1、心血管疾病治疗中的 作用于RAAS药物,第一节 概述,肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统( renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,RAAS) 调节(regulation): 肾素(renin) natriuretic peptides(Counter-regulatory system),血管紧张素原 肾素(+) 血管紧张素I ACEI 缓激肽降解失活 (-) ACE 血管紧张素 缓激肽 AT1R AT2R B2R 醛固酮释放、血管收缩 部分对抗 AT1R 血管扩张、致痛、咳嗽儿茶酚胺释放及敏感性 的作用 改善心脏血管重构心血管肌细胞增殖肥大 ACE的作用与血管紧
2、张素和缓激肽关系,糜酶,肾素(rein),肾小球球旁细胞(juxtaglomerular cells)释放.致密斑(macula densa )释放PG(PGE2 and PGI2) 、压力感受器(barorecptor)、beta-1 receptors aspartic protease family converting angiotensinogen into angiotensin I,血管紧张素(angiotensin ),肝脏分泌血管紧张素原 (2球蛋白)-12肽肾素转变原血管紧张素原为血管紧张素-10肽肺、肾等的血管紧张素转换酶(ACE) 作用下形成血管紧张素-8肽ACE降解缓
3、激肽,又称激肽酶血管紧张素可转化为血管紧张素-7肽,血管紧张素的生物活性,强烈收缩血管,为肾上腺素的1040倍 促使醛固酮ADH分泌,潴留水钠 刺激交感递质去甲肾上腺素分泌 增加对交感递质的敏感性 心肌、血管平滑肌重构,血压心衰,Beta blocker Renin inhibitor ACE inhibitorAngiotensin II receptor antagonist Vaccines against angiotensin IIANP?,第二节 Beta blocker,British scientist James W. Black successfully developed
4、 propranolol in the 1962结构改造系列药物,受体分布及效应,1, 2 and 3 receptors. 1 in the heart and in the kidneys.2 in the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, uterus, vascular smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle.3 in fat cells.,临床应用,心绞痛、房颤、心律失常、充血性心衰、特发性震颤、青光眼、高血压、偏头痛、二尖瓣脱垂、心肌梗塞、嗜铬细胞瘤、体位性心动过速、甲亢和焦虑的症状控制、茶碱过量、急性动脉剥离
5、、肥厚梗阻性心肌病、马凡综合征、门脉高压静脉曲张出血预防、多汗症减轻症状,代表药物,Nonselective agents 1-selective agents 2-selective agents:Butaxamine布他沙明3-selective agents :SR 59230A (has additional -blocking activity): Used in experiments,适应症选择,心律失常:艾司洛尔、索他洛尔、兰地洛尔CHF:卡维地洛比索洛尔美托洛尔缓释+ACEI+D青光眼:Betaxolol,carteolol, levobunolol,metipranolol
6、,timolol 心梗:Atenolol,metoprolol,propranolol 偏头痛预防: Timolol, propranololtremor,portal hypertension esophageal variceal bleeding and phaeochromocytoma(+-blocker):propranolol only,不良反应,nausea, diarrhea, bronchospasm, dyspnea, cold extremities, exacerbation of Raynauds syndrome, bradycardia, hypotension
7、, heart failure, heart block, fatigue, dizziness, alopecia (hair loss), abnormal vision, hallucinations, insomnia, nightmares, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction and/or alteration of glucose and lipid metabolism.,第三节 Renin inhibitor,历史,In 1896, Finnish physiologist Robert Tigerstedt and Swedis
8、h physician Per Bergman:肾皮质提取物注射静脉,BP升高,renin1970s,肾素在心血管发病机理中的意义得到阐明 1972,合成第一个肾素抑制剂抑肽素(Pepstatin), N-acyl-pentapeptide,弱而药代动力学特征差,而放弃。,第一代,肽类似物:肾素前肽、angiotensinogen 的氨基末端人和动物抑制肾素、降低血压F很差需静脉、效能小、时间短临床试验终止,第二代,模拟肽Remikiren, enalkiren and zankiren more potent,stable,longer action durations,可口服poorly
9、absorbed and rapidly metabolized,lowering blood pressure activity,第三代,非肽小分子crystallography and molecular modeling techniques 阿利吉仑(Aliskiren)2007, US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency,药代动力学,口服,F小2.5%肝CYP3A4代谢,P-glycoprotein 底物肾排泄T1/2 24h,与肾素竞争结合angiotensinogen的 S3bp 位点单用于
10、高血压、+amlodipine、 +amlodipine+HCT不像ACEIARB致肾素升高、肾保护,与降压作用无关,不良反应,Angioedema Hyperkalemia (particularly with ACEI in diabetic patients) Hypotension (particularly in volume-depleted patients) Diarrhea and other GI symptoms Headache Dizziness Cough Rash Elevated uric acid,gout,and renal stones,2011-12,n
11、onfatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension in patients with diabetes and renal impairment,第四节 ACEI,历史,in 1956, Leonard T Skeggs发现血浆ACEin 1965,Brazilian Sergio Ferreira发现bradykinin-potentiating factor In the early 1970s,Teprotide开发、失败in 1975 captopril,1981获FDA批准In 1983,enalapr
12、il上市,目前至少12个上市In 1991, Japanese scientists first milk-based ACE inhibitor:tripeptide isoleucine-proline-proline (IPP) 、VPP,作用原理,ACE又称激肽酶。含锌的1306个氨基酸组成的金属蛋白水解酶底物:Ang I、缓激肽、SP、内啡肽血液中Ang I和缓激肽主要由肺ACE降解ACEI抑制ACE活性,结果: (1)Ang II生成减少 (2)缓激肽增加,分类,按化学结构进行分类: (1)含-SH:卡托普利(Captopril)、佐芬普利(zofenopril) (2)含-COO
13、-:Enalapril、Ramipril、 Quinapril、Perindopril、Lisinopril、Benazepril、Imidapril、Zofenopril、Trandolapril (3)含-POO-:福辛普利(Fosinopril)按是否为前药进行分类:,药理作用,抑制Ang II的作用增加缓激肽的作用保护血管内皮抗心肌缺血与心肌保护胰岛素增敏:可能与缓激肽有关。AR1B无,临床应用,高血压:单用、合用,如利尿剂急性心梗心衰糖尿病肾病慢性肾功能衰竭全身性硬化肾功能损伤,不良反应,低血压:首剂咳嗽:B引起,色甘酸钠有效。依那普利和赖诺普利高于卡托普利,福辛普利少高血钾:相似低
14、血糖:卡托普利最明显肾功能损伤:肾血管异常患者易发生血管神经性水肿:致畸作用,特性,卡托普利:T1/2短,含-SH不良反应多如味觉异常,唯一能通过BBB,FDA唯一批准用于糖尿病肾病雷米普利:临床已证明能显著降低心梗患者的死亡率,推测同类药物分享此效应,第五节 血管紧张素受体拮抗剂Angiotensin II receptor antagonist,历史,in the late 1970s,ACEI成功开发进一步证明了Ang II在血压、水和电解质平衡调节的意义,导致ARB开发Saralasin为血管紧张素肽类似物,能拮抗AT1R,但是其要代动力学缺陷,放弃In the early 1980s
15、,imidazole-5-acetic acid derivatives能对抗Ang II的高血压,S-8307 and S-8308分子模拟并不好结构改造,1986年losartan,Merck于1995年获FDA批准 Valsartan, candesartan,irbesartan in 1990. Telmisartan(1991),依普沙坦(1992),olmesartan(1995)-02年上市,血管紧张素受体,AT1,AT2,AT3 and AT4.AT1 in the heart, adrenal glands, brain, liver and kidneys AT2 in
16、the heart, adrenal glands, uterus, ovaries, kidneys and brain,Comparison of ARB pharmacokinetics,作用原理,临床应用,高血压心衰糖尿病肾病:candesartan优,其次Irbesartan and losartan 偏头痛: candesartan优于Lisinopril 高血压半男性性功能障碍:candesartan, telmisartan and Valsartan Alzheimers disease :35-40% less likely to develop AD than those
17、 using other antihypertensives,不良反应,dizziness, headache, and/or hyperkalemiaorthostatic hypotension, rash, diarrhea, dyspepsia, abnormal liver function, muscle cramp, myalgia, back pain, insomnia, decreased hemoglobin levels, renal impairment, pharyngitis, and/or nasal congestion,第六节 醛固酮拮抗药Aldostero
18、ne antagonistanti-mineralocorticoid,常用药物,螺内酯(Spironolactone)依普利酮(Eplerenone) 选择性高于螺内酯烯睾丙内酯(Canrenone)环丙睾酮丙酸钾 (prorenoate potassium)Mexrenone,作用原理,Mineralocorticoid receptor(IC50=24 nM)Androgen receptor(IC50 = 77 nM)Progesterone receptor (EC50 = 740 nM)Glucocorticoid receptor(IC50 = 2,410 nM),作用与用途,减
19、少尿钾排泄,利纳利尿合用:心衰、水肿、高血压醛固酮增多症、女子多毛症:螺内酯多用,螺内酯,1959年开始用于临床的一个老的合成的甾体结构的药物曾被预言在心血管疾病(高血压、心衰)将被依普利酮所取代,现仍然广泛使用,heart failureascites in patients with liver disease low-renin hypertension hypokalemia hyperaldosteronism cosmetic conditions: hirsutism, androgenic alopecia, acne,seborrhea in females,male pat
20、tern baldness:小、局部hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome:症状控制,药代动力学,食物可增加其F;T1/2:1-2h;代谢产物T1/2长,如烯睾丙内酯(Canrenone)1220 h;,依普利酮(Eplerenone),特点,a potassium-sparing diuretic mineralocorticoid receptor blockermuch more selective than 醛固酮少antiandrogen,progestogen,or estrogenic effects,用途,合用:降低心衰患者死
21、亡率降低急性心梗3-14天内急性左心衰患者死亡率作用与螺内酯相当更昂贵,不良反应,hyperkalaemia, hypotension, dizziness, altered renal function, and increased creatinine concentration 性激素样副作用:少、轻,口服F69%cytochrome P450和CYP3A4 代谢:T1/2:6-8h,烯睾丙内酯(Canrenone),an aldosterone antagonist additional antiandrogen propertiesas a diuretic in Europea m
22、ajor active metabolite of spironolactone T1/2:10-35h,第七节 其他,利尿钠肽,心房利尿钠肽(atrial natriuretic polypeptide,ANP)、脑利尿钠肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)、C型利尿钠肽(type C natriuretic peptide,CNP)、尿扩张素(urodilatin,Uro)和树眼镜蛇属利钠肽(dendroaspis natriuretic peptide,DNP)等 反馈抑制renin和醛固酮的分泌被中性肽酶分解,奈西立肽(nesiritide)为含32个氨基酸的重组人BNP,持续静脉给药用于急性失代偿性心衰的治疗,但可引起致命性肾损。乌拉立肽(ularitide)为人工合成的Uro类似物,正开发用于严重心衰和伴水钠滞留的肝硬化,并对肾功能有益。血管肽酶抑制剂如山帕曲拉(sampatrilat)等可同时抑制中性内肽酶和ACE,增加利尿钠肽水平、降低Ang II的含量,用于高血压和心衰的治疗,目前仍处于开发中。,
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