WaveguideOptics.ppt

1、Waveguide Optics,Teacher : Lilin YiEmail : Office : SEIEE buildings 5-517Tel ：34204596http:/ Key Lab of Advanced Optical Communication System and Networks,Self-introduction,2012.6-现在 上海交通大学电子工程系 博士生导师2010.12-现在 上海交通大学电子工程系 副教授2010.4-现在 上海交通大学电子工程系 讲师/硕士生导师2008.5-2010.3 Oclaro(原Avanex) Corporation 产品

2、开发经理/高级工程师/光学工程师2006.10-2008.3 法国国立高等电信学校（ENST） 博士2004.9-2008.4 上海交通大学电子工程系 博士2002.9-2005.3 上海交通大学物理系光学专业 硕士1998.9-2002.7 上海交通大学物理系 学士,简历,上海市教委“晨光”学者全国优秀博士论文，2010上海市优秀博士论文，2009Oclaro/Avanex杰出员工奖，2009/2008SPIE Asia Pacific Optical Communications Conference，Best Student Paper Awards (亚太光通信国际会议SPIE最佳学生

3、论文奖), 2007上海市优秀硕士论文, 2006国家优秀奖学金、3M创新奖学奖、中科院奖学金，2005上海市三好学生, 2004,荣誉及奖励,共发表学术论文68篇(SCI论文35篇)，其中第一作者论文24篇(包括SCI论文15篇、国际会议论文16篇),发表论文被SCI他引250次，以下列出部分代表性论文：Lilin Yi, Weisheng Hu, Yi Dong, Yaohui Jin, Wei Guo, and Weiqiang Sun, “A polarization-independent subnanosecond 22 multicast-capable optical swit

4、ch using a sagnac interferometer,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. vol. 20, pp. 539-541, 2008.Lilin Yi, Yves Jaouen, Weisheng Hu, Yikai Su and Sbastien Bigo, “Improved slow-light performance of 10 Gb/s NRZ, PSBT and DPSK signals in fiber broadband SBS,” Optics Express，vol. 15, no. 25, pp. 16972-16979, 2

5、007.Lilin Yi, Yves Jaouen, Weisheng Hu, Junhe Zhou, Yikai Su and Erwan Pincemin, “Simultaneous demodulation and tunable-delay of DPSK signals using SBS-based optical filtering in fiber,” Optics Letters, vol. 32, no. 21, pp. 3182-3184, 2007.Lilin Yi, Li Zhan, Weisheng Hu, Yuxing Xia, “Delay of broadb

6、and signals using slow light in stimulated Brillouin scattering with phase-modulated pump,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 619-621, 2007.Lilin Yi, Weisheng Hu, Yikai Su, Mingyi Gao, and Lufeng Leng, “Design and system demonstration of a tunable slow-light delay line based on fiber p

7、arametric process,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. vol. 18, no. 24, pp. 2575-2577, 2006.,代表性研究成果,Research Fields,optical signal processingPONMicrowave Photonics,3,Syllabus(flexible),Chapter 1 Introduction 1-1 History and Present State 1-2 Essential Questions in Waveguide Optics 1-3 Basic Research Metho

8、d of Waveguide OpticsChapter 2 Analytical method 2-1 Geometrical Optics Method 2-2 Electrodynamics Fundamentals 2-3 Wave Optics MethodChapter 3 Fiber Mode Theory 3-1 Modes in The Step Refractive Index Fiber 3-2 Linearly Polarized Modes in The Weak-guidance Optical Fiber 3-3 Universal Properties of M

9、odes in Waveguide 3-4 Perturbation Method in Transversely Non-uniform Waveguide 3-5 Vertically Non-uniform Waveguide and The Coupled Mode EquationsChapter 4 Single Mode Fiber Theory 4-1 The Step-index Monomode Fiber 4-2 Gaussian Fitting Method for SMF and Mode Field Diameter 4-3 Approximate Solution

10、 of SMF 4-4 Main Types of SMF 4-5 Polarization Character of SMF 4-6 Production of SMF and Fiber Optic Cable,5,Chapter 5 Signal Degrade in Fiber 5-1 Attenuation 5-2 Chromatic Dispersion 5-3 NonlinearityChapter 6 Semiconductor Laser 6-1 Physical Basis of Semiconductor Laser 6-2 Structure of Semiconduc

11、tor Laser 6-3 Performance Characteristic of Semiconductor Laser Chapter 7 Photodetectors and Optical Receivers 7-1 Photodetectors 7-2 Characteristic Index of Photodetectors 7-3 Optical Receivers,Chapter 8 Modulation Formats 8-1 General Concepts of Optical Modulation 8-2 electro-optic effect 8-3 Elec

12、tro-optical Modulator 8-4 Modulation FormatChapter 9 High bit rate transponder9-1 Standard evolution9-2 100G commercial transponder9-3 Technical trend for 400G and 1TChapter 10 Fiber Amplifier Design10-1 EDFA Design10-2 Raman Amplifier DesignChapter 11 EDFA design process,Chapter 12 Semiconductor Op

13、tical Amplifier12-1 SOA in Transmission12-2 SOA in Signal ProcessingChapter 13 PON13-1 EPON/GPON (TDMA)13-2 WDM-PON13-3 CDMA13-4 OFDM-PONChapter 14 Optical Switching14-1 Forms of Optical Switching14-2 Key Technology of OPS14-3 Optical BufferSeminar,7,References,光波导理论与技术李玉权等 人民邮电出版社导波光学 范崇澄 北京理工大学出版社

14、 非线性光纤光学，G. P. Agrawal,天津大学出版社，光纤通信， Joseph C. Palais, 电子工业出版社,8,Chapter 1 Introduction,9,101,107,102,106,103,105,104,104,105,103,106,102,107,101,108,100,109,10-1,1010,10-2,1011,10-3,1012,10-4,1013,10-5,1014,10-6,1015,ELF,VF,VLF,LF,MF,HF,VHF,UHF,SHF,EHF,free space wavelength(m),Frequency(Hz),electri

15、cityphone,wirelessTV,microwave,infrared,visible light,twisted pair,coaxial cable,Fiber,satellite/microwave,AM,FM,Fiber,Wavelength range： 0.1m10m(300THz30THz),1 History and Present State,An ancient optical system: smoke signals on the beacon tower,11,Modern communication demonstration for the first t

16、ime : telephone,12,13,In 1880 Bell invented the “photophone” after the telephone.The voice signals propagate for 200m.,The beam varies with the vibrations of the speaking trumpet. This process is called modulation.Bell treated the photophone as the most important invention in his lifetime, but it ha

17、s not been used due to the light source and transmission medium problems.,Research focus on underground: underground communication experiments emerged such as reflection waveguide and lens waveguide, but the prices are high. Besides, adjustment and maintenance are difficult.,Underground optical comm

18、unication,Difficulties in optical communication：1. No suitable light sourcesGeneral light sources has bad directivity and coherency, similar to the noise and cannot be modulated.2. No suitable transmission mediumOptical frequency is extremely high and cannot go through obstacles easily. (low loss ma

19、terials are required.),15,The invention of laser,In 1960 Maiman invented the ruby laser,16,The laser has good mono-chromaticity, directivity, coherency, high brightness, high power The invention and application make optical communication into a new stage,In 1870, British physicist Tyndall sunlight b

20、ends with the water flow nwater nair light occurs total reflection,The prototype of the optical fiber,In 1953, Dr. Kapany of the London Institute invented glass optical fiber: core + cladding (ncorencladding) fibersIn 1960, the lowest fiber loss was 1000 dB/km, and it can only be used in medical tre

21、atment, such as endoscope,The principle of total reflection in the glass has been used at short distance (m) transmission.Circular cross-section dielectric optical waveguide is researched theoretically and experimentally by E.Snitzer in 1961.Until the mid-60s, the best transmission loss of optical g

22、lass is still as high as 1000 dB/km.Without reliable and low-loss transmission medium, optical communication research was into a low ebb at that point.,18,The birth of optical fiber,In seemingly hopeless situations, Charles Kao in 1966 published an paper which was subsequently proven to be epoch-mak

23、ing. In this paper, Kao foresaw the transmission loss may be less than 20 dB/km by using optical fibers made of high-purity quartz glass with cladding material. (95.5% after 10m，1% after 1km),19,In 1966, Kao and C.A.Hockham published the paper on the new concept of transmission media “Dielectric-fib

24、er surface waveguides for optical frequency”. They pointed out that raw material purification is the right approach to producing suitable low-loss optical fiber for long distance communication.It lay the foundation for modern optical communication-fiber-optic communication.,20,Charles Kao (left) awa

25、rded a medal by the IEE in the UK(1998).,In 1970, come into being!1970 Corning Glass Company first developed fibers with attenuation of 20 dB/km. Optical fiber communication begun!,21,Basic idea : low loss(1) Dope oxides into pure quartz to form the required refractive index distribution.(2) Using v

26、apor deposition technique (still in use today).The former ensures excellent physical and chemical properties.The latter make the process flexible and help materials “purification” ensuring low loss.,22,Optical fibers: new generation of transmission mediumThe loss of current production (silica single

27、 mode fiber) can be reduced to 0.20 dB/km (wavelength of 1.55 m). The lab records is as low as 0.151dB/km. （95.5% after 1km, 1% after 100km)The silica optical fiber became the new generation of transmission medium due to its wide band, low dispersion, high tensile strength, strong anti-jamming, reso

28、urce-rich etc.Novel optical fibers: Erbium-doped optical fiber, Dispersion compensation fiber, Photonic crystal fiber,23,Fiber-optical communicationAnother important event in the early 70 is the implementation of continuous operation of semiconductor lasers at room temperature.Optical fiber communic

29、ation received unprecedented attention. Laboratory research quickly transformed to industrial products which brought about huge social and economic benefits.Fiber optics, integrated Photonics and integrated optoelectronics are the basis of modern optical fiber communication.,24,Developing trendsmult

30、imode fiber single mode fibershort wavelength 0.8m long wavelength 1.31 m, 1.55 m,25,Era of optical fiber communications96ch*100Gb/s*10,608km= 108 Gb/skmOFC2010-Tyco,26,Transmission trend,27,Switching,28,Optical interconnectsIBM, Intel rack-to-rack, server-to-server, service room to service roomCPU

31、interconnect, Multi-core CPU Silicon PhotonicsPICHybrid Integration,29,Photonic integration circuit -PIC,30,100Gb/s (10*10Gb/s) capacity line card 10 discrete transceivers vs. WDM system on a chipInP based PIC can integrate active functions (laser, modulator, detector) and passive functions (DWDM, V

32、OA and switch) on a single chip, which benefits the system size, power consumption, reliability and cost.400Gb/s (10*40Gb/s) PIC more than 100 devices on a single chip (OFC2008),PIC optical router,Hybrid integration,Fiber-optic sensing Changes in environmental factors have an impact on the propagati

33、on characteristics of light in waveguides (intensity, phase, and polarization).Optical waveguide (mainly fiber) sensing devices on：pressure, stress, strain, displacement, velocity, acceleration, turning, liquid level, flow rate, flow, temperature, voltage, electric current, electric field, magnetic

34、field, gamma-ray chemical composition.Some of them have been transferred to the production since the 70s.One of the hot spots in waveguide optics because of the importance of information-access in modern societies.,33,References since the 80 s,Optical waveguide theory and calculations： 1. A. J. Adam

35、s, An Introduction to Optical Waveguides, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1981. 2. A. W. Snyder and J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory, Chapman and Hall, London, 1983. 3. H. A. Haus, Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics, Prentice Hall, 1984. 4. T. Tamir, Guided-Wave Optoelectronics, 2nd Ed., Springe

36、r-Verlag, 1990. 6. K. Okamoto, Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides, Academic Press, San Diego,2000. 7. K. Kawano and T. Kitoh, Introduction to Optical Waveguide Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001. Fiber nonlinearity: 1. G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (3rd Ed.), Academic Press, San Die

37、go,2001.2. G. P. Agrawal, Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Academic Press, San Diego, 2001. Optical fiber communication system: 1. T. Li(Ed.),Topics in Lightwave Transmission Systems,Academic Press, San Diego,1992. 2. L. Kazovsky, S. Bennedetto and A. Willner, Optical Fiber Communication Syst

38、ems, Artech House, 1996. 3. I. P. Kaminow and T. L. Koch(Ed.), Optical Fiber Telecommunications (III A,B), Academic Press, San Diego,1997. 4. I. P. Kaminow and T. Y.Li(Ed.), Optical Fiber Telecommunications (IV A,B), Academic Press, San Diego,2002. 5. 杨祥林，光纤通信系统，国防工业出版社，北京，2000. EDFA: 1. E. Desurvir

39、e, Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers-Princples and Applications, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1994. 2. P. C. Becker, N. A. Olsson and J. R. Simpson, Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers-Fundamantals and Technology, Academic Press, San Diego,1999.,34,Main academic publications,1. Nature Photonics2. Optics Let

40、ters 3. Optics Express4. IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology 5. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 6. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 7. IEEE JSTQE 8. Optics Communications 9. Electrons Letters10. Chinese Optics Letters 11. 电子学报 12. 中国激光,35,2 Optical Waveguide,Basic structures and modesThe w

41、aveguide is infinite in the vertical direction to the section. The refractive index is only the function of the horizontal coordinates.,36,If light is confined in waveguides, it is possible to achieve long-distance transmission. This situation is called guided wave mode. conversely, if light is radi

42、ated in the horizontal direction, it is called radiation mode.Refraction rule: in cylindrical waveguide structure, light in the transverse direction is always tends to be concentrated in the larger refractive index along the vertical transmission.,37,Typesone-dimensional: planar optical waveguide/ t

43、hin film optical wave-guidetwo-dimensional: strip optical waveguide/fiberstep index optical waveguide/ graded index optical waveguideRefractive index difference of optical waveguide is generally small, at the 10-210-3 level which is favorable for simplifying analysis.Protective coating to improve th

44、e mechanical properties,38,3 Essential Questions,The distribution of light fields on the cross section of waveguidesThe propagation of light fields along the waveguidesThe coupling between modes when waveguide disturbedAttenuation of signal when travelling along the optical waveguideDistortion of si

45、gnal when travelling along the optical waveguideNonlinear effects in optical fiberThe polarization of light fields along the waveguideActive optical fiberOptical waveguide excitationcomprehensive issue: how to design optical waveguide or related devices to meet a given performance.,39,4 Geometrical

46、Optics Method,Geometrical (Ray) Optics MethodRay can represent propagation direction of light and intensity but can not describe field phase and vibration direction (0 and ignoring wave character )main features:Waveguide can confine light when the incoming light satisfies the total reflection condit

47、ion i.e. the angle of incoming light is changeable continuously.Light field outside the core was completely ignored when satisfying the total reflection condition .,40,5 Waveguide Optics Method,Strictly speaking, optical waveguide problem should be solved by electromagnetic method.Solve electromagne

48、tic wave equation and lateral boundary conditions to yield horizontal distribution (eigenfunctions) and longitudinal propagation constant (intrinsic value)Each solution corresponds to a mode, also known as the mode-field method.,41,Application FieldsGeometry optics method is a special case of wave o

49、ptics when 0.The above two features correspond to two unique areas in wave optics method:To solve single-mode (or few-mode) optical waveguide where separation characteristics of propagation constants behave very obvious.To solve the loss caused by cladding, energy coupling between optical waveguide, building process of steady-state distribution in optical fiber.,