非谓语动词讲解(超全超实用).doc

1、 第 1 页 共 19 页 非谓语动词讲解 非谓语动词 : a.动词不定式 b. v-ing c. 过去分词 概述 ： 1.谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动词 2.非谓语动词：是动词的特殊形式 ,在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分 非谓语动词使用条件 一个句子当中， 已经存在一个主句（谓语动词） ,又没有连词 的情况下 , 还有别的动词出现时。 She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat. She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat. 动词不定式 一 动词不定式的时态和被动形

2、 式 动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号 (to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种： 1.一般式 to do I like to read English. 2.进行式 to be doing He seemed to be reading something at that time. 3.完成式 to have done He seemed to have cleaned the room. 4.被动式 to be done The work is to be done soon. 5.完成被动式 to have been done The boy is said to have

3、 been sent to hospital yesterday. 疑问词 +动词不定式 What, who, which, where, when, how, why 等疑问词构成不定式短语，这种短语在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语等成分。 二 . 动词不定式的用法 I.作主语 (1)不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。 To see is to believe Not to get there in time is your fault. (2)注：常用 it 做形式主语，将 to do 位于之后，使句子保持平衡。 句型 1： It + 谓语 +(+sb.)+时间 /金钱 + to do

4、 It takes us an hour _to_ get there by bus. 第 2 页 共 19 页 It costs you only $ 100 a month to cook at home. It seemed impossible to save money. 句型 2： Its + n. (+ for sb) + to do Its our duty _to_ help the poor. It is a great enjoyment _to_ spend our holiday in the countryside. It is a great honor for

5、us to be present at your birthday party. 句型 3： It is + adj （ + for sb） to do sth（是形容事物的性质的 ） It is + adj （ + of sb） to do sth（是形容人的品质的 ） It is easy for me to finish this work before ten. It is very kind of you to give me some help. Its impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that. 疑问词 +不定式 作主语

6、When to start remains undecided. 1. It is easy to get there by bus or taxi. 2. It takes about 3 hours to see all the birds. 3. It is also impolite to speak with your mouth full when you are eating. 4. Its our duty to take good care of the old. 5. How long did it take you to finish the work? 6. It is

7、 stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. 7. When to start has not been decided. 8. It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 9. Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 10. It is useful for our health to do morning exercises. II.作宾语 接不定式做宾语 I want to k

8、now this matter. I dont expect to meet you here (1)常见动词有 ： like, demand, expect, promise, begin, determine, refuse, fail, manage, learn, seem, forget, want, prepare, pretend, plan, wish 等 They want to get_( get ) on the bus, didnt they? He said he wished _to be ( be ) a professor. (2)it 作形式宾语 I find

9、/feel to work with him interesting I find/feel it interesting to work with him 第 3 页 共 19 页 Subject+ find/think/feel/make/ consider it+adj/n + to do sth. 1.We thought _it_ better _to_ start early. 2.Do you consider _it_ better not _to_ go? 3. I feel _it_ my duty _to_ change all that. 4.We think it _

10、 important _ to _ obey the law. 5.I know _ it _ impossible _ to _ finish so much homework in a day. (3)疑问词 +不定式 作宾语 常常放在这些动词的后面作宾语 ： tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain He taught us how to use the tool. No one could tell me where to get the book. The dictionary didnt

11、 tell the Frenchman how to pronounce the word. (4) 作介词 but, except, besides 的宾语。 Cant choose but do Cant help but do/have no choice to do Do nothing but do Practice: 1. Would you like to go to Thailand? (would like to do sth.) 2. The driver failed to see the other car in time. 3. I think it our duty

12、 to obey the laws. 4. Do you know how to play football? 5. I found it difficult to see him here. 6. Here are some ideas about how to find cheap, fun things to do with your family on weekends. 7. Many people like to go to a restaurant. 8. I havent decided whether to go or stay. 9. Everyone wants to h

13、ave a happy weekend. 10. She hope Ill advise her which to choose. III.作宾语补足语 1. Ill get someone _to_ repair the recorder for you. 2. What caused him _to_ change his mind? v.+ sb.+ to do advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, expect, encourage, force, get, hate, invite , order, wish , want, warn, remind, pr

14、omise, permit, persuade, request+ sb. to do 注意：（ 1）在动词 feel （一感）， hear, listen to（二听）， have, let, 第 4 页 共 19 页 make（三 使 ）， notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看） (即：吾看三室两厅一感觉 )等后面的补足语中，不定式不带 to，但变为被动语态后，必须带 to。 v.+ sb.+ do Lets go to Thailand right now. （ let sb. do sth.） They saw the boy fall off

15、 the tree. (see sb. do sth.) The boy was seen to fall off the tree. He is often heard to sing (sing) the song. Though he often made his deskmate cry (cry).Today he was made to cry(cry) by his deskmate. (make sb. do sth.) (2)help 后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带 to,也可以不带 to. I often help him（ to） clean the room. help

16、 sb. (to) do sth. I helped him (to) find his things. 比较： The professor told the students how to do the experiment . The professor told the students to do the experiment. Practice: 1. No one lets you sit in the office. 2. I want you to know some rules. 3. I heard her sing today. She sang wonderful. 4

17、. We watched the children play games. 5. Do you feel the house shake? 6.The boss made the workers work for 12 hours a day. 7. We were made to make ten sentences with these words. 8. Im waiting for Tom to give the answer. 9. Would you like her sing a song for us? 10. Did anyone notice a strange man c

18、ome into the bank? IV作定语 I have something to tell you. (不定式作定语 ) 1.被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语 She is always the last to leave the room. We need someone to help with the work. She is always the first to answer questions. 2.不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容 I have no chance to go there. He made a promise to be a good boy. 第 5 页 共 19

19、 页 There is no need to build a dam on the small river. 3. 不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系 Do you have anything to wash today? One of the most interesting places to visit in Singapore is Bird Park. 不定式为不及物动词且和所修饰的名词是动宾关系时，须加介词 He bought a cup to drink water with. I have nothing to complain about. He is looking for a

20、 room to live in. Practice: 1. Each member can choose a film for the evening to watch together. 2. He sat down at a table and waited for someone to take his order. 3.Is this the best way to help him? 4. Please give me something to drink. 5. She has a child to take care of. 6. He is not the kind of m

21、an to do such things. 7. It is already time to begin our class. 8. Thank you for giving me the chance to make the speech. 9. She bought a bookshelf to put her books on. 10.You are the only person to be late. V.作状语 不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果。 I came here to see you (目的 ) We were very excited to hear the news

22、 （原因） He hurried to the school to find nobody there. （结果） (1)作目的状语 表示谓语动作的目的，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。 强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用 in order to +V. (原形 ) so as to +V. (原形 ) 但 so as to 不用于句首。 The student saved much money to buy a new mobile phone. He got up early in order to/so as to catch the first bus. = In order t

23、o catch the first bus, he got up early. People have learnt the importance of keeping a balanced diet to satisfy (satisfy) their nutritional needs. (2) 作结果状语 不定式作结果状语时，多表示出乎意料的结果，其逻辑主语通常第 6 页 共 19 页 是句子的主语。作结果状语的不定式通常用一般式，为了表示强调可在不定式前加上 only. I rushed to the station, only to find the train had alread

24、y gone. We came home to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作结果状语 时，常用于 so as to ,such as to , enough to , too to ,only to 等结构中。如： She was so late to miss half of the lecture. She is such a good teacher as to be repected by all her students. The house is large enough to hold two hundred people. The ha

25、t is too large to wear. He walks too slowly to get there on time. (3)作原因状语。 不定式与情感类形容词连用时，大多表示原因，用来作原因状语。这类形容词主要有 : happy, kind, surprised, frightened, shocked, glad, delighted, dissapointed 等。 They were surprised to be informed of the news. She was very happy to hear that her son had been promoted.

26、 Practice: 1.Im glad to show you around the zoo on such a beautiful day. 2. When people are too tired to cook after work, they often get a “takeaway”. 3. Tart apples are used to make apple sauce. 4. One day he went to a cafeteria to have lunch. 5. I am too tired to think of anything now. 6.I work ha

27、rd to pass the exam. 7.You couldnt do that to save your life. 8. The tea is too hot to drink. 9. English is too difficult for me to learn. 10. This question is too hard for me to answer. . 作表语 动词不定式往往放在 连系动词 be 的后面作表语。 （ 1）常说明主语的内容、性质、特征 My wish is to become a teacher. Your job today is to clean the

28、 playground. To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to yourself. My suggestion is to put off the meeting. 第 7 页 共 19 页 （ 2）动词不定式作表语，表示将来 They are to marry next week. You are to deliver these flowers before 10 疑问词 +不定式 作表语 The question is where to get the medicine. The difficulty is how to do the mos

29、t of work with the least of money. Practice 1. His dream is to be a doctor. 2. The next step is to turn on the TV. 3. The purpose of education is to develop a fine personality in children. 4. Now my task is to finish the composition. 5. The question was how to do the job well. 不定式的主动形式表示被动意义 I have

30、something important to do. In the accident, the driver was to blame. This question is difficult to answer. The box is not easy to carry. 动词不定式综合练习 1.I want to give up this job but I have to support my family. 2. It will be difficult to live like this after they take back the house next July. 3. It t

31、ook me 3 days to learn the English song. 4. The passage tells you what to do in the first few minutes. 5. Everyone should know how to call for help in their area. 6. The teachers also help them to do these things. 7. To be a winner, you need to give all you have and try your best. 8. Which of them w

32、ould you most like to visit? 9. I feel it my duty to help others. 10. The earth is better place to live on, but scientists are trying to make the best use of the moon. 11. The birthday child wears new clothes to mark the special time. 12. A flag is flown outside a window to show that someone who liv

33、es in that house is having a birthday. 13. The best way to improve your English is to join an English club. 14. Something is still to find out. 16. How to make requests politely is important. 第 8 页 共 19 页 17. You must be patient and persistent if you are to succeed. 18. It was necessary for her to t

34、alk with his mother. 19. As young adults, it is our duty to try our best to deal with each challenge. 20. Id invite her to have dinner at my house. 21. He was found to steal in the shop. 22. She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games 23. The man downstairs found it difficult

35、to fall asleep. 24. Do you have the ability to read and write English ? 25. The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. 26. There is nothing to worry about. 27. I allowed the children to play in my room for another five minutes. 28. The doctor advised me not to go to bed too late. 29. We want to

36、 see Liu Yu achieve his dreams. 30. Did you find it hard to solve the problem? 动词的 ing 形式（ v-ing/doing） 一 . 动词的 ing 的基本构成 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done No one likes being laughed at. I dont remember having ever been given a chance to do it. 二 .v-ing 的功用 v-ing 相当于 ad

37、j. adv. n.的功能，所以，在句中可以作：主语，宾语，定语，状语，表语，宾语补足语 1. 作主语 Smoking does great harm to peoples health. Helping her is my duty. Collecting stamps is a good hobby. 与动词不定式作主语的区别。 (1)V-ing 形式作主语，表示一般性、经常性的动作。 第 9 页 共 19 页 表示一次性的动作多用不定时。 Walking/To walk is a good form of exercise for both young and old. To walk

38、there /Walking there is impossible. (2)不定式作主语常用 it 作形式主语， v-ing 作主语常位于句首。只有某些习惯用语如 no use, no good 作表语用时，才用 it 作其他形式主语。 It is no good/use doing sth. It is a waste of time/money doing sth. It is great fun doing sth. It is no use watching too much TV. It is no good talking to him, because he never lis

39、tens. (3)句子主语若是不定式，主语也用不定式；句子表语若是 v-ing，主语也用 v-ing。 To see is to believe./Seeing is believing. Talking to him is talking to a wall. 2. 作表语 , 表抽象的，一般的行为，表主语的特征、性质和 内容。 It sounds interesting. The book seems boring. My job is looking after children. 3. 作 宾语 ,既可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。 She sat there without s

40、peaking. 以下动词或短语只 v-ing 形式作宾语 ： admit(承认 ), avoid（避免，躲避） , appreciate(感激 ), consider（考虑） , enjoy（享受，喜欢） , escape（逃脱） , finish（完成） , keep doing（ 一直做） , mind（介意） , suggest（建议） , delay（耽误） , deny（否认） , excuse（原谅） , practice（练习） , resist（抗拒）等动词。 I have finished reading the novel. Do you mind buying a di

41、ctionary for me on the Internet? The little boy admitted taking away the money in the drawer. She kept waving to her husband until he was out of sight. cant help（禁不住） , give up（放弃） , feel like（想要） , keep on（继续） , think of（考虑） , set about（着手，开始做） , dream of（梦见，梦想）， have difficulty/trouble (in)（做 有困难）

42、 , be busy (in)(忙于 ), put off（推迟） 等短语。 第 10 页 共 19 页 When my father heard the news, he couldnt help laughing. I dont feel like going to see the film. He was busy (in) preparing his lessons. He kept on working until midnight though he was tied. 在下列短语中， to 是介词，后面应用 v-ing 作宾语。 be/get used to, look forw

43、ard to, devote to, pay attention to, object to, get down to 等。 I look forward to seeing him again. Are you used to living there alone? 下列动词或短语，既可以跟 v-ing 作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。 表示经常性的行为后接 v-ing； love, like, prefer, hate 表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。 I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon. 但要注意，如

44、果 like, love, prefer 前有 would，后面择接动词不定式。 Would you like to go shopping with me? What would you prefer to eat tonight? 下面几组词接 v-ing 作宾语和动词不定式作宾语含义不同。 doing sth. 忘记已做过某事。 forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事 doing sth.记得做 过 某事 remember to do sth. 记得 要做 某事 doing sth. 后悔做过某事 regret to do sth. 遗憾要做某事 doing sth. 意味着 mean to do sth. 打算做某事 doing sth 禁不住做某事 cant help (to)do sth. 不能 帮忙做某事