NLM&Mesh-中华民国图书馆学会.ppt

1、NLM,臺北醫學大學圖書館邱子恆2007.2.27,分類的意義,有史以來，中外的先聖先賢如柏拉圖，亞里斯多得，培根，法蘭西斯，康德，孔子，墨子，程伊川，鄭樵等，都努力於為宇宙萬物尋找一種秩序他們相信一個詳盡確實的知識分類，可以幫助人類了解宇宙中生生不息的玄機,分類的意義,用分類的方式來組織人類知識之目的，主要是希望協助個人達到記憶上的經濟性，進而可以更容易地檢索到資訊，並描述與建構相似物件之間的關係，而且用簡明的方式來呈現這些關係,分類的意義,泛指將不同的抽象或實體之物件區分，或是把相似的物件聚集的活動定義：依據物件之間的關係將其排序分組的活動，這些關係可以是明顯可見的，也可以是推測而來的,圖

2、書館的分類表,學科分類同類相聚展現出編製者的世界觀Concept(概念層次)Verbal(語彙層次) Notation(標記層次),圖書館的分類表之類型,依應用對象分Universal Classification vs. Specialized Classification依架構分階層式(如：CCL 台灣用 , DDC)列舉式(如：LCC, NLM, 中國圖書館分類汰)層面式/分合式（如：UDC, CC）,圖書館使用之分類表,中文圖書中國圖書分類法(CCL=Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries) 台灣用西文圖書LCC (Library of

3、Congress Classification)DDC (Dewey Decimal Classification)NLM (National Library of Medicine Classification),Historical Development,The genesis of the NLM Classification is a Survey Report on the Army Medical Library, published in 1944, which recommended that the Library be reclassified according to

4、a modern scheme, and that the new scheme be a mixed notation (letters and numbers) resembling that of the Library of Congress.,Subsequently a classification committee was formed, chaired by Keyes D. Metcalf and including Mary Louise Marshall who compiled the schedules. Medical specialists acted as c

5、onsultants to the committee. Based on the consultants advice, that of the committee and of the NLM cataloging staff, Ms. Marshall produced a preliminary edition of the Librarys Classification, which was issued in 1948.,The preliminary edition was revised by Frank B. Rogers and the first edition of t

6、he new classification was published in 1951 as the U.S. Army Medical Library Classification. It firmly established the current structure of the classification and NLMs classification practices. The headings for the individual schedules were given in brief form and together they provided an outline o

7、f the subjects that constitute the National Library of Medicine Classification .,These headings were interpreted broadly as including the physiological system, the specialty or specialties connected with them, the regions of the body chiefly concerned and subordinate related fields. Within each sche

8、dule, division by organ usually has priority. All schedules, including some of their sections, are preceded by a group of form numbers representing publication types. These numbers, ranging generally from 1-39, are employed as mnemonic devices throughout the Classification.,Beginning with the 2002 e

9、dition, the National Library of Medicine Classification is published in electronic form and updated annually.The online environment offers many advantages to users including hyperlinks between class numbers in the index and the schedules, and between terms within the index and direct links from thes

10、e to the MeSH record itself under the MeSH Browser.,The online data creation and maintenance system of the Classification gives NLM the ability to update the classification annually in tandem with MeSH. Publication of printed editions ceased with the 5th revised edition, 1999.,Structure of the NLM C

11、lassification,The National Library of Medicine Classification covers the field of medicine and related sciences, utilizing schedules QS-QZ and W-WZ, permanently excluded from the Library of Congress (LC) Classification schedules. The various schedules of the LC Classification supplement the NLM Clas

12、sification for subjects bordering on medicine and for general reference materials. The LC schedules for Human Anatomy (QM), Microbiology (QR) and Medicine (R) are not used at all by the National Library of Medicine since they overlap the NLM Classification.,Relationship to MeSH,The schedules with th

13、eir special requirements for use with all types and forms of materials preclude strict adherence to the hierarchical arrangement of the MeSH. The schedules maintain their own character in order to provide for material, old as well as new, acquired for the Collection, including dictionaries, atlases,

14、 directories and other items, which are not suitable for the arrangements, found in MeSH. However, an effort was made to make schedule headings, subheadings and class number captions compatible with MeSH terminology,美國國家醫學圖書館分類法(NLM),醫學相關資料或醫學圖書館專用Notation - 英文字母+阿拉伯數字列舉式分類法非醫學類及邊際學科, 配合LCC使用可搭配MeSH

15、 (Medical Subject Headings)使用,NLM之架構,Pre-clinical Sciences (醫預科學; 基礎醫學)QSHuman Anatomy（人體解剖學）QTPhysiology（生理學）QUBiochemistry（生化學）QVPharmacology（藥理學）QWMicrobiology and Immunology（微生物學與免疫學）QXParasitology（寄生蟲學）QYClinical Pathology（臨床病理學）QZPatholgoy（病理學）,NLM之架構,General Health and Medicine (醫療專業)WMedical

16、 Profession（醫療事業）WAPublic Health（公共衛生）WB Practice of Medicine（行醫）,NLM之架構,Diseases of the whole body (全身的疾病)WCInfectious Diseases（傳染病）WD100Nutrition Disorders（營養失常症）WD200Metabolic Diseases（新陳代謝症）WD300 Immunologic and Collagen Diseases. Hypersensitivity （過敏症）WD400Animal Poisons（動物性中毒）WD500Plant Poison

17、s（植物性中毒）WD600Diseases and Injuries caused by Physical Agents（物理因素天所致疾病）WD700Aviation and Space Medicine （航空及太空醫學）,NLM之架構,Systems of the Body (器官系統)WEMusculoskeletal System （肌肉骨骼系統）WFRespiratory System（呼吸系統）WGCardiovascular System（循環系統）WHHemic and Lymphatic Systems（血液淋巴系統）WIDigestive System（消化系統）WJUr

18、ogenital System （泌尿生殖系統）WKEndocrine System（內分泌系統）WLNervous System（神經系統）,NLM之架構,Speciality areas of the Health Science（健康科學專科）WMPsychiatry （精神病學）WNRadiology. Diagnostic Imaging（放射學，影像醫學）WOSurgery（外科學）WPGynecology（婦科學）WQObstetrics（產科學）WRDermatology（皮膚病學）WSPediatrics（小兒科學）WTGeriatrics. Chronic Disease

19、（老年病學慢性病學）,NLM之架構,WUDentistry. Oral Surgery （牙科學口腔外科學）WVOtolaryngology（耳鼻喉科學）WWOphthalmology（眼科學）WXHospitals and other Health Facilities（醫院及其他醫療機構）WYNursing（護理學）WZHistory of Medicine（醫學史）,NLM類號之例子,Breast cancer之類號為WP870WPGynecologyWP8xxBreastWP840Breast DiseasesWP870Neoplasms,NLM架構,NLM架構,NLM Classif

20、ication Practices,GeneralThe Library applies subject classification primarily to materials treated as monographs. Serial publications are separated by form and are assigned classification numbers within several broad categories. The classification practices outlined below are current conventions. Th

21、ey are provided as explanation, stating NLMs general classification approach using the National Library of Medicines and the Library of Congresss schedules, rather than how to classify instructions.,Basic RulesThe classification number assigned to a work is determined by the main focus or subject co

22、ntent of the work. A work dealing with several subjects that fall into different areas of the classification is classed by emphasis, or if emphasis is lacking, by the first subject treated in the work. A work on a particular disease is classified with the disease, which in turn is classified with th

23、e organ or region chiefly affected, regardless of special emphasis on form of therapy or diagnostic procedure used.,Form NumbersEach schedule, as well as some sections within a schedule (e.g., WO 201-233.1), contains a group of form numbers, generally 1 through 39, that are used to classify material

24、 by publication type within the general subject area of the schedule. In general, classification by publication type takes precedence over classification by subject. For example, atlases illustrating the pathology of Liver Diseases are all classed in WI 17 along with atlases on any other subject cov

25、ered by the WI schedule for Digestive Diseases.,Table G (geographic notation)Geographic subdivision is provided for certain subjects in the NLM schedules by the application of Table G.The use of geographical breakdown is restricted to those classes which are annotated with Table G in the schedules a

26、nd includes both monographs and serials.If a work on a subject that is geographically subdivided covers an area larger than the entity represented in a Table G notation it is classified in the General coverage (Not Table G) number, directly following the class number that provides for geographic subdivision.,Special plansSeveral types of monographic publications are classified according to special plans: Nineteenth century titles, Early printed books, and Bibliographies. Classification numbers for these publications do not appear in the Index.,NLM Classification homepage,自學系統,