08新版GMAT逻辑-讲义.doc

1、新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GMAT 逻辑讲义1GMAT 逻辑讲义主讲：费允杰欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材第一章 做题步骤一、先读问题二、再读文章三、再看选项第二章 五大题型一、归纳题公共元素直推法。if A then B 表示 A 充分的推出 B（A B） ；only if A then B 表示只有 A 才有 B（ BA ） ；规则：和 only if 最接近的元素一定是必要条件，是箭头所指方向。by A in order to B 表示 A 推出 B（A B） ；must by A in order to B 表示 B 推出 A（ BA ） ；规则：和 must 最接近的元素一定是

2、必要条件，是箭头所指方向。If only A, then B 表示只有 A 才有 B( AB)；Not A, unless B 表示没有 A 除非有 B（AB ） ；A, unless B 表示非 B 推出 A 或者非 A 推出 B（ A, B） ；AA require B 表示 B 是 A 的必要条件（AB） ；A is necessary to B 表示 A 是 B 成立的必需（BA ） ；A depend/draw/base on B 表示 B 是 A 成立的必需（AB） 。新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GMAT 逻辑讲义2例 1.所有的人都去了。我是人。公共信息：人直接推结论：我

3、去了。例 2.To be mentally healthy, people must have self-respect. People can maintain self-respect only by continually earning the respect of others they esteem. They can earn this respect only by treating these others morally.Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the statements

4、above?(A) People who are mentally healthy will be treated morally by others.(B) People who are mentally healthy will have treated morally those they esteem.(C) People who are mentally healthy must have self-respect in other to be treated morally by others.(D) People can expect to be treated morally

5、by others only if they esteem these others.(E) People who have self-respect seldom treat morally those esteem.例 3. Most television viewers estimate how frequently a particular type of accident or crime occurs by how extensively it is discussed on television news shows. Television news shows report m

6、ore on stories that include dramatic pictures such as fires and motor vehicle accidents than they do on more common stories that have little visual drama such as bookkeeping fraud.If the statements above are true, it can be properly concluded that which of the following is also true?(A) The time tel

7、evision news reporters spend researching news stories is directly related to the number of viewers who will be affected by events like those in the news stories.(B) It is easier for crimes such as bookkeeping fraud to go unprosecuted than it is crimes such as arson. (C) The number of fires and motor

8、 vehicle accidents greatly increases after each television news show that includes dramatic pictures of a fire or motor vehicle accident. (D) Viewers of television news show tend to overestimate the number of fires and motor vehicle accidents that occur relative to the number of crimes of bookkeepin

9、g fraud.(E) The usual selection of news stories for television news show is determined by the number of news reporters available for assignment. 例 1. 马克思说：“这本书只从资产阶级的角度去考虑问题，是不正确的。 ”问：从文中能推出马克思认为这本书应从什么角度考虑问题？(A) 奴隶主阶级(B) 地主阶级 (C) 工人阶级 (D) 无产阶级 新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GMAT 逻辑讲义3(E) 资产阶级以外的阶级例 2：Experience

10、d pilots often have more trouble than novice pilots in learning to fly the newly developed ultra light airplanes. Being accustomed to heavier aircraft, experienced pilots, when flying ultra light craft, seem not to respect the wind as much as they should.The passage implies that the heavier aircraft

11、 mentioned above are (A) harder to land than ultra light aircraft(B) not as popular with pilots as ultra light aircraft(C) not as safe as ultra light aircraft(D) more fuel-efficient than ultra light aircraft(E) easier to handle in wind than ultra light aircraft二、演绎题（1）前提结论结构类型的文章第一种题型：假设题例 1New Jers

12、ey has one of the lowest motor vehicle fatality rates in the country, and it is one of the few states that require extensive annual automobile safety inspections. Therefore, all states should adopt similar safety inspection procedures. The argument above is based on which of the following assumption

13、s?(A) Most states tend to impose few rules and regulations on the automobile drivers operating within those states.(B) Most states are skeptical that annual automobile safety inspections can reduce fatality rates.(C) Annual automobile safety inspections contribute significantly to holding down New J

14、erseys fatality rate.(D) Drivers in New Jersey are more safety conscious than are drivers in other parts of the country.(E) A smaller number of people die on the roads in New Jersey than in most other states.例 2The federal government expects hospitals to perform 10,000 organ transplants next year. B

15、ut it is doubtful that this many donor organs will be available, since the number of fatalities resulting from car and motorcycle accidents has been dropping steadily over the past decade. The argument above makes which of the following assumptions?(A) A significant number of the organs used in tran

16、splants come from people who die in car and motorcycle accidents.(B) The number of car and motorcycle accidents will increase significantly during the next year.(C) No more than 10,000 people will be in need of organ transplants during the next year.(D) In the past the federal governments estimates

17、of the number of organ transplants needed during a given year have been very unreliable.(E) For any given fatality resulting from a car or motorcycle accident, there is a hospital in the vicinity in need of an organ for a transplant.新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GMAT 逻辑讲义4例 3因为别人的老婆都有别墅， 所以我也应该有别墅。假设：我应该是别人的老婆。

18、例 4“On the whole,” Ms. Dennis remarked, “engineering students are lazier now that they used to be. I know because fewer and fewer of my students regularly do the work they are assigned.” The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following assumptions?(A) Engineering students are working les

19、s because, in a booming market they are spending more and more time investigating different job opportunities.(B) Whether or not students do the work they are assigned is a good indication of how lazy they are.(C) Engineering students should work harder than students in less demanding fields.(D) Ms.

20、 Dennis students are doing less work because Ms. Dennis is not as effective a teacher as she once was.(E) Laziness is something most people do not outgrow.例 5A test of the National Weather Services stormdetecting radar systems found that the 1957 system is ten times more reliable than the new comput

21、erized system. Therefore the technology used in the new radar system must be less sophisticated than the radar technology used in the 1957 system. The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following questionable assumptions?(A) The reliability of storm-detecting radar systems is determined

22、by the frequency of breakdowns.(B) The level of sophistication of the technology used in storm-detecting radar system can be determined from the reliability of the system.(C) The reliability of storm-detecting radar systems is determined by their accuracy in predicting weather patterns.(D) Computer

23、hardware is now a key component of the new storm-detecting radar systems used by weather forecasting services.(E) Most of the significant advances in stormdetecting technology were made in the 1950s.（1）前提结论结构类型的文章第二种题型：加强题例 1Because incumbent members of Congress are given a great deal of attention b

24、y the news media and because they enjoy such perquisites as free mail privileges and generous travel allowances, incumbents enjoy an overwhelming advantage over their challengers in elections for the United States Congress. Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim above?(A) In the la

25、st congressional elections, incumbents met with a larger number of lobbyists than did challengers.(B) In the last congressional elections, 98 percent of the incumbents in the House of 新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 GMAT 逻辑讲义5Representatives who were seeking reelection won.(C) Incumbent members of Congress are fr

26、equently critical of the amount of attention given to them by the news media.(D) The support that political station action committees provide to challengers for congressional seats often compensates for the perquisites enjoyed by incumbent members of Congress.(E) Of all incumbent senators surveyed b

27、efore the last congressional elections, 78 percent said that their challengers did not pose a serious threat to their chances for reelection.例 2Which of the following, if true, would most strength the conclusion above?(A)Many businesses that provide health insurance for their employees also provide

28、seminars on stress management.(B)Many businesses report a significant decrease in absenteeism during periods when employees feel pressured by management.(C)There is a marked decrease in the number if complaints presented at college infirmaries during vacation time.(D)There is a marked increase in the number of illness treated at college infirmaries around the time of examinations.(E)Most people report that being in a hospital or an infirmary is a stressful situation.