《土壤污染与防治》复习资料.doc

1、stressed that promoting the comprehensive revitalization should focus on economic construction as the central focus with, pay special attention to grasp the implementation of five development concepts, deepening reform and promoting the all-round opening up, ensuring and improving peoples livelihood

2、, strengthen the construction of ecological civilization, “five priorities“, play development mix. To with new development concept measure work, and command action, and training cadres, in implement implementation new development concept in the looking for opportunities, and build highlights, and ex

3、pand advantage; to full deepening reform, break bound the aspects created vitality of system mechanism obstacles; to active advance full aspects opening, participation “in the cast Russian Economic Corridor“ construction; to guarantees and improved livelihood, strongly won poverty battle; to strengt

4、hening ecological civilization construction, for sustainable development reserved space, for future generations left sky blue, and to green, and water clear of better homes. We must in-depth implement implementation new development concept, insisted to economic construction for Center, firmly caught

5、 development this first priority, absorbed make construction, heart no distractions caught development, speed up development “six big industry“, in-depth implementation “three big engineering“, active create “two big environment“, out of a article quality more high, and benefits better, and structur

6、e more excellent of transformation development of road. To strengthen ecological construction. On March 22, the deep restructuring examined and adopted the opinion on perfecting compensation mechanism of ecological protection, proposed to explore the establishment of diversified ecological compensat

7、ion mechanism, progressive realization of forests, grasslands, wetlands and other areas of focus and key ecological function and other important regional ecological compensation coverage, the ecological advantages of the region will be further highlighted. We need to go green eco-building, as the es

8、sential policy, in strict accordance with the State of main function region construction requirements, careful implementation and Xiaoxing an mountains forest ecological protection and economic restructuring plan for the construction of sky blue, . Acts prohibited by picking up the remaining wells i

9、n standing timber. To focus on forest resource conservation, increase the acquisition and supervision of cold storage, no buy fruit, encourage support to leading enterprises, workers cooperatives as a unit, the contract management of forest resources, the rational protection and utilization of resou

10、rces. To work actively towards policy aimed from the level of the State Forestry Administration formulated regulations to protect forest resources as soon as possible to achieve law and regulation to protect forest resources. Should focus on forest fire prevention. Fire safety is the first priorityt

11、he first responsibility of the forest, 26th spring area has fully deployed to the fire, has now entered the fire, we have to be on duty, and defend. Determined to overcome paralysis, must not “Twelve-Five“ no fires in the past, the reduced requirements during the period. To apply strictly the party

12、with the responsibility, must shoulder the responsibility of the Party Secretary in particular, really practice pipes, it can never shuaishouzhanggui, be sure to layer the implementation falls fire responsibility, to ensure that no major forest fires. To adhere to balanced, correctly handle the rela

13、tionship between fire and project construction, industrial development, to “never miss or two.“ Second, to speed up the development of six major industries. Promote development in our region, the key is to give full play to resource advantage to build eco-oriented “big six“ system, to create the new

14、 engine of economic growth. Firm confidence. Practice has proved that the “big six“ of both central and provincial requirements, and meet the actual da hinggan mountains, through active efforts have been showing a strong momentum of development. So, in the “six“ on development, we must be firm in fa

15、ith, go all out, perseverance, one caught in the end, convinced that Castle is not relaxed, does not reach the target will never give up. Should focus on industrial projects. Project is to accelerate the industrial development of important support and backing. Industrial project construction, my are

16、a there are few in number, small size, low level problems. This year, the project as his party has “first project“, we have to work hard to project construction. Especially effective during short, catching project shall not, slow, dragging not allowed. All localities should conscientiously implement

17、 the project leadership system, timetable, roadmap, and coordinate services, tracking the whole process forward, inverted durations, speeding up progress and seek practical results. Poised to break the project build Set challenges, to accelerate the pace of preliminary formalities, the enterprises h

18、ave difficulties to pull one way and also help in a timely manner to help businesses market, enhance confidence, urging work as soon as possible. To strengthen the project analysis, proper risk analysis and improve project success rates. (Specific to the XX, we still want to make good use of agricul

19、tural advantages, relying on the upper reaches of the forest in the fresh air and XXX pure water and other resources, create high-quality, high-grade green food brands, truly reflect the original character. Meanwhile, adhere to the project as the breakthrough to promote economic development around t

20、he “six industrial chain“ to pay special attention to forming projects, dig potential projects, focus on key projects, actively cultivating the new leading industries and new sources of economic growth). To promote investment. More accurate professional business, and based my industrial base and res

21、ources, aimed at national industrial layout土壤污染与防治复习资料第一章1、概念：环境问题、环境破坏、环境干扰、环境污染、土壤污染环境问题：狭义的环境问题指的是在人类社会经济活动的作用下，人们周围环境结构和状态发生不利于人类生存和发展的变化。广义的环境问题指的是任何不利于人类生存和发展的环境结构和状态的变化，其产生的原因包括人为方面的，也包括自然方面的。环境破坏：主要指人类的社会活动引起的生态退化及由此而衍生的有关环境效应，它们导致了环境结构与功能的变化，对人类的生存与发展产生了不利影响环境干扰：指的是人类活动所排出的能量进入环境，达到一定的程度，产生

22、对人类不良的影响。环境污染：有害物质或因子进入环境，并在环境中扩散、迁移、转化，使环境系统的结构与功能发生变化，对人类或其他生物的正常生存和发展产生不利影响的现象，称为“环境污染” ，常简称“污染” 。 土壤污染：指人类活动引起的物质和能量输入土壤，并引起结构或“和谐”受到损害，人体健康受到伤害，资源和生态系统受到破坏，对环境的合理使用受到干扰。2、当前环境问题的特点。已是全人类所面临的共同性问题；已从局部扩展到区域甚至全球，从地表延伸到高空及地下，呈立体态；表现形式更加多样化；具有明显的地域性；已严重损害人类的健康与福利，威胁人类生存和发展。3、环境问题的分类。（1）原生环境问题：火山、地震

23、、台风等；（2）次生环境问题：环境破化（水土流失、沙漠化、盐渍化、物种灭绝等） ；环境污染与干扰（水污染、大气污染、土壤污染、噪声、振动、电磁波干扰、热干扰等）4、环境破坏的分类。按对象性质可分为两类，生物环境破坏和非生物环境破坏。5、目前主要的土壤污染问题。（1）能源的开发利用导致的土壤环境污染问题。（2）工业的发展出现三废超标排放，导致土壤资源的污染。（3）农业生产的自身污染。6、土壤污染的特点及危害。特点：隐蔽性和滞后性 累积性和地域性不可逆转性（重金属及一些有机物）治理难而周期长危害：导致严重的经济损失。导致农产品污染超标、品质不断下降。导致大气环境的次生污染。导致水体富营养化。农业生

24、态安全的克星。第二章1、污染物的概念和性质。概念：进入环境后使环境的正常组成发生直接或间接有害于生物生长、发育和繁殖的物质。stressed that promoting the comprehensive revitalization should focus on economic construction as the central focus with, pay special attention to grasp the implementation of five development concepts, deepening reform and promoting the a

25、ll-round opening up, ensuring and improving peoples livelihood, strengthen the construction of ecological civilization, “five priorities“, play development mix. To with new development concept measure work, and command action, and training cadres, in implement implementation new development concept

26、in the looking for opportunities, and build highlights, and expand advantage; to full deepening reform, break bound the aspects created vitality of system mechanism obstacles; to active advance full aspects opening, participation “in the cast Russian Economic Corridor“ construction; to guarantees an

27、d improved livelihood, strongly won poverty battle; to strengthening ecological civilization construction, for sustainable development reserved space, for future generations left sky blue, and to green, and water clear of better homes. We must in-depth implement implementation new development concep

28、t, insisted to economic construction for Center, firmly caught development this first priority, absorbed make construction, heart no distractions caught development, speed up development “six big industry“, in-depth implementation “three big engineering“, active create “two big environment“, out of

29、a article quality more high, and benefits better, and structure more excellent of transformation development of road. To strengthen ecological construction. On March 22, the deep restructuring examined and adopted the opinion on perfecting compensation mechanism of ecological protection, proposed to

30、 explore the establishment of diversified ecological compensation mechanism, progressive realization of forests, grasslands, wetlands and other areas of focus and key ecological function and other important regional ecological compensation coverage, the ecological advantages of the region will be fu

31、rther highlighted. We need to go green eco-building, as the essential policy, in strict accordance with the State of main function region construction requirements, careful implementation and Xiaoxing an mountains forest ecological protection and economic restructuring plan for the construction of s

32、ky blue, . Acts prohibited by picking up the remaining wells in standing timber. To focus on forest resource conservation, increase the acquisition and supervision of cold storage, no buy fruit, encourage support to leading enterprises, workers cooperatives as a unit, the contract management of fore

33、st resources, the rational protection and utilization of resources. To work actively towards policy aimed from the level of the State Forestry Administration formulated regulations to protect forest resources as soon as possible to achieve law and regulation to protect forest resources. Should focus

34、 on forest fire prevention. Fire safety is the first prioritythe first responsibility of the forest, 26th spring area has fully deployed to the fire, has now entered the fire, we have to be on duty, and defend. Determined to overcome paralysis, must not “Twelve-Five“ no fires in the past, the reduce

35、d requirements during the period. To apply strictly the party with the responsibility, must shoulder the responsibility of the Party Secretary in particular, really practice pipes, it can never shuaishouzhanggui, be sure to layer the implementation falls fire responsibility, to ensure that no major

36、forest fires. To adhere to balanced, correctly handle the relationship between fire and project construction, industrial development, to “never miss or two.“ Second, to speed up the development of six major industries. Promote development in our region, the key is to give full play to resource advan

37、tage to build eco-oriented “big six“ system, to create the new engine of economic growth. Firm confidence. Practice has proved that the “big six“ of both central and provincial requirements, and meet the actual da hinggan mountains, through active efforts have been showing a strong momentum of devel

38、opment. So, in the “six“ on development, we must be firm in faith, go all out, perseverance, one caught in the end, convinced that Castle is not relaxed, does not reach the target will never give up. Should focus on industrial projects. Project is to accelerate the industrial development of importan

39、t support and backing. Industrial project construction, my area there are few in number, small size, low level problems. This year, the project as his party has “first project“, we have to work hard to project construction. Especially effective during short, catching project shall not, slow, draggin

40、g not allowed. All localities should conscientiously implement the project leadership system, timetable, roadmap, and coordinate services, tracking the whole process forward, inverted durations, speeding up progress and seek practical results. Poised to break the project build Set challenges, to acc

41、elerate the pace of preliminary formalities, the enterprises have difficulties to pull one way and also help in a timely manner to help businesses market, enhance confidence, urging work as soon as possible. To strengthen the project analysis, proper risk analysis and improve project success rates.

42、(Specific to the XX, we still want to make good use of agricultural advantages, relying on the upper reaches of the forest in the fresh air and XXX pure water and other resources, create high-quality, high-grade green food brands, truly reflect the original character. Meanwhile, adhere to the projec

43、t as the breakthrough to promote economic development around the “six industrial chain“ to pay special attention to forming projects, dig potential projects, focus on key projects, actively cultivating the new leading industries and new sources of economic growth). To promote investment. More accura

44、te professional business, and based my industrial base and resources, aimed at national industrial layout性质： 一种物质成为污染物，必须在特定的环境中达到一定的数量或浓度，并且持续一定的时间。 污染物会在环境中发生转化，即具有易变性。2、优先污染物的概念及其特点。概念：对于如此众多的污染物，我们必须挑选一些重要的污染物优先进行控制，这就是环境优先污染物特点：1）毒性强。2）残留时间长，难降解，具有积累性。3）生产量较大并在环境中分布广泛。3、土壤主要的污染源和污染物。主要的污染源：（1）天

45、然污染源在自然界中某些矿床或物质的富集中心周围，经常形成自然扩散带，而使附近土壤中某些物质的含量超出土壤正常含量范围，而造成地区性土壤污染。（2）人为污染源即污染物主要来自工业和城市的废水和固体废物、农药和化肥、牲畜排泄物、生物残体和大气沉降物等。 工业污染源主要是指工矿企业排放的废水、废气、废渣等。在工业（城市）废水中，常含有多种污染物，当长期使用这种废水灌溉农田时，便会使污染物在土壤中积累而导致污染。 农业污染源主要是指由于现代化农业生产本身的需要而大量施入土壤的化学农药、化肥、有机肥以及农用地膜等农用化学物质。 生物污染源主要是指含有致病菌的各种病原微生物和寄生虫的生活污水、医院废水、垃

46、圾以及被病原菌污染的河流等。 主要的污染物：1） 、无机污染物重金属：如汞、镉、铬、铅及类金属砷。它们是生物非必须元素，又称有毒元素；另外如铜、锌、钴、镍、锰、硒等是生物必须元素，但超过作物需求的上限时，也形成污染。营养物质：主要指氮素和磷素化学肥料。放射性物质：主要指铯、锶、铀等。其他物质：如氟化物、氰化物、硫化物、酸、碱、盐等。2） 、有机污染物难降解的有机污染物：如有机氯农药、石油、多氯联苯等。降解中间产物毒性大于母体的有机物：如三氯乙醛、苯并芘等。可降解有机物：如畜禽粪便、酚、有机洗涤剂等。3） 、有害微生物如肠细菌、寄生虫、炭疽杆菌、结核杆菌、破伤风杆菌、蠕虫类等入侵土壤，并大量繁衍

47、，对人体健康或土壤生态系统均会产生不良影响。4、土壤污染类型及其特点。水体污染型 其分布特点是：沿河流或干支渠呈枝形片状分布，由于污染物大多以污水灌溉形式从地表进入土体，所以污染物一般集中在土壤表层。但是，随着污灌时间的延续，某些污染物可水自上而下向土体下部迁移，以至达到地下水层。大气污染型 经由大气的污染所造成的土壤环境污染，其污染特点是以大气污染源为中心呈环状或带状分布，长轴沿主风向伸长。 污染物质主要集中在土壤表层（0-5cm） ，耕作土壤则集中于耕层（020cm） ，主要污stressed that promoting the comprehensive revitalization

48、should focus on economic construction as the central focus with, pay special attention to grasp the implementation of five development concepts, deepening reform and promoting the all-round opening up, ensuring and improving peoples livelihood, strengthen the construction of ecological civilization,

49、 “five priorities“, play development mix. To with new development concept measure work, and command action, and training cadres, in implement implementation new development concept in the looking for opportunities, and build highlights, and expand advantage; to full deepening reform, break bound the aspects created vitality of system mechanism obstacles; to active advance full aspects opening, participation “in the cast Russian Economic Corridor“ construction; to guarantees and improved livelihood, s