第二讲阅读理解.doc

1、 1 第二 讲 阅读理解 阅读理解考察考生对词汇与语法的综合掌握，很多同学做题时往往感觉自己词汇有限，语法基础也很薄弱，解题之前就已经溃不成军。其实，阅读理解的题目类型有限，只要了解了这些题目的规律，做题时就会比较顺利了。下面介绍阅读理解各类型题目的解题技巧。 一中心思想题 中心思想题又称为主旨题，主要考察考生对文章大意的理解。下面这几种提问形式一般都可以归于中心思想题： 1 What is the main/general idea of the passage? （文章的主要思想是什么？） 2 The passage is mainly about_? （文章主要关于 _?） 3 Whic

2、h of the following can be the best title of the passage? （下面哪个可以作为文章的标题？） 4 What is the authors main point? （作者主要想表达什么？） 考生一般会认为必须要通读全文后才能解决这类题目，其实不然。英语文章的中心思想一般会出现在文章的几个部位，按照出现的频率分列如下： 1 文首 2 文末 3 文中 据此，我们的解题办法 就是阅读每个段落的第一句话和最后一句话，这是因为段落的第一句话和最后一句话往往具有承上启下的作用。有时候这样读完后还是难以找到答案，此时我们可以再读一读每段的第 2句话，以此类

3、推。下面举个实例： 例题 What will man be like in the future in 5,000 or even 50,000 years from now? We can only make guesses, of course, but we can be sure that he will be different from what he is today, for man is slowly changing all the time. Let us take an obvious example. Man, even five hundred years ago,

4、 was shorter than he is today. Now, on average, men are about three inches taller. Five hundred years is a relatively short period of time, so we may assume that man will continue to grow taller. Again in the modern world we use our brains a great deal. Even so, we still make use of only about 20% o

5、f the brains capacity (容量 ). As time goes on, however, we shall have to use our brains more and more, and finally we shall need larger ones! This is likely to bring about a physical change too: the head, in particular the forehead, will grow larger. Nowadays our eyes are in constant use. In fact, we

6、 use them so much that very often they become weaker and we have to wear glasses. But over a very long period of time it is likely that mans eyes will grow stronger. On the other hand, we tend to make less use of our arms and legs. These, as a result, are likely to grow weaker. At the same time, how

7、ever, our fingers will grow more sensitive because they are used a great deal in modern life. But what about hair? It will probably disappear from the body altogether in course of time because it does not serve a useful purpose any longer. In the future, 2 then, both sexes are likely to be bald. Per

8、haps all this gives the impression that future man will not be a very attractive creature to look at! This may well be true. All the same, in spite of all these changes, future man will still have a lot in common with us. He will still be a human being, with thoughts and emotions similar to our own.

9、 问题是： The passage mainly tells us that _. A. mans life will be different in the future B. man is growing shorter C. future man will look quite different from us now D. human beings organs will not function properly 解析 C 题目问 “本文主要告诉我们 _。 ”这明显是个 中心思想题，我们就按照上面提到的方法来读一读每个段落的第一句和最后一句。第一段的第一句大意是 “在5000年甚至

10、是 50000年以后，人会是什么样子呢？ ”第一段的最后一句大意是 “当然，我们只能猜测一番。但是我们可以肯定的是人类将会和今天不同，因为人类也在不断的慢慢改变。 ”第 2 段的第一句话大意是 “让我们来看一个明显的例子吧。 ”第 2段的最后一句话大意是 “这有可能会带来我们身体上的变化：头部，特别是额头将会变大。 ”第三段的第一句话大意是 “如今，我们的眼睛使用得比较频繁。 ”第三段最后一句大意是 “但是很远的将来，人类的眼 睛很可能会变得更强壮。 ”读到这里，其实我们已经可以看出本文主要讲述的就是未来的人类身体上可能会发生改变，从而可知答案是 C（未来的人类和现在的人类长得不同）。 二细节

11、题 细节题考查学生对文章细节的把握，比如针对事情的发生时间、地点、原因等进行提问。对于细节题，我们可以采用中心词定位法来解决。具体做法如下：首先我们阅读问题，在问题中找出题干，这个题干可能是一个或多个单词，这些单词即为这个题目的中心词。找到中心词后，我们再在原文中定位这些中心词，一般来说问题的答案就出现在中心词所出现的句子中。不过要提醒大家的 是，有的时候原文中找不到我们认定的中心词，这是因为原文用了一些同义词来替代这些中心词，这种情况就要求我们特别留意了。 例题 Barbara Jordan, one of the most respected lawyers and politicians

12、 in the United States, was the first black woman from the South to be elected to Congress. She was born in Houston, Texas, on February 21, 1936. Right from the start, she set high standards for herself in school. In high school, Miss Jordan decided to become a lawyer. At Texas Southern University sh

13、e studied political science and history and graduated in 1956 at the top of her class. By 1959 she had earned a law degree from Boston University. Miss Jordan began practicing law at her parents dining room table. Three years later she opened her own office. The restless Miss Jordan first broke into

14、 politics in 1966, becoming the first black woman elected to the Texas senate. After an impressive record as a state senator, she entered the national scene. In 1972 she won a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. During her time in 3 office she was devoted to helping minorities, the poor, and

15、the elderly. “My approach is to respect the humanity of everybody,” she once said. Thats just the way Barbara Jordan was. 问题是： What did she study at Boston University? A. History and science B. Law C. Political science D. Politics and history 解析 B 题目问道： “她在波士顿大学学习什么？ ”这个明显是细节题，中心词是 Boston University

16、。我们在原文中定位这两个中心词，发现它们出现在第三段的最后一句，该句大意是 “到了 1959 年，她已经在波士顿大学获得了一个法律学位。 ”据此可知答案选择 B。 三词汇题 词汇题考查文章中出现的某些单词或者短语的意思。常见的提问形式如下： 1. The word “” in line 5 refers to_. （第五行的 “” 指的是 _。） 2. By “”,the author means_. （作者用 “” 指的是 _。） 3. The underlined word “”in paragraph two means_. （第二段的下划线单词 “” 的意思是 _。） 对于词汇题，我们

17、的解 题思路和细节题相似，那就是我们要在原文中找到该词汇出现的句子，通常这个句子会提供一些信息让我们了解或者猜测这个词汇的意思。如果该句没有这种信息，我们可以读一读其前后句。所以，我们通过阅读这个句子再对照题目的四个选项一般都可以选择出正确答案。那么我们要如何才能在原句中找到有助于我们猜测单词意思的信息呢？我们可以从下面几个方面来考察： 1 利用文章中对该词语的释义来猜测。句子可能会对该词作解释或者暗示，比如有一个同义词或者同位语或者定语从句来解释这个生词。 例： I wanted to buy 10 roses, but the florist handed me 10 China rose

18、s. 解析 本句大意是 “我想买 10支玫瑰，可是这个 florist却递给我 10支月季。 ”从这话中，我们可知说话人在买花，而那个给他月季的 florist 想必就是 “花商（花店店主） ”。 2 利用文章中对该词语的举例来猜测。 例： We have just moved into a new apartment, so we need to buy a lot of appliances, such as a TV set and a washing machine. 解析 本句大意是 “我们刚搬入一个新的公寓，所以我们需要购买很多 appliances，比如一个电视机和一个洗衣机。

19、”根据后面的 “电视机 ”和 “洗衣机 ”，我们可以知道 appliances的意思应该是 “家用电器 ”。 3根据对比关系来猜测词语的意思。 例： In old times, few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins. 解析 本句大意是 “在旧时代，没有多少贵族愿意和那些出身 humble的人讲话。 ”从前面的 “贵族 ”，我们可以知道后面的 “humble”肯定是与 “noble”进行对比的，所以该词大意是 “卑微的；低贱的 ”。 4 利用构词法来猜测词语的含义。 4 例： I wish I could unsay th

20、e sharp words to him. He must hate me very much. 解析 本句大意是 “真希望我能 _那些过分的话 ,他一定恨死我了。 ”我们知道“say”是 “说 ”的意思，而前缀 “un”一般表示否定，所以可以推测 “Unsay”的意思是“撤回以前说过的话 ”。 四是非题 是非题主要考察考生对命 题的判断。我们可以先浏览问题的四个选项，然后对每一个选项进行中心词定位，从而判断每一个选项的正误，从而得出结论。是非题的常用提问形式如下： Which of the following statements is (Not) True according to the

21、 passage? 下面那个句子根据文章是（不）正确的？ 例： For most people, life is easier and more comfortable than ever before. Convenience foods from the supermarket simplify shopping and cooking. Household appliances like the vacuum cleaner and the washing machine have taken the drudgery out of housework. Released from th

22、ese household chores, many wives have found jobs outside the home. Women are achieving economic independence. Families, too, are simpler today. In American, it is not customary for parents to live with their married children. With our greater mobility, relatives have scattered, the parents retiring

23、to Florida or Arizona and the young people, after they marry, going wherever their jobs or their parents or their interests take them. Young adult women have new freedom, too. While attending college, they often live away from home, sometimes far from their parents or their relatives. After college,

24、 they move to the city, find a job, and set up a bachelor apartment. This is the era of womens liberation. But all this freedom and affluence (富裕 ) have had an unforeseen and in some respects a devastating （破坏的） effect on marriage. 问题： Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the t

25、ext? A. Womens liberation had made it possible for them to study. B. Comfortable life influences marriage in America. C. Adults can go wherever they want. D. Women prefer to be bachelors. 解析 D 本题让我们判断选项中哪个不正确，这属于是非题。我们先要浏览选项。 A的大意是 “妇女解放运动使得女性有可能学习了。 ”此选项的中心词是 “womens liberation”，原文第三段提到了这个中心词。第三段大意

26、说年轻女性有了新的自由，可以上大学，独自生活等等，第三段最后一句还强调说，这就是妇女解 放的年代。据此可知 A 是正确的。 B 的大意是 “舒适的生活影响了美国人的婚姻。 ”中心词是 “comfortable life”和 “marriage”，原文第一段提到了相关内容。第一段说，生活变得越来越轻松，女性也从家务中解放出来了，很多女性找到了工作获得了经济上的独立。另外，最后一段明确说到，这些女性获得的这些自由和利益都对5 自己的婚姻有不可预见有时候甚至是破坏性的影响。据此可知 B 是正确的。 C的意思是 “成年人可以到自己想去的地方。 ”中心词是 “go wherever”。原文第二段最后一句

27、提到这部分内容，该句大意是 “因为 流动性增加，亲属们居住得很分散。父母到了加州或者亚利桑那安度晚年，而年轻人在婚后则可以根据工作、父母或者自己的兴趣来决定去哪。 ”据此可知 C 是正确的。 D的意思是 “女人喜欢单身。 ”中心词是 “bachelors”。第三段的 bachelor apartment指的是 “单身公寓 ”，并非指 “女人喜欢单身 ”，所以 D是错误的。 五推断题 推断题考查学生的逻辑推理问题。这类问题的答案不会直接出现在文章中，而是文章的字里行间里所暗示的意思。常见的提问形式如下： 1 Which of the following statements is implied

28、 but NOT stated? （下面哪一句话是文章暗示的，而不是直接表达出来的意思？） 2 It can be inferred from the passage that_. （可以从文章中推测出 _.） 3 It can be concluded from the passage that_. （可以从文章中得出 _.） 解答推断题时切不可把原文中已明确陈述的事实作为答案。我们可以先浏览问题的四个选项，这样有助于我们缩小解题的范围，然后再对每个选项进行 判断即可找到答案。 例： Albert Einstein had a great effect on science and hist

29、ory, greater than only a few other men have achieved. An American university president once commented that Einstein had created a new outlook, a new view of the universe. It may be some time before the average mind understands fully the identify of time and space and so on- but even ordinary men und

30、erstand now that the universe is something larger than even thought before. By 1914 the young Einstein had gained world fame. He accepted the offer to become a professor at the Prussian Academy of Science in Berlin. He had few duties, little teaching and unlimited opportunities for study, but soon h

31、is peace and quietness were broken by the First World War. Einstein hated violence. The misery(悲惨 ) of war affected him deeply, and he sat unhappily in his office doing little. He lost interest in his research. Only when peace came in 1918 was he able to get back to work. In the years following Worl

32、d War One honors were increasingly heaped on him. He became the head of the Kaiser Whithem Institute of Theoretical Physics. In 1921 he won the Nobel Prize, and he was honored in Germany until the rise of Nazism when he was driven from Germany because he was a Jew. 问题： It may be concluded that _. A.

33、 Albert Einstein was forced to serve in the German army B. Albert Einstein had no other interests besides science C. Germans usually have a high respect for science D. His reputation was ruined because of his work during World War I 6 解析 C 此题问 “可以从文章得出 _。 ”这属于推断 题，我们先要浏览选项。 A 的意思是 “爱因斯坦被迫在德军服役。 ”原文并

34、没有提到和服兵役有关的内容，所以 A错。 B的大意是 “爱因斯坦只对科学感兴趣。 ”原文并没有强调爱因斯坦没有别的兴趣，所以我们推断不出 B。 C 的大意是 “德国人通常很崇尚科学。 ”原文最后一段中说到，第一次世界大战后爱因斯坦在德国获得了很多荣誉，直到法西斯上台后他才因为自己是犹太裔而被赶出德国。从这里可以看出普通德国人确实很崇尚科学。 D的大意是 “爱因斯坦在第一战期间的工作使他的名誉受到损害。 ”这与原文最后一段的意思不符，所以 D是错误的。 六关于作者的 态度、目的的题目。 如果题目询问作者写作的目的，则我们可以将之看作是一种中心思想题来解决。如果询问作者写作时的基调，则我们可以抽读

35、原文不同地方的几句话。如果题目询问作者对某个事情的看法，则我们要看原文中作者在提到此事件的时候，所用的词句了。常见的提问形式有： 1. The authors tone in this passage is_. （在本文中，作者的基调是 _。） 2. The writer probably feels that_. （作者很可能感觉 _。） 3. The authors purpose is_. （作者的目的是 _。） 例： In England and Wales alone, over 7,000 people each year die in home accidents. Old pe

36、ople have special safety problems. Falling is a potential hazard: for example, 1,468 women over 75 in England and Wales died in the one year after falling - not downstairs, but on the same level. There are a number of ways of guarding against this: avoiding hard things on the floor, like steel fende

37、rs and knobby furniture, avoiding trip-traps like rug edges, door mats and trailing wires, using special non-slip polishes for floors, if they cant be carpeted, above all, making sure there is enough light. The older you get, the more light you need to see properly. An old person may need four or fi

38、ve times as much light as a child to see as clearly, even wearing spectacles. It is rare to find a home with enough light, especially in corridors and on stairs. A 60-watt bulb just is not bright enough. Young children, too, have special problems. Nearly 200 are accidentally smothered (使窒息 ) each ye

39、ar in bed. Many of the hundreds of cases of accidental poisoning each year are of children, and the commonest source of all fires in the home is a child playing with fire or with matches. The government tried every possible means to prevent them from happening. 问题： The tone the author used in this passage is _. A. subjective B. objective C. heavily-biased towards the old D. authoritative 解析 B 7 本题问 “作者在写作时用的基调是 _。 ”我们可以抽读几句。比如第一段的第一句，其大意是 “仅仅在英格兰和威尔士，每年就有 7000 人死于家庭事故。 ”第二段的第二句 大意是 “每年将近有 200名儿童在睡觉时窒息而死。 ”从这里可以看出作者写作时用到了客观的数字来阐述观点，据此可知答案是 B（客观的）。