1、外文翻译THISARTICLETESTSCAPTURETHEORYBYANALYZINGVOTINGBEHAVIORONUSREGIONALFISHERYMANAGEMENTCOUNCILSSOMESEATSONTHECOUNCILSARERESERVEDFORSTATEANDFEDERALAGENCYREPRESENTATIVESOTHERS,FORPOLITICALAPPOINTEESTHEPOLITICALAPPOINTEESPRIMARILYREPRESENTSPECIALINTERESTSSPECIFICALLY,COMMERCIALANDRECREATIONALFISHINGINT
2、ERESTSASMALLERNUMBEROFAPPOINTEESREPRESENTPUBLICINTERESTSWEUSELOGISTICREGRESSIONTOMODELTHEVOTEOFSTATEANDFEDERALAGENCYREPRESENTATIVESONTHECOUNCILSASAFUNCTIONOFTHEVOTESOFCOMMERCIALINTERESTS,RECREATIONALINTERESTS,ANDPUBLICINTERESTSWEFINDEVIDENCETHATSOMESTATEAGENCIESARECAPTUREDBYSPECIALINTERESTSFROMTHEIR
3、STATES,BUTNOTSYSTEMATICEVIDENCEACROSSALLSTATESWEFINDTHATSTATEAGENCYREPRESENTATIVESVOTEDWITHCOMMERCIALINTERESTSFROMTHEIROWNSTATEINFIVEOFTHESIXTEENSTATESINOURSAMPLEWITHRECREATIONALINTERESTSINTHREESTATESANDWITHBOTHSPECIALINTERESTSINTWOSTATESTHESETENSTATESSUPPORTTHECAPTUREHYPOTHESISTHEOTHERSIXSTATESDONO
4、TWEFINDNOEVIDENCETHATFEDERALAGENCIESWERECAPTUREDONTHECOUNCILSWECONCLUDETHATTHEGUBERNATORIALDRIVENAPPOINTMENTPROCESSLEADSTOCAPTUREATTHESTATELEVELBYPROMOTINGVOTINGBLOCSAMONGSTATEAGENCYREPRESENTATIVESANDSPECIALINTERESTSFROMTHOSESTATESFEDERALAGENCYREPRESENTATIVES,BYCONTRAST,AREBETTERABLETOMAINTAINTHEIRD
5、ISTANCEFROMSTATELEVELPOLITICSONTHECOUNCILS,ANDTHEREBYENHANCETHEIRABILITYTOVOTEINDEPENDENTLYONFISHERYMANAGEMENTMEASURESKEYWORDSAGENCYCAPTURE,REGULATORYPOLICY,NATURALRESOURCEMANAGEMENT,MARINEFISHERIESPOLICY,REGIONALFISHERYMANAGEMENTCOUNCILSWEANALYZEVOTINGBEHAVIORONFOUROFTHEEIGHTUSREGIONALFISHERYMANAGE
6、MENTCOUNCILSTOTESTHYPOTHESESFROMCAPTURETHEORYTHECOUNCILSMAKEREGULATORYRECOMMENDATIONSONAVARIETYOFMARINEFISHERIESISSUESWITHINTHEECONOMICEXCLUSIONZONEIE,ALONGTHEENTIREUSCOASTLINE,FROM3TO200MILESOUTTOSEATHESEISSUESINCLUDETOTALALLOWABLECATCHTAC,ALLOCATIONOFCATCHAMONGUSERGROUPS,ANDGEARRESTRICTIONSHENCE,T
7、HECOUNCILSAREREGULATORYBODIESWEEXAMINEVOTESONMEASURESTOCONSERVEFISHSTOCKSTOSEEWHETHERPUBLICAGENCIESARECAPTUREDBYSPECIALINTERESTSOURQUESTIONIS,“DOSTATEANDFEDERALAGENCYREPRESENTATIVESVOTECONSISTENTLYWITHCOMMERCIALAND/ORRECREATIONALREPRESENTATIVESONTHECOUNCILS”IFSO,THISWOULDSUPPORTCAPTURETHEORYBYDEMONS
8、TRATINGTHATTHEAGENCIESAREALIGNEDWITHSPECIALINTERESTS,RATHERTHANWITHPUBLICINTERESTSDESPITETHEPOPULARITYOFTHE“CAPTURE”METAPHOR,THEREHASBEENRELATIVELYLITTLEQUANTITATIVEEVIDENCETOSUPPORTITOURANALYSISPROVIDESMIXEDEVIDENCEOFCAPTUREWEFINDTHATSOMESTATEAGENCIESVOTECONSISTENTLYWITHEITHERCOMMERCIALORRECREATION
9、ALINTERESTSFROMTHEIROWNSTATESFEDERALAGENCYOFFICIALS,BYCONTRAST,DONOTVOTECONSISTENTLYWITHEITHERCOMMERCIALORRECREATIONALINTERESTSOREVENWITHPUBLICINTERESTSWEARGUETHATCAPTUREOCCURSATTHESTATELEVELDUETOTHEPROCESSFORAPPOINTINGCOUNCILMEMBERS,INWHICHTHEFEDERALGOVERNMENTDEFERSTOGUBERNATORIALNOMINATIONSFEDERAL
10、AGENCYREPRESENTATIVES,BYCONTRAST,AREBETTERABLETOMAINTAINTHEIRDISTANCEFROMSTATELEVELPOLITICSONTHECOUNCILS,ANDTHEREBYENHANCETHEIRABILITYTOVOTEINDEPENDENTLYTHEUSFISHERYCONSERVATIONANDMANAGEMENTACT1976,KNOWNASTHEMAGNUSONSTEVENSACT,ESTABLISHEDEIGHTREGIONALFISHERYMANAGEMENTCOUNCILSTHEPRIMARYPURPOSEOFTHECO
11、UNCILSISTODEVELOPREGIONALFISHERYMANAGEMENTPLANSWITHINTHEEXCLUSIVEECONOMICZONEWHICHEXTENDS200MILESOUTTOSEAALONGTHEENTIREUSCOASTLINESECTION301LAYSOUT10NATIONALSTANDARDSFORTHESEPLANS,INCLUDINGPREVENTINGOVERFISHING,ACHIEVINGOPTIMUMYIELD,ANDCONSIDERINGIMPACTSONCOASTALCOMMUNITIESANDOTHERSOCIOECONOMICFACTO
12、RSTHEPLANSACCORDINGLYSPECIFYCATCHLIMITSFOREACHFISHERY,GEARRESTRICTIONSFORDIFFERENTUSERGROUPS,ANDALLOCATIONOFCATCHBETWEENUSERGROUPSTHEPLANSAREREGULATORYINNATUREBECAUSETHEYLIMITRESOURCEUSEINWHATWOULDOTHERWISEBEOPENACCESSFISHERIESTHECOUNCILSDONOTENFORCECOMPLIANCE,WHICHISDONEJOINTLYBYTHEUSCOASTGUARDANDN
13、MFSINSTEAD,THECOUNCILSRECOMMENDFISHINGLIMITSTONMFS,WHICHRARELYOVERTURNSTHEMHENCE,THECOUNCILSAREEFFECTIVELYTHEREGULATORYBODYTHEMAGNUSONSTEVENSACTSPECIFIESTHENUMBEROFSEATSONEACHCOUNCILANDTHEALLOCATIONOFTHOSESEATSTHEREARETHREETYPESOFSEATSTHEFIRSTARESEATSDESIGNATEDBYSTATUTEFORCERTAINPUBLICOFFICIALSTHESE
14、INCLUDESEATSFORTHEREGIONALNMFSADMINISTRATORANDTHEHEADOFEACHSTATEAGENCYRESPONSIBLEFORMARINEFISHERIESWITHINEACHSTATETHUS,THEREISONEFEDERALAGENCYREPRESENTATIVEANDTHEREAREMULTIPLESTATEAGENCYREPRESENTATIVESONEACHCOUNCIL,DEPENDINGONTHENUMBEROFTHOMAS/SOULE/DAVISSPECIALINTERESTCAPTUREOFREGULATORYAGENCIES449
15、STATESINTHEREGIONTHESECONDTYPEOFSEATSARERESERVEDFORPOLITICALAPPOINTEES,WHOARENOMINATEDBYGOVERNORS,ANDFORMALLYAPPOINTEDBYTHEUSSECRETARYOFCOMMERCEWHICHHOUSESNMFSTHE1986AMENDMENTSTOTHEACTEMPOWEREDCOMMERCIALANDRECREATIONALFISHINGINTERESTSBYREQUIRINGGOVERNORSTOCONSULTWITHTHESEINTERESTSPRIORTOMAKINGNOMINA
16、TIONSWITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFSPECIALREQUIREMENTSFORTHEGULFCOUNCILINTHE2006REAUTHORIZATIONOFTHEACT,THEREHASBEENNOREQUIREMENTTHATGOVERNORSNOMINATEANYONEREPRESENTINGPUBLICINTERESTSHENCE,PUBLICINTERESTSAREUNDERREPRESENTEDONTHECOUNCILSTHETHIRDTYPEOFSEATSAREATLARGETHESEAREASSIGNEDBYTHESECRETARYOFCOMMERCEFROMANY
17、STATEWITHINTHEREGIONBOTHOBLIGATORYANDATLARGESEATSAREAPPOINTEDBYTHESECRETARYOFCOMMERCEFROMEACHGOVERNORSNOMINATIONLIST,BUTSIGNIFICANTDEFERENCEISUSUALLYGIVENTOEACHGOVERNORSPREFERREDNOMINEES,THEREBYENHANCINGTHEPROBABILITYOFSTATEAGENCIESBEINGCAPTUREDBYSPECIALINTERESTSWITHINTHOSESTATESDESPITETHESECRITIQUE
18、S,PREVIOUSSTUDIESHAVENOTYETANALYZEDHOWCOUNCILMEMBERSACTUALLYVOTEONMEASURESTOCONSERVEFISHSTOCKS,ORWHETHERSTATEANDFEDERALAGENCYREPRESENTATIVESONACOUNCILVOTEWITHCOMMERCIALAND/ORRECREATIONALINTERESTSDEMONSTRATINGCAPTUREREQUIRESSHOWINGTHATSTATEANDFEDERALAGENCYREPRESENTATIVESVOTESIMILARLYTOCOMMERCIALORREC
19、REATIONALINTERESTSIFTHEYVOTESIMILARLY,THENTHECAPTUREHYPOTHESISISSUPPORTEDWEASSUMETHATCAPTUREISMORELIKELYTOOCCURATTHESTATELEVELTHANATTHEFEDERALLEVELGIVENTHEECONOMICIMPORTANCEOFMARINEFISHERIESINMOSTBUTNOTALLCOASTALSTATES,THEDEFERENCEGIVENBYFEDERALOFFICIALSTOGUBERNATORIALNOMINATIONSFORCOUNCILSEATS,ANDT
20、HETOPDOWNINFLUENCEOFGOVERNORSONSTATEAGENCYREPRESENTATIVESBYCONTRAST,WEASSUMETHATFEDERALAGENCYREPRESENTATIVESFROMNMFSAREMORELIKELYTOREPRESENTNATIONALINTERESTS,INCLUDINGTHEDIFFUSEPUBLICINTERESTOFENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONWESELECTEDFOUROFTHEEIGHTCOUNCILSOUTOFNECESSITY,NOTRANDOMORPURPOSEFULSAMPLINGWHILEALL
21、COUNCILSAREREQUIREDTORECORDANDREPORTROLLCALLVOTESWHENREQUESTEDBYCOUNCILMEMBERSORWHENMAKINGFINALDECISIONSONFISHERYMANAGEMENTPLANS,THECOUNCILSARENOTREQUIREDTORECORDHOWINDIVIDUALSVOTEONALLOTHERMEASURESONLYFOUROFTHECOUNCILSTHENEWENGLAND,GULF,PACIFIC,ANDNORTHPACIFICCOUNCILSRECORDEDINDIVIDUALVOTESASAMATTE
22、ROFPRACTICEHENCE,ITISNOTPOSSIBLETODISCERNHOWINDIVIDUALMEMBERSVOTEDONMOSTMEASURESONTHEOTHERFOURCOUNCILSGIVENTHISSAMPLINGBIAS,WEMUSTBECAREFULWHENGENERALIZINGTHEFINDINGSTOTHEOTHERCOUNCILSTWOTYPESOFBIASESMIGHTOCCURONEISPOLITICAL,INTHATTHEDECISIONBYACOUNCILTORECORDINDIVIDUALVOTESWASDRIVENBYPOLITICALREASO
23、NSTHATMIGHTBECORRELATEDWITHVOTINGBEHAVIORWEASSUME,HOWEVER,THATVARIATIONINRECORDKEEPINGWASLARGELYIDIOSYNCRATIC,BECAUSETHERECORDSFORALLEIGHTCOUNCILSWEREKEPTINAWIDEVARIETYOFFORMATS,WHICHISMORECONSISTENTWITHIDIOSYNCRATICSTAFFPREFERENCESTHANPOLITICALPRESSURE译文监管机构的特别兴趣分析区域渔业管理资料来源浙江万里学院图书馆作者CRAIGWTHOMAS摘
24、要本文通过分析测试捕获美国区域渔业管理投票行为理论议会。关于安理会的一些座位是留给州和联邦机构的代表别人,为政治任命官员。政治任命的主要代表特殊利益(特别是商业休闲渔业利益的一种),委任代表公众利益的数量较少。我们使用回归模型对议会的州和联邦机构的代表作为一票功能的商业利益,康乐利益的选票,公共趣味证据一些国家机构在其捕获国家的特殊利益,但不系统的证据所有阶段我们发现该国机构的代表投票支持他们自己的商业利益国家在我们的样本中十六国五在三个州康乐利益,以及与两在两个州的特殊利益。这十个国家的支持捕获假说,而其他六个州没有。我们没有发现,联邦机构正在对安理会被俘的证据。我们得出这样的结论州长驱动的
25、任命过程导致在国家一级促进捕获投票集团在国家机构代表和来自这些国家的特殊利益。联邦机构的代表,相比之下,能够更好地保持对安理会他们从国家层面的政治距离,从而提高他们的能力,对渔业管理措施的投票独立。关键词捕捉机构,监管政策,自然资源管理,海洋渔业政策,区域渔业管理理事会我们分析表决时,关于美国的八个区域渔业管理四个行为议会测试从捕获理论假设。校务委员会作出规管问题上的各种建议,在海洋渔业经济排斥区(即沿海岸线的整个美国,从3到200英里出海)。这些问题包括总可捕量(TAC)的,属于用户组赶上分配,和齿轮的限制。因此,安理会的监管机构。我们研究票关于采取措施保护鱼类种群,以决定是否由公共机构被捕
26、获特殊的利益。我们的问题是,“别州和联邦机构的代表在表决如果是这样,这将支持捕获证明理论的机构对齐有特殊利益,而不是与公共利益。尽管“捕捉”的比喻的普及,出现了相对较小定量证据来支持它。我们的分析提供了捕获混合的证据。我们发现,一些国家机构投票始终与商业或娱乐从他们自己的国家利益。联邦机构的官员,相比之下,不投票始终与商业或娱乐的利益,甚至与公共趣味我们认为,捕捉国家一级的发生是由于该过程任命理事会成员,其中联邦政府委托给州长提名。联邦机构的代表,相反,是能够更好地他们从维护安理会的国家层面的政治距离,从而提高他们有能力独立投票。美国渔业养护和管理法(1976年),被称为马格努森史蒂文斯法,成
27、立了八个区域渔业管理理事会。该议会的主要目的是制定区域渔业管理专属经济区内的计划(200英里延伸到海上沿整个美国海岸线)。第301条规定了10项国家标准对这些计划,包括防止过度捕捞,实现最佳的产量,并考虑影响的沿海社区和其他社会经济因素。相应的计划指定为每个渔业捕捞限额,针对不同的用户群体齿轮的限制,与用户群体之间的分配捕捞。该计划本质上是监管因为它们限制资源利用为原本开放获取渔业。不执行安理会的遵守,这是由美国海岸联合民警卫队和国家海洋渔业处。相反,安理会的建议限制国家海洋渔业捕捞,这很少推翻他们。因此,议会是有效的监管机构。THEMAGNUSONSTEVENSACT明确规定,每个理事会的席
28、位数和这些席位的分配。有三种类型的席位。第一类是指定席由某些政府官员的章程。这些措施包括为区域国家海洋渔业处席管理员和每个国家机构的负责人负责海洋渔业在每个状态。因此,没有一个联邦机构的代表和有多个国家对每个理事会机构代表,取决于数量托马斯/索尔/戴维斯特殊的监管机构的利益,捕获449各国在该地区。第二类的席位保留给政治任命,谁是由州长提名,并正式任命的美国国务卿商务部(国家海洋渔业处的房子)。1986年修订该法授权省长,要求商业和休闲渔业利益进行协商,这些利益之前作出提名。随着特殊要求的例外为海湾理事会(在2006年重新授权THEACT),但一直没有要求州长提名任何人代表公众利益。因此,公共
29、利益是对安理会代表性不足。三分之一的席位类型普通用户。这是任何国家派内由商务部长区域。这两个强制性的和有大席位任命商务部长从每个总督的提名名单,但差异显着,通常给每个总督的首选候选人,从而提高概率国家机构内被抓获这些国家的特殊利益。尽管有这些批评,以前的研究还没有安理会成员实际上分析如何投票的措施保护鱼类资源,或是否在具有商业和/或康乐利益理事会表决通过州政府和联邦政府机构的代表。演示表明,需要捕捉州和联邦机构的代表在表决同样以商业或娱乐的利益。如果他们投了同样的话,捕获假说得到支持。我们假设,捕捉更可能发生在州一级比在联邦一级鉴于海洋渔业在大多数(但不是全部)沿海国家经济的重要性,联邦官员对
30、安理会席位的州长提名给予尊重,并自上而下的影响有关国家机构的代表州长。相反,我们认为联邦机构的代表从国家海洋渔业处更可能代表国家利益,包括弥漫环保公众利益。我们挑选出的必要性,而不是随机或有意抽样的八个议会四个。虽然所有的议会都要求记录和报告唱名时,由理事会成员或要求时对渔业管理计划的最后决定票,议会不须记录个人如何投票的所有其他措施。只有4政局,新英格兰,海湾,太平洋和北太平洋议会录作为一个实践问题个别票。因此,它是无法辨别个别成员如何投票的大部分措施,对其余4政局。鉴于这种取样偏差,我们必须小心的结果推广到其他委员会。两种类型可能会发生偏差。一个是政治的,因为由一个理事会的决定,记录个人票是由政治原因可能与投票行为的相关驱动。我们假设,但是,在保存记录的变化在很大程度上是片面,因为所有八个议会的记录是在各种各样的格式,这是较为奇特的工作人员比政治压力的喜好保持一致。
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