEYARERIGHTORWRONGINORIGIN,ASISAVERYCOMMONPHENOMENONHENCETHEMISUNDERSTANDINGSBETWEENDIFFERENTNATIONSCOMEINTOBEINGITISMOREANDMOREIMPORTANTTHATCULTURALUNDERSTANDINGSERVESASTHECOMMUNICATIONALWAYBETWEENDIFFERENTNATIONSANDPEOPLEALSOHAVEBEGUNTONOTICETHEMISUNDERSTANDINGSCAUSEDBYTRANSLATIONSESPECIALLY

10、CULTURELOADEDWORDS,WHICHSTANDFOREVERYNATIONSCULTUREANDSPIRIT,ARETRANSLATEDCARELESSLYTHENMISUNDERSTANDINGSSPREADANDEXPANDTAKETHECHINESECHARACTER龙”FOREXAMPLE,龙”ISATRADITIONALCULTURELOADEDWORD龙”ISALWAYSTRANSLATEDINTOTHEENGLISHWORDDRAGONINMANYTRANSLATIONSBUTTHEENGLISHWORDDRAGONISAKINDOFBUGBEAR,WHICHCANB

11、REATHEOUTFIREACCORDINGTOWESTERNLEGENDSBECAUSEOFTHETRANSLATIONFROM“龙”TODRAGON,GREAT2MISUNDERSTANDINGSEXISTBETWEENCHINESEPEOPLESANDWESTERNERSMINDS3THEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHECHINESEWORD“LOONG”ANDTHEENGLISHWORD“DRAGON”THEREAREMANYDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDWESTERNCULTURESTHEREFORE,THEREAREMANYDIFFERENCES

12、BETWEENTHECHINESECHARACTER龙ANDTHEENGLISHWORDDRAGONINTRANSLATION,THEREISANARGUMENTONHOWTOTRANSLATETHECHINESECHARACTER龙INTOENGLISHFOREXAMPLE,ALLPARENTSHOPETHEIRCHILDRENWILLBEUSEFUL,INITSORIGINALCHINESEMEANING,THATIS,TOHOPETHEIRCHILDRENTOBEDRAGONSDRAGONMEANDIFFERENTLYBETWEENTHEEASTANDTHEWESTBUT,ITISWRO

13、NGTOTRANSLATE龙INTODRAGONINFACT,龙ISSODIFFERENTINNATUREFROMDRAGONTHATITMAYBEMOREREASONABLETOCONSIDERTHEMASDISSIMILARCREATURES,RATHERTHANASTHESAMECREATUREINTERPRETEDDIFFERENTLYTHEWORDLOONGLUWASCREATEDONTHEBASEOFTHEPRONUNCIATIONOFITSCOUNTERPARTCHARACTERINCHINESEATLEAST60YEARSAGOLOONGISANALLPOWERFULANIMA

14、LWHOSEREALMCOVERSTHESKYANDTHESEAITHASLONGBEENASYMBOLOFAUSPICEANDMAJESTYLOONGISIMAGINEDASSOMETHINGLIKEASNAKEANDISFLOWINGINTHESKYFORMOSTOFTHETIMELOONGISSAIDTOHAVETHEFACEOFTHEHORSE,THEHORNSOFTHEDEER,THEEARSOFTHEOX,THEBODYOFTHESNAKE,THECLAWSOFTHEEAGLEANDTHESCALEOFTHEFISHCHINESEPEOPLEREGARDLOONGASGODANDS

15、AYTHATTHEYARETHEOFFSPRINGOFLOONGTHEGODOFLOONGOFTHEFOURSEASCANCHARGETHERAINFALLS,SOWESOMETIMESCALLTHEMTHEGODOFTHEWATERORRAIN1CONVERSELY,THEDRAGONINWESTERNLEGENDSISCONSIDEREDASTHEFLYINGDINOSAUR,WHICHCANSTANDONTHEGROUNDWITHFEETANDFLYWITHHUGEWINGSTHEYLAYEGGSJUSTLIKEDINOSAURSTHEDRAGONSOFTHEWESTHAVETHEABI

16、LITYTOERUPTFIRE,WHICHCANDESTROYEVERYTHING,SOTHATDRAGONSARENOTWELCOMEDATALLTHEREAREMANYDIFFERENCESBETWEENLONGANDDRAGON,FROMOUTWARDANDAPPEARANCESTOIMPLIEDMEANINGFROMTHEORIGINOFTHEWORD4TOTHELANGUAGECIRCUMSTANCESUNDERSTANDTHEDIFFERENCESOFLONGANDDRAGON,FOROURBETTERUNDERSTANDING,THEYHAVEVERYIMPORTANTROLES

17、A“LOONG”INCHINAINANCIENTCHINA,THEREWEREMANYORIGINSABOUTLOONG,SUCHASLIZARDS,CROCODILESANDDINOSAURSANDSOONLOONGISREGARDEDASTOTEMINANCIENTTIMESCHINESEPEOPLEINANCIENTTIMESADMIREDLOONGTHOUGHITWASJUSTANIMAGINARYANIMALINTHELEGENDTHEFORMLOOKOFLOONGISALSOCLOSEINPERFECTSOMEPEOPLETHINKTHATTHEYANGTZECROCODILEIS

18、THEARCHETYPEOFTHEDRAGONHOWEVER,MOSTPEOPLEHOLDTHATDRAGONISACOMBINATIONOFMANYANIMALSANDTHEABILITIESOFTHOSEANIMALSHAVEBEENCOLLECTEDTOITWANGCHONG,ASCHOLAROFHANDYNASTY,SAIDLOONGISAMYTHOLOGICALCREATURE,WITHTHEHEADOFACAMELORHORSEORSNAKE,THEHORNSOFADEER,THEEYESOFARABBIT,THEEARSOFACOW,THENECKANDBODYOFASNAKE,

19、THEBELLYOFAKINDOFHUGECLAM,THESCALESOFACARP,THECLAWSOFAHAWK,THEPALMOFATIGER,WHISKERSANDABEARDORBEENSAIDWITHTHEHEADOFACAMELORHORSE,THEHORNSOFADEER,THEEYESOFARABBIT,THEEARSOFACOW,THENECKANDBODYOFASNAKE,THEBELLYOFAKINDOFHUGECLAM,THESCALESOFACARP,THECLAWSOFAHAWK,THEPALMOFATIGER,ANDWITHOUTWINGSITHASWHISKE

20、RSANDABEARD,ANDISDEAFITISGENERALLYREGARDEDASBENEVOLENTBUTISALSOTHESOURCEOFTHUNDERANDLIGHTNINGTHELOONGISASPIRITUALTIELINKINGTHECHINESEPEOPLETHELOONG,ASTHESYMBOLOFTHECHINESENATION,HASBECOMEPARTOFTHECHINESECULTURECHINESEPEOPLEAREPROUDTOCALLTHEMSELVES“THEOFFSPRINGOFTHELOONG“THELOONGISTRANSLATEDAS“DRAGON

21、“WRONGLYNOWINFACT,LOONGISSODIFFERENTINNATUREFROMWESTERNDRAGONSTHATITMAYBEMOREREASONABLETOCONSIDERTHEMASDISSIMILARCREATURES,RATHERTHANASTHESAMECREATUREINTERPRETEDDIFFERENTLYORUSEDTOBETHESYMBOLOFCHINESEKINGS,THEYWERECALLEDTHESONOFTHELOONGWHILEITISSAIDTHATITISALSOASURNAMEOFCHINESEPEOPLEANDANEWDEFINITIO

22、NFORLONGISTHESTAGEPROPERTYUSEDINTHE5DANCEOFLOONGAMONGTHEUNEARTHEDCULTURALRELICSWHICHHAVETHEHISTORYOFMORETHANFIVETHOUSANDSYEARSARETHEREJADEPIGDRAGONANDJADEDRAGONTHEYAREMUCHSIMPLERTHANTHEDRAGONTODAYWECANIMAGINEPEOPLEHADADDEDMORECHARACTERISTICSTOITAFTERTHEJADEDRAGONHAVINGBEENCREATEDTHENITTURNEDTOTHEDRA

23、GONTHATWEKNOWNOWGRADUALLYWHYANCIENTCHINESEPEOPLEWANTEDTOCREATEADRAGONMANYSCHOLARSTHINKTHATITORIGINATEDFROMTHEWORSHIPTOANIMALSINREMOTEANTIQUITYTHEMAINHUMANACTIVITYWASHUNTSOANIMALSWEREWHATPEOPLEMOSTINTERESTEDINANCIENTPEOPLEHADTOSURVIVEFROMHUNTINGANIMALSWHICHWERETHEMAINFOODFORTHEMANDALSOHADTODODGETHEAT

24、TACKSWHICHWERETHETHREATSTOTHEIRLIVESFROMFIERCEANIMALSINTHECOURSEOFTHOSEACTIVITIESWORSHIPSANDFANCIESTOTHESPECIALABILITIESOFTHOSEANIMALSINCLUDINGFLYINGINTHESKY,SWIMMINGINTHERIVER,WALKINGWITHOUTFEETANDHIBERNATINGETCWEREORIGINATEDTHEYPUTTHESPECIALABILITIESTOGETHERANDCREATEDTHEDRAGONWHOSEPOWERWEREBEYONDA

25、LLOTHERANIMALSTHEYMADEDRAGONADEITYANDWORSHIPEDITTHEREAFTERLATER,DRAGONBECAMETHESYMBOLOFPOWERANDMONARCHNOWITISTHESYMBOLOFTHEWHOLECHINESEPEOPLEINCHINA,LONGISATTACHEDTOAPLENTYOFCOMMENDATORYCULTURALMEANINGSSINCETHEANCIENTTIMES,LONGHASBEENREGARDEDBYCHINESEPEOPLEASTHEINCARNATIONOFTHEIRANCESTORCONSEQUENTLY

26、THEYLIKETOTHINKTHEMSELVESASTHEOFFSPRINGOFLONGHENCELONGHASBEENREGARDEDASTHESYMBOLOFCHINAANDCHINESEPEOPLE,ANDCHINAISCALLEDDONGFANGJULONGAHUGEORIENTALCOUNTRYINCHINA,THETRADITIONALSYMBOLSOFROYALTYARELONGANDFENGTHEWORDLONGSTANDSFORTHECHINESEKINGOREMPERORANDFENGFORTHEQUEENTHEREFOREMANYTHINGSWHICHARECONNEC

27、TEDWITHTHEKINGORROYALTYCONTAINTHEWORDLONG,SUCHASLONGYANWHICHMEANSTHEAPPEARANCEOFTHEEMPEROR,LONGTIWHICHMEANSTHEBODYOFTHEEMPERORANDLONGPAOWHICHMEANSTHEROBEFORTHEEMPERORBESIDES,LONGISSUPPOSEDTOBRINGGOODLUCKASANAUSPICIOUSCREATUREINTHEPHRASEWANGZICHENGLONG，LONGMEANSASUCCESSFULPERSONWITHPRESTIGE26INMODERN

28、CHINESEDICTIONARY，THEORIGINALMEANINGOFLONGISAKINDOFASUPERNATURALANIMAL,WHICHCARRIESHORNSANDWHISKERSANDONLYHASONEHEADITCANMAKERAINASWANTEDINLEGENDTHESECONDMEANINGISTHEHEADOFANIMALS,WHICHCANBEBLACKORBRIGHT,CANBESLENDERORCOARSE,CANBESHORTORLONG,FLYINGTOTHESKYINSPRING,ANDDIVINGINTHESEAINAUTUMNINTHEOTHER

29、WORDS,LONGISTHEHEADOFCHANGEABLEWATERANIMALS,WHICHISHELPFULFOREVERYTHINGSOPEOPLEAWEANDADMIREITASTOTEMINLUNARCALENDAR,FEB2NDISATRADITIONALFESTIVALOFLONGONTHISDAY,PEOPLEPRAYFORSPRINGRAINANDGOODHARVESTINMODERNCHINESEDICTIONARY,ITALSOREFERSTOTHEEMPERORINTHEFEUDALSOCIETYOFCHINAITISRECORDEDBEFOREJIEZITUI,W

30、HOISACHINESEHISTORICALPERSON,LEFTJINDYNASTY,HEWROTEAPOEM,“有龙于飞，周遍天下龙返其乡，得其处所。”LONGINTHISPOEMREPRESENTSEMPERORLONGCANBEREGARDEDASIMAGERYOFHEROESANDWISEPERSONSTHEREISARECORDINTHEOLDTEXTTHESTORIESOFTHREECOUNTRIES，WHICHSAYSTHAT“徐庶见先主，先主器之，诸先生曰诸葛孔明者，卧龙也，先主岂愿见乎”HERE,XUSHUREGARDEDZHUGELIANGASLATENTLONG，WHI

31、CHMEANSTHATZHUGELIANGSWISDOMANDTALENTWEREBURIEDBESIDES,THEREISANOTHERPHRASELONGPANFENGYIINANCIENTRECORDSTODEMONSTRATEWISEPERSONSWHOARENOTKNOWNBYMOSTPEOPLELONGINTHEANCIENTTIMESALSOMEANTNOBLESTEEDINMODERNCHINESE,LONGINSOMEPHRASESHASLOSTITSORIGINALMEANING,ANDGOTMEANINGSOFTROPESUCHAS,THEPHRASESHUILONGTO

32、U,WHICHLOOKSLIKELONGTHEPHRASEYITIAOLONGISNOTAREALLONG,BUTSERIESOFGOODMETHODSORWAYSBESIDES,LONGJUANFENGANDCHESHUIMALONGALLMEANTROPEB“DRAGON”INTHEWESTTHEDRAGONISOFTENASYMBOLOFDEVILTOWESTERNERSTHEYREGARDTHEDRAGONASAFIERCEMONSTERTHATCANDESTROYSOMEOTHERTHINGSTHEREFORE,INTHEIROPINION,ITCANMAKEMANYDISASTER

33、STHEREARESEVERALSTORIESOFSAINTSORHEROES7DEALINGWITHTHESTRUGGLESAGAINSTSUCHMONSTERS,WHICHINMOSTCASESAREKILLEDINTHEENDTHEMOSTNOTABLESTORYPERHAPSISTHESTORYOFBEOWULFANANGLOSAXONEPICAROUNDTHEYEAROF700AD,TELLSHOWTHEHEROBEOWULFDEFEATSAMONSTERCALLEDGRANDEL,BUTHEISEVENTUALLYMORTALLYWOUNDEDDURINGTHEPROCESSOFS

34、LAYINGADRAGON3INMERRIAMWEBSTERSCOLLEGIATEDICTIONARY,DRAGONISAMYTHICALMONSTERTRADITIONALLYREPRESENTEDASAGIGANTICREPTILEHAVINGALIONSCLAWS,THETAILOFASERPENT,WINGS,ANDASCALYSKINMOSTWESTERNDRAGONSLIVEINCAVESORMOUNTAINSORHIDDENAWAYINTHEFORESTSTHEYOFTENGUARDASTASHOFGOLDWESTERNDRAGONSAREOFTENUSEDTOSYMBOLIZE

35、GREEDDRAGONHASWINGS,BUTMOSTOFLOONGHASNOTWINGSBUTYINGLOONGHASHUGEWINGSASBATLOONGWILLBECOMEYINGLOONGAFTERAONETHOUSANDYEARSSELFTEMPERINGDRAGONHASTHEPOWERTOBREATHEOUTFIRE,BUTLOONGISTHOUGHTTHESOURCEOFWINDANDRAINMOSTOFDRAGONSHAVEDARKANDTHICKSETBODIES,LOONGSHAVESLENDERBODIESANDGOLDENORCOLORFULCOLORSDRAGONI

36、STHESYMBOLOFDEVIL,WHICHCANBESEENINMANYWESTERNFILMSFOREXAMPLE,INTHEFILMHARRYPOTTERANDTHEGOBLETOFFIRE,THEREISACRUELCHARACTERDRAGONMOSTPEOPLEKNOWTHATHARRYPOTTERISARIGHTEOUSBOYINTHISMOVIE,HEFIGHTSAGAINSTTHEDRAGONTOSTOPITFROMDESTROYINGTHEWORLDINANOTHERCARTOONFILMSHREKTHETHIRD,WHOSEENDISVERYDIFFERENTFROMO

37、THERSIMILARFILMS,THEREISAVERYCRUELDRAGONNAMEDBOSSINTHEFILMBOSSALWAYSHURTSOTHERSTHEREISANOTHERFILMABOUTDRAGONREGIONOFFIREINTHISMOVIE,AFTERTHEDRAGONWASWAKEDBYOTHERS,HEBEGINSTODESTROYTHEWORLDFORALONGTIMEMANYPEOPLEAREKILLEDBYHIMINTHEFILMDRAGONHEART,BECAUSETHEFIGUREHASAHALFOFHEATFROMDRAGON,HEBECOMESAVERY

38、RUDEPERSONATLAST,HEGETSHISNEMESISFROMTHESEFILMS,DRAGONISWELLKNOWNTOAPPEARWITHACRUELIMAGEWESTERNFILMSCANREFLECTWESTERNCULTURESOFCOURSE,THECHARACTERSINTHEIRFILMSCANREFLECTDIRECTORSOPINIONSTHEIMAGEOFDRAGONINTHEFILMSISTHEREFLECTIONOFDRAGONINWESTERNLEGENDINBIBLE,SATAN,ADEVIL,ISCALLEDTHEGREATDRAGONREVELAT

39、IONINTHE8BOOKSOFTHENEWTESTAMENTOFBIBLEDESCRIBESDRAGONLIKETHISAGREATREDDRAGON,WITHSEVENHEADSANDTENHORNS,ANDSEVENDIADEMSONHISHEADANDWARBROKEOUTINHEAVENMICHAELANDHISANGELSFOUGHTAGAINSTTHEDRAGONTHEDRAGONANDHISANGELSFOUGHTBACK,BUTTHEYWEREDEFEATED,ANDTHEREISNOLONGERANYPLACEFORTHEMINHEAVENTHEGREATDRAGONWAS

40、THROWNDOWN,THENANCIENTSERPENT,WHICHISCALLEDTHEDEVILANDSATAN,THEDECEIVEROFTHEWHOLEWORLD,WASTHROWNDOWNTOTHEEARTH,ANDHISANGELSWERETHROWNDOWNWITHHIM4INMICROSOFTENCYCLOPEDIA,DRAGONISDESCRIBEDASALEGENDARYREPTILIANMONSTERSIMILARINFORMTOACROCODILEANDUSUALLYREPRESENTEDASHAVINGWINGS,HUGECLAWS,ANDAFIERYBREATHA

41、BOVEITISABOUTTHEAPPEARANCEOFDRAGONFROMTHEDESCRIPTION,DRAGONISVERYUGLY,ANDITSFIGUREISVERYHUGEWHENTHEDRAGONISUSEDTOREFERTOAPERSON,ESPECIALLYAWOMAN,ITISALWAYSINPEJORATIVESENSEASINCOLLINSCOBUILDLANGUAGEDICTIONARY,ITISSAID,IFYOUCALLAWOMANADRAGON,YOUMEANTHATSHEISFIERCEANDUNPLEASANTFOREXAMPLE,SHEISABITOFDR

42、AGONAROUNDTHISPLACEINEUROPE,THEREISAFAMOUSDRAGONNAMEDHYDRA,WHICHISVERYCRUELANDRUDEHYDRAHASNINEHEADSANDHASLONGLIFEITISVERYDIFFERENTFROMLONGINCHINAANDEUROPEANPEOPLEHATEHYDRAVERYMUCHSODRAGONINWESTERNCOUNTRIESMAINLYMEANSCRUELANDBADTHINGSFOREXAMPLE,WECALLHERADRAGONMEANSSHEISVERYRUDETHEOLDDRAGONREFERSTOTH

43、ESATANINBIBLE,ANDINTHEPHRASECHASETHEDRAGON,DRAGONMEANSDRUG,WHICHCANMAKEPEOPLECRAZYANDGOTODEATHCCOMPARISONBETWEEN“LONG”AND“DRAGON”ACCORDINGTOTHEANALYSISABOVE,LONGANDDRAGONCANBECOMPAREDASFOLLOWSDRAGON1HAVINGMANYHEADS2UGLYINAPPEARANCE3CRUELPERSON4EVILFORCE5SATAN6DRUGLONG1HAVINGONEHEAD2EMPEROR3WISEPEOPL

44、E4SOMETHINGTHATLIKETHEAPPEARANCEOFLONG59NOBLESTEED6CONSTELLATION7ASURNAMEOFCHINESEPEOPLE5THEREAREMANYDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEMTHEYORIGINATEFROMDIFFERENTCULTURESTHEFIRSTMEANINGOFDRAGONCOMESFROMEUROPEINWESTERNEUROPE,DRAGONHASMANYHEADSTHETHIRDMEANINGOFDRAGONINENGLISHORIGINATEDFROMGREEKLEGENDINTHELEGEND,TH

45、EDRAGONALWAYSPLAYSTHEROLEOFKEEPER,KEEPINGGOLDENAPPLEGARDEN,SPRINGANDSOONINREVELATION,SATANISNAMEDDRAGONINPOEMS,ITISSAIDTHATYOUWILLTRAMPLETHEDRAGONUNDERTHEFEETSODRAGONISREGARDEDASDEVIL,ESPECIALLYSTANDINGFORGENTINMIDDLEAGELOONGISRELATINGTO,ORSUGGESTIVEOFANEMPIREORASOVEREIGN,ESPECIALLYANEMPEROROREMPRES

46、SHAVINGSUPREMEAUTHORITYSOVEREIGNREGALMAJESTICTHELOONGISTHEFAMOUSSYMBOLOFTHECHINESENATIONTODAYASWELLASTHESYMBOLOFANCIENTCHINAFORTHOUSANDSOFYEARSINTHEPASTLOONGUSEDTOBETHESYMBOLOFCHINESEEMPERORSINTHEPAST,ALLTHEEMPERORSINOLDCHINACONSIDEREDTHEMSELVESTHEREALSONOFTHELOONGLOONGISAPARTOFTHECHINESECULTUREITIS

47、THESYMBOLOFTHECHINESENATIONLOONGISASPIRITUALTIELINKINGTHECHINESEPEOPLEALLOVERTHEWORLDCHINESEPEOPLEAREPROUDTOCALLTHEMSELVES“THEOFFSPRINGOFTHELOONG“NOWITSTANDSFORLUCK,HAPPINESSANDPOWERBYORDINARYCHINESEPEOPLECHINESEPEOPLEAROUNDTHEWORLDAREOFTENCALLEDDESCENDANTSOFTHELOONGONTHECONTRARY,THEDRAGONSOFTHEWEST

48、HAVETHEABILITYTOERUPTFIRE,WHICHCANDESTROYEVERYTHING,SOTHATDRAGONSARENOTWELCOMEDATALLTHEYEVENBECOMETHESYMBOLOFTHEDEVILINBIBLE,DRAGONISTHESYMBOLOFEVIL,ANDTHEGREATDEVILSATANISCALLEDTHEGREATDRAGONEARLYINTHEYEAROF700AD,INTHEENGLANDSNATIONALEPICSONGOFBEOWULF,THEREISASTORYABOUTBEOWULFFIGHTINGWITHTHEEVILDRA

49、GONFORWHOLETHREEDAYS,ANDKILLEDTHEDRAGONATLASTSOINENGLISH,THEASSOCIATEDMEANINGOFDRAGONISDISTINGUISHEDFROMTHEMEANINGOFLOONGINCHINESEINCHINESELEGEND,EMPERORHUANGLAIDTHEFOUNDATIONOFCHINESECIVILIZATION,ANDHEWASADMIREDBYHISOFFSPRINGLATERHEFLIEDTOTHESKYON10THELONG，WHICHWASSENTBYTHEGODTOWELCOMEHIMTHEREFORE,THEEMPERORSINCHINAAFTERHIMNAMETHEMSELVESREALLONGCHINESEWORDLONGHASMUCHMOREMEANINGSTHANDRAGONANDMEANINGSOFLONGAREFINE,WHILEDRAGONMOSTLYMEANSBADTHINGS11SOMEPROBLEMSINTRANSLATIONTHEREAREMANYPROBLEMSINCHINESEENGLISHANDENGLISHCHINESETRANSLATIO