机场容量与管理不善【外文翻译】.doc

1、1外文翻译原文AIRPORTCAPACITYVSDEMANDMISMATCHORMISMANAGEMENTMATERIALSOURCEBAIDUENCYCLOPEDIAAUTHORMICHAELAMADAS,KONSTANTINOSGZOGRAFOSABSTRACTSINCEWELLPUBLICIZEDCONGESTIONANDDELAYPROBLEMSENCOUNTEREDBYEUROPEANANDUSAIRPORTSENTEREDTHEPOLITICALARENA,THEREISANUNPRECEDENTEDPRESSUREEXPERIENCEDBYPOLICYMAKERSUPONINVE

2、STIGATINGANDADOPTINGSTRATEGIESFORMANAGINGDEMANDANDALLOCATINGSCARCEAIRPORTCAPACITYDURINGTHELASTFEWYEARS,THEREISANONGOINGPOLICYDEBATEWITHINTHEEUROPEANCOMMUNITYTOUNDERTAKEFURTHERWORKFORADRASTICALLYREVISEDREGULATORYFRAMEWORKAIMINGTODEALWITHTHESCARCITYOFAIRPORTCAPACITYTHROUGHTHEEFFCIENTALLOCATIONOFAIRPOR

3、TSLOTSONEOFTHEPRIMARYPOLICYCONCERNSLIESONTHECOMPATIBILITYOFALTERNATIVESLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGIESINDIFFERENTAIRPORTSETTINGSTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISPAPERISTHREEFOLDITODEVELOPANDAPPLYAMETHODOLOGICALFRAMEWORKFORTHEMULTICRITERIAEVALUATIONANDSELECTIONOFTHEMOSTCOMPATIBLESLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGYWITHRESPECTTOPOLICYCRI

4、TERIAANDPRIORITIESINVARIOUSAIRPORTSETTINGS,IITOEXAMINETHEAPPLICABILITYOFPOLICYCOMPATIBILITYRESULTSINVARIOUSAIRPORTSETTINGSANDTHEIRPOTENTIALACCEPTABILITYFROMDIFFERENTINDUSTRYSTAKEHOLDERS,ANDIIITOPROVIDEPOLICYRECOMMENDATIONSFOREUROPEANAIRPORTPOLICYMAKINGANDPLANNING1INTRODUCTIONRECENTAIRTRANSPORTFORECA

5、STSSPEAKFORANINCREASEININTERNATIONALAIRCARGOTRAFFICINEUROPEBYANAVERAGEOF36PERYEARBETWEEN2002AND2020WITHSOMEANALYSTSANTICIPATINGDOUBLETRAFFICINCREASEFIGURESBY2020ACIEUROPE,2004THERAPIDTRAFFICGROWTHHASRESULTEDINSEVERECONGESTIONANDDELAYPROBLEMS,WHICH,INTURN,HAVESELFCONSTRAINEDAIRTRANSPORTGROWTHANDBECOM

6、EAMAJORTRANSPORTPOLICYISSUEONBOTHSIDESOFTHEATLANTICTHECONGESTIONANDDELAYPROBLEMSAREEXPECTEDTOFURTHERDETERIORATEWHENCONSIDERINGTHATOVERHALFOFEUROPES50LARGESTAIRPORTSHAVEALREADYREACHEDORARECLOSETOREACHINGTHEIRSATURATIONPOINTSINTERMSOFDECLAREDGROUNDCAPACITYWITHONLYFEWPLANNEDMAJORDEVELOPMENTSEXPANSIONSD

7、OTECONLTD,2001SIMILARFINDINGSNERA,2004INDICATETHAT2EUROPEANAIRPORTSSUFFERINGFROMEXCESSDEMANDTHROUGHOUTPEAKTIMESOFTHEDAYWILLEXPERIENCEANAVERAGEINCREASEOFTRAFFICMOVEMENTSOF20VISAVISANAVERAGECAPACITYINCREASEOFONLY5BY2007DESPITETHESUBSTANTIALLITERATUREANDRESEARCHINITIATIVES/PROPOSALSONAIRPORTDEMANDMANAG

8、EMENT,ATTEMPTSTOBRINGFORWARDSUCHMEASURESWEREVERYFEWANDFRAGMENTEDMADASANDZOGRAFOS,2006ASARESULT,THEIDENTIFIEDGAPBETWEENDEMANDANDSUPPLYSTILLPERSISTSANDBECOMESEVENMOREACUTEDUETOTHEFACTTHATTHEALREADYSCARCEAIRPORTCAPACITYISNOTEFFICIENTLYMANAGEDANDALLOCATEDASATTESTEDBYTHELATEHANDBACKS,NOSHOWS,ANDSLOTBABYS

9、ITTINGFIGURESOBSERVEDINMOSTOFTHEBUSIESTEUROPEANAIRPORTSACIEUROPE,2004THESEIMPLYAHARDMISUSEOFTHEALLOCATEDSLOTSMAINLYDUETOLATERETURNOREVENNOUSEATALLOFSLOTSTHATCANNOTBEREALLOCATEDAND,THEREFORE,JEOPARDISETHEABILITYOFTHEAIRPORTOPERATORTOMANAGESCARCECAPACITYEFFICIENTLYANDMAKETHEBESTIE,MAXIMUMUSEOFAVAILABL

10、EAIRPORTINFRASTRUCTURETHEEVERTIGHTERMISMATCHBETWEENAIRPORTCAPACITYANDDEMANDHASALREADYTRIGGEREDPOLICYDISCUSSIONSTHATBRINGINTOTHEFOREFRONTTWOCHALLENGINGPOLICYQUESTIONSIWHICHARETHEDRIVINGFORCESANDREASONSBEHINDTHEMISMANAGEMENTOFCAPACITY,ANDIIHOWDEMANDMANAGEMENTMEASURESANDCAPACITYALLOCATIONSCHEMESCOULDBE

11、JOINTLYDEPLOYEDTOBRIDGETHEGAPBETWEENAIRPORTDEMANDANDCAPACITYTHEULTIMATEOBJECTIVEOFTHISPAPERISTODEVELOPANDAPPLYAMETHODOLOGICALFRAMEWORKFORTHEASSESSMENTANDSELECTIONOFTHEMOSTCOMPATIBLESLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGYFOREACHDIFFERENTTYPEOFAIRPORTONTHEBASISOFMULTIPLEPOLICYCRITERIAANDPRIORITIESIE,POLICYCOMPATIBILIT

12、YANALYSISINADDITION,THEPOLICYCOMPATIBILITYANALYSISRESULTSWILLBEEXAMINEDANDDISCUSSEDINTERMSOFTHEIRAPPLICABILITYINVARIOUSAIRPORTSETTINGSANDTHEIRACCEPTANCEFROMTHEVARIOUSINDUSTRYSTAKEHOLDERSSOTHATSOMEPOLICYRECOMMENDATIONSANDAROADMAPFORPOLICYIMPLEMENTATIONCANBEPROPOSEDITISIMPORTANTTONOTEHERE,HOWEVER,THAT

13、THEPAPERDOESNOTDIRECTLYDEALWITHTHELONGTERMSUSTAINABILITYREQUIREMENTFORANYJOINTCAPACITYDEMANDMANAGEMENTSOLUTIONASAMATTEROFFACT,THESELECTIONOFASLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGYCANNOTBESEENINDEPENDENTLYOFPARALLELEFFORTSINBUILDINGNEWOREXPANDINGTHEEXISTINGCAPACITYINTHELONGRUNTHERESHOULDBEANINDUSTRYCONSENSUSTHATTHES

14、LOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGYASADEMANDSIDEEFFORTSHOULDCOMPLEMENTRATHERTHANREPLACESUPPLYSIDEEFFORTSTOWARDSBUILDINGNEWCAPACITYTHEREMAINDEROFTHISPAPERCONSISTSOFSEVENMAJORTHEMATICSECTIONSSECTION2PROVIDESSOMEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEANDPOLICYBACKGROUNDINFORMATIONONSLOT3ALLOCATIONSECTION3PRESENTSTHEMETHODOLOGICALFRAMEWOR

15、KTHATWASDEVELOPEDINORDERTOPERFORMTHEPOLICYCOMPATIBILITYASSESSMENTSECTION4BRIEFLYDISCUSSESTHEIDENTIFIEDAIRPORTSLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGIESSECTION5PRESENTSTHERESULTSOFTHEAIRPORTTYPOLOGYDEVELOPMENTPROCESSANDBRIEFLYDISCUSSESTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHERESULTEDAIRPORTCLUSTERSSECTION6ELABORATESONTHEPOLICYCOMPATIBI

16、LITYASSESSMENTFRAMEWORKANDSECTION7PRESENTSTHERESULTSANDTHEFINALSYNTHESISOFTHEPOLICYCOMPATIBILITYANALYSIS,WHILESECTION8PROVIDESSOMEPOLICYCONCLUSIONSANDRESEARCHRECOMMENDATIONSFINALLY,THEPAPERISCOMPLEMENTEDBYAGLOSSARYOFRELEVANTTERMSANDNOMENCLATURE,ASWELLASTHELISTOFREFERENCES2BACKGROUNDACCESSTOAIRPORTSI

17、STYPICALLYMANAGEDIFANYTHROUGHALANDINGFEETHATISPROPORTIONALTOTHEMAXIMUMTAKEOFFWEIGHTMTOWOFTHEAIRCRAFTIRRESPECTIVELYOFTHEACTUALINFRASTRUCTUREUTILIZATIONANDTRAFFIC/CONGESTIONLEVELSITISNOTEWORTHYTHAT,BASEDONINTERNATIONALCOMPARISONS,AERONAUTICALCHARGESRELATEDTOAIRPORT/GROUNDOPERATIONSAMOUNTTOABOUT7OFAIRL

18、INESCOSTSWITHENROUTECHARGESADDINGSOME5NILSSON,2003CURRENTLY,ATMOSTAIRPORTS,AIRCRAFTARECHARGEDASMALL,RELATIVELYTOTHETOTALOPERATINGCOSTSOFTHEAIRLINES,FEETHATISUNIFORMTHROUGHOUTTHEDAYTHISFEEISBASEDONTHEWEIGHTOFTHEAIRCRAFTANDITAMOUNTSTO5PERPASSENGERONAVERAGEATSOMEHIGHLYCONGESTEDAIRPORTSTHISOBVIOUSLYCANN

19、OTEFFECTIVELYMANIPULATETRAFFICANDSUBSEQUENTLYALLEVIATETHERESULTEDCONGESTIONANDDELAYPROBLEMSASARESULT,THELATESTEXPERIENCESOFSOMEOFTHEBUSIESTAIRPORTSANDTHEEXCEPTIONALLYHIGHDELAYFIGURESSUGGESTTHATWEIGHTBASEDFEESHAVERATHERTURNEDINTOWAITBASEDLANDINGFEESMORRISON,20013METHODOLOGICALFRAMEWORKTHEPOLICYCOMPAT

20、IBILITYANALYSISAIMSTOFORMULATEANEVALUATIONFRAMEWORKTHATWILLPROVIDEGUIDANCEFORTHESELECTIONOFTHEMOSTCOMPATIBLEWITHRESPECTTOSPECIFICPOLICYCRITERIASLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGYFORTHEVARIOUSTYPESOFAIRPORTSINORDERTOPERFORMTHEPOLICYCOMPATIBILITYANALYSIS,THREEBASICMETHODOLOGICALSTEPSSHOULDBEFOLLOWEDFIG1IIDENTIFICA

21、TIONOFTHEALTERNATIVESLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGIESANDOPTIONS。STEP1,IE,WHATSHOULDBEEVALUATED,IIDEVELOPMENTOFATYPOLOGYOFAIRPORTSIE,AIRPORTCLUSTERANALYSISSTEP2,IE,WHERE/INWHICHAIRPORTCONTEXTTHEIDENTIFIEDSTRATEGIESSHOULDBEEVALUATED,ANDIIIASSESSMENTOFTHEPOLICYCOMPATIBILITYOFTHEIDENTIFIEDSTRATEGIESINTHEELICITED

22、AIRPORTCLUSTERS4STEP3,IE,HOWTHEIDENTIFIEDSTRATEGIESSHOULDBEEVALUATEDFOREACHAIRPORTCLUSTERINTHEINITIALSTEPIE,STEP1,THESLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGIESWEREIDENTIFIEDHOWEVER,DIFFERENTTYPESOFAIRPORTSEXHIBITDIFFERENTCONGESTIONPATTERNSANDTRAFFICCHARACTERISTICS,HAVEDIFFERENTOBJECTIVESANDCONSTRAINTS,ANDTHEREFORE,RE

23、QUIREDIFFERENTCONGESTIONORDEMANDMANAGEMENTAPPROACHESFORTHEALLOCATIONOFSLOTSNERA,2004INEFFECT,ANAIRPORTCLASSIFICATIONSCHEMEIE,AIRPORTCLUSTERANALYSISWASREQUIREDINORDERTOCOPEWITHTHEPECULIARITIESANDCHARACTERISTICSOFDIFFERENTAIRPORTSIE,STEP2THISSTEPENABLESTOINVESTIGATEWHETHERTHECOMPATIBILITYOFALTERNATIVE

24、SLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGIESVARIESWITHTHEIDENTIFIEDAIRPORTCLUSTERS4SLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGIESBASEDONTHESTATEOFTHEARTANDSTATEOFPRACTICEREVIEWOFSLOTALLOCATIONINSTRUMENTSPRESENTEDINTHELITERATUREDOTECONLTD,2001FEDERALAVIATIONADMINISTRATIONFAA,2001TUB,2001ZOGRAFOSANDMADAS,2003NERA,2004MADASANDZOGRAFOS,2006,ANU

25、MBEROFDISTINCTAIRPORTSLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGIESHAVEBEENIDENTIFIEDISTATUSQUOWITHRECYCLINGANDCENTRALIZEDTRADINGOFTHEPOOLENHANCEDSTATUSQUOSTRAT1,IIGRANDFATHERRIGHTSWITHRECYCLING,AUCTIONINGOFTHEPOOL,ANDSECONDARYTRADINGGRADUALSTRAT2,IIIGRANDFATHERRIGHTSWITHFULLTRADINGOFALLSLOTSCONTROLLEDTRADINGSTRAT3,IVPUR

26、E,CONGESTIONBASEDPRICINGSTRATEGYCONGESTIONPRICINGSTRAT4,ANDVREMOVALOFGRANDFATHERRIGHTSACCOMPANIEDBYDECENTRALIZEDAUCTIONSANDSECONDARYTRADINGBIGBANGWITHAUCTIONSANDSECONDARYTRADINGSTRAT5TABLE1SKETCHESTHEIDENTIFIEDAIRPORTSLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGIESALONGWITHTHEIRKEYFEATURES,RULES,ANDCOMPONENTSAMOREELABORATE

27、DDESCRIPTIONOFTHESTRATEGIESANDTHEIRFUNCTIONALPRINCIPLESANDRULESCANBEFOUNDINMADASANDZOGRAFOS,20065AIRPORTTYPOLOGY/CLUSTERSHAVINGDEFINEDTHESLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGIES,ANAIRPORTTYPOLOGYSHOULDBEDEVELOPEDINORDERTOIDENTIFYTHEVARIOUSAIRPORTENVIRONMENTS/SETTINGSIE,AIRPORTCLUSTERSWITHINWHICHTHESTRATEGIESWILLBEE

28、VALUATEDASAMATTEROFFACT,DIFFERENTAIRPORTENVIRONMENTS/SETTINGSMAYEXHIBITDIFFERENTCONGESTIONPATTERNS,DELAYFIGURES,ANDTRAFFICCHARACTERISTICS,WHILETHEYMOSTPROBABLYHAVEDIFFERENT5OBJECTIVESANDCONSTRAINTSANDSHOULDCOMPLYWITHDIFFERENTPOLICYPRIORITIESTHIS,INTURN,MEANSTHATTHEYMAYREQUIREDIFFERENTCONGESTIONORDEM

29、ANDMANAGEMENTAPPROACHESFORTHEALLOCATIONOFSLOTSNERA,2004ASARESULT,ITSHOULDBEEXAMINEDWHETHERDIFFERENTORACOMMONSLOTALLOCATIONREGIMESHOULDBEESTABLISHEDANDAPPLIEDTOTHEAIRPORTNETWORKTOTHATEND,ANAIRPORTCLASSIFICATIONSCHEMEIE,AIRPORTCLUSTERANALYSISWASDEVELOPEDINORDERTOCOPEWITHTHEPECULIARITIESANDCHARACTERIST

30、ICSOFDIFFERENTAIRPORTS,ANDTHEREAFTERINVESTIGATEWHETHERTHECOMPATIBILITYOFALTERNATIVESLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGIESVARIESWITHTHEIDENTIFIEDAIRPORTCLUSTERS6POLICYCOMPATIBILITYASSESSMENTFRAMEWORKTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEPOLICYCOMPATIBILITYANALYSISISTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFTHEMOSTCOMPATIBLESLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGYFOREACHAIRPO

31、RTCLUSTERONTHEBASISOFMULTIPLEPOLICYCRITERIAANDINDICATORS,ASWELLASTHEIRPRIORITIESASSIGNEDINEACHAIRPORTSETTING/CLUSTERACCORDINGTOTHEPARTICULARPROBLEMCHARACTERISTICSDISCUSSEDINAPREVIOUSSECTION,THEMULTICRITERIAEVALUATIONPROBLEMATHANDHASBEENDEALTWITHTHEUSEOFTHEANALYTICALHIERARCHYPROCESSAHPSAATY,1990AHPHA

32、SSOMENOTABLEADVANTAGESASAMULTICRITERIAASSESSMENTMETHODANDFULFILSTHEFOLLOWINGMETHODOLOGICALPROPERTIESTHATAREABSOLUTELYINALIGNMENTWITHTHECHARACTERISTICSANDMETHODOLOGICALREQUIREMENTSOFTHEEVALUATIONPROBLEMUNDERCONSIDERATIONZOGRAFOSETAL,1997ZOGRAFOSANDGIANNOULI,20017POLICYCOMPATIBILITYASSESSMENTRESULTSHA

33、VINGSELECTEDTHEASSESSMENTTECHNIQUE,ATARGETEDPANELOFEXPERTSANDKEYSTAKEHOLDERSHASBEENSELECTEDANDSURVEYEDWITHTHEUSEOFADETAILEDSURVEYINSTRUMENTGIVENTHEPOLICYMAGNITUDEANDRESEARCHINTERESTOFTHESLOTALLOCATIONPROBLEM,SPECIALEMPHASISHASBEENPLACEDINOBTAININGTHEPERSPECTIVESANDJUDGMENTSOFACADEMICEXPERTSANDRESEAR

34、CHERS,ASWELLASTHERELEVANTAVIATIONPOLICYMAKERSINEUROPEONTHEOTHERHAND,CONSIDERINGTHEINVOLVEMENTANDINTERACTIONOFSEVERALINTERESTGROUPS,THEVIEWPOINTSOFMAJORINDUSTRYPLAYERSANDSTAKEHOLDINGGROUPSINTHEALLOCATIONOFAIRPORTSLOTS,NAMELYTHEAIRPORTSANDAIRLINES,WEREALSOPURSUEDTHESELECTIONOFSPECIFICINDIVIDUALEXPERTS

35、HASBEENMADEWITHVIEWTOTHEFOLLOWINGISUBSTANTIALEXPERTISEINEXISTINGSLOTALLOCATIONPROCEDURES,IIFAMILIARITYWITHTHEAVIATIONINDUSTRYDEVELOPMENTSINGENERALANDDEMANDCAPACITYMISMATCHINPARTICULAR,ANDIIIREPRESENTATIONOFVARIOUSINDUSTRYROLESANDVIEWPOINTSTHROUGHTHEEXPERTGROUPSDISCUSSEDBELOWWITHRESPECTTOSLOTALLOCATI

36、ON68POLICYCONCLUSIONSANDRESEARCHRECOMMENDATIONSTHISPAPERHASEXAMINEDTHECOMPATIBILITYOFALTERNATIVESLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGIESFORTHEVARIOUSAIRPORTSETTINGSBASEDONTHEIRPROFILECHARACTERISTICSANDTHEEMBEDDEDDECISIONMAKINGANDPOLICYPRIORITIESEXPRESSEDINTHEFORMOFIMPORTANCEWEIGHTSONPOLICYCRITERIAANDINDICATORSTHEPO

37、LICYCRITERIAANDINDICATORSARENOTNECESSARILYOFTHESAMEPRIORITY/IMPORTANCEINTHEDIFFERENTAIRPORTSETTINGSTHISJUSTIFIEDTHENEEDFORDEVELOPINGANAIRPORTTYPOLOGYIE,AIRPORTCLUSTERSBYASSESSINGTHENTHEPOLICYCOMPATIBILITYOFTHEIDENTIFIEDSLOTALLOCATIONSTRATEGIESINTHEDIFFERENTAIRPORTCLUSTERSTHEREFORE,THESTARTINGWORKING

38、ASSUMPTIONSUBJECTTOCONFIRMATIONORREJECTIONWASTHATTHEPOLICYCOMPATIBILITYOFASTRATEGYVARIESWITHTHEAIRPORTCLUSTERSBASEDONTHERESULTSOFTHECOMPATIBILITYANALYSIS,ITCANBESAFELYCONCLUDEDTHATTHEWEIGHTSASSIGNEDTOPOLICYINDICATORSINEACHDIFFERENTAIRPORTCLUSTERDONOTRESULTINASUBSTANTIALLYDIFFERINGCOMPATIBILITYOFTHEV

39、ARIOUSSTRATEGIESINTHEDIFFERENTAIRPORTCLUSTERSTHISFINDINGISFURTHERSUPPORTEDBYTHEEMPIRICALEVIDENCEBROUGHTBYSEVERALPOLICYMAKERSCONTEMPLATINGTHATTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFACOMMONIE,AIRPORTWIDESTRATEGYSEEMSTOBEMOREREALISTICALBEITWITHCERTAINFLEXIBILITYANDROOMFORLOCALADAPTATIONSINPARTICULAR,ITHASBEENSTRESSEDTHATA

40、COMMONSLOTALLOCATIONREGIMESHOULDBEESTABLISHEDANDACCOMPANIEDBYRULESANDGUIDELINESAIMINGTOADAPTTHISREGIMEINTHEPARTICULARAIRPORTCONTEXT译文机场容量与管理不善资料来源百度百科作者MICHAELAMADAS,KONSTANTINOSGZOGRAFOS摘要因为机场遇到的拥挤和延迟的问题，在一段前所未有的压力所经历的政策后，欧美机场开始进入舞台。经过作者调查之后,本文采用策略管理需求和分配稀有机场容量的方法。在过去的几年里，有一项在欧共体上工作进行进一步大幅修改的规管架构，它

41、通过有效的位置和所拥有的机场槽旨在解决交易机场容量不足开始进行辩论。一个最最主要政策方面的顾虑是在不同的机场的设置兼容性替代槽分配策略。这篇文章的目的是三个层面一个方法论发展和应用架7构的多指标评价和选择最谐调分配策略对槽优先于政策标准及各种机场设置，二是从不同的行业检查适用性的政策兼容性，导致了各种机场设置及其潜在的可接受性利益。三提供政策建议欧洲机场政策进行制定和计划新的政策。介绍最近的航空运输预测表明国际航空货运在欧洲以平均每年36的速度在增长。一些分析师通过增加的数据研究2002到2020年的欧洲机场2003。的触动额结论是快速交通增长造成严重阻塞和延迟问题,也有着约束航空运输增长，它

42、成为了一个主要的交通政策问题。阻塞和延迟问题可能会进一步恶化。据考虑，半数以上的欧洲的50个最大的机场容量已经达到或接近达到饱和度与地基承载力，只有少数几个计划现行发展DOTECON有限公司,2001。类似的发现在2004年表明,其欧洲机场在遭受需求过剩的高峰时期的日子将会经历一个平均增加的交通运动。研究显示，欧洲机场从20平均容量增加到2007年仅为5的机场容量。尽管在机场方案需求管理上有实质性的研究行动,但是试图提出这些措施和实际做的却很少（MADAS和ZOGRAFOS,2006。作为一个结果,确定供求之间的差距,他们成为由于更为严重问题，他们正在威胁着本已萧条的世界机场容量，其中的“最近

43、的支持”、“没有说明的”、“槽中观察到的要照顾的欧洲机场”。这些意味着滥用分配的槽主要是由于用在了毫无用处的时段。因此，重新分配的能力有关于机场操作的稀缺能力，旨在如何最大限度地发挥有效例子，以及最大利用现有机场基础设施。永远抓紧机场的能力和需求之间的错配，它已经引发了政策讨论进入最前沿的两个具有挑战性的政策问题1动力和原因是他们管理的能力。2需求管理对策和容量配置方案可以共同部署到机场需求和能力。本文的最终目的，是发展和应用框架评估来选取最谐调的选用策略，且在此基础上的多个政策标准和重点即政策兼容性分析来进行槽配置各类机场。此外，该政策兼容性分析结果为进一步检查解释方面，阐述了在各种机场设置

44、，在接受来自不同行业的利益相关者的意见后，致力于有些政策建议及一份蓝图为政策实施的计划。重要的是要注意这里，报纸不受直接处理长期持续容量的任何关节要求管理溶解信息。作为一个事实，槽的选择策略无法看见配置独立于平行，它努力来建造新扩大现有能力的长远发展应该有一个行业的实施战略共同配置槽的努力必须得到补充,而不是取代供应的侧力量以建设新的容量。本论文共有7个主要主题的部分。第一节进行概念性的分析。第二节提供了一些经验信息的证据和政策背景下进行的槽分配。第三节介绍了画面中分配方法进行工作的发展,以便执行政策兼容性评估。第四节简要论述了在确定的机场8槽分配策略。第5条陈述结果机场的不同类型学发展的观点

45、过程和特点，并作了简要的探讨“什么导致机场集群”。第6部分阐述了这一政策兼容性评估框架。第7条陈述结果和最后的合成性政策兼容性分析。第8条阐述政策性结论和研究的建议。最后，本文辅以术语和命名法的有关条款，以及名单上的参考文献。背景进入机场通常要处理任何通过着陆，费用是成正比的最大值。起飞重量最大起飞重量有所提升的飞机外各自的实际基础设施利用和机场拥挤的水平。值得注意的是,在此基础上,对比国际航空涉收费行动达约7航空公司的成本费用每年需添加5尼尔森博士2003年。目前，在大多数机场、飞机被指为一个相对的全部运营费用航空公司，在整个一天许可费是统一的。此费用是基于飞机的重量和它的数量，平均乘客繁忙

46、的机场这显然不能有效的操作随后缓解交通拥挤和延迟问题。因此，最新的经验一些显示最繁忙的机场和异常高的延迟货运重量统计数据表明，基础收费变成了等基础降落费用莫里森,2001。方法框架这一政策兼容性分析旨在编制评价框架，将提供指导最谐调的选择相对具体政策标准分配策略槽应用于各种类型的机场。为了进行政策兼容性分析、三种基本的方法学应遵循步骤（1）身份证实的三种槽分配策略和选择。步骤1，即什么应该评估。（2）开发机场的类型学例如,机场聚类分析，第2步，即，在那里机场背景下,确定应怎样评估策略3评价政策兼容性的机场需确定策略集群。第三步，即如何确定策略应用于评估每个机场聚类。在初始步骤即步骤一，该时段分

47、配策略被分析。然而，不同类型的空港展现出不同的拥挤模式和交通特点外，还具有不同目的和约束条件。因此，需要不同的拥挤或配置需求管理方法来应用。在不同机场的分级方案不同例如,机场聚类分析被要求为了应付货物的特点和品种特性。这一步研究是否可以替代槽的相容性和随即分配策略以识别机场集群。槽分配策略基于国家的机场研究和国家的机场实践，回顾了槽配置工具使用过后DOTECON有限公司，2001年。美国联邦航空局FAA，2001；ZOGRAFOSMADAS，2004，MADAS和ZOGRAFOS，2006年8月，了解许多独特的机场槽分配策略已经发现了现状1集中循环使用交易集群第一步机场提高的现状，2第二步槽分

48、配的回收利用，拍卖、二次贸易。3完全贸易的权利，第三步控制空间的交易。4第四步纯粹的基础，拥挤定价策略。5第五步清除权利伴由分散的拍卖及二次贸易的拍卖。草图鉴定机场槽连同他们的分配策略主要特点，规则，和部件。着力描写了最优策略及其功能原则、规则和才能的发现。机场类型学9在有确定的突破口，一个机场类型学分配策略应开发为了识别各种各样的机场环境和设置。例如，机场结合型的策略将在此进行评估。作为一个事实，不同的机场环境设置可能展现出不同的拥挤模式、延迟数据和交通特征，而他们最可能由不同的目标约束。应该遵守不同的政策的优先顺序。反过来,这意味着他们可能需要不同的需求管理方法分配它的时段。结果，它应该考

49、虑独立机场集群是否使用共用的槽进行分配不同的政策，它应该要建立和应用到机场网络。为此，机场的分级方案例如，机场了聚类分析为了应付特点和品种特性，然后研究是否兼容性替代槽分配策略进行了随即机场的聚类。政策相容性评估框架政策的目标识别的兼容性分析是最和谐的槽分配，在各机场集群战略的基础上，标准与指标的政策以及他们的优先次序指定在设置各机场变更。根据特定问题和特点在前一节讨论了多指标评价，当前问题已经解决了使用分析程序AHP陈亭羽、曾国雄1990。运用层次分析法AHP有一些显著的优势作为一个多目标评估方法，以满足以下方法性能是绝对的特点及方法的要求。政策相容性评估结果选择目标评价方法，专家和关键的利益相关者选择并进行了详细的综述。给予政策大小和研究槽的利益分配问题，已经被放置在特别强调获得的视角与专家学者和研究人员的判断，以及有关航空政策制定者。另一方面，考虑到参与相互作用的几个利益集团，观点主要的成员和股权分配集团机场槽，即机场和航空公司也被进一步研究。具体的个人的选择已经考虑在1实质性的专业知识，在现有的槽分配程序。2熟悉航空工业发展能力一般需求，尤其是错配的问题。3表示多方面的工业角色和观点通过专家小组在下面讨论关于槽的分配。研究结论和政策建议本文调查了兼容性替代槽分配策略和各大机场设置的关系，基于机场的知名度特点和嵌入式决策以及政