专转本英语试题语法难点精.doc

1、目录专转本英语试题语法难点精析(17) .1语法难点精析之一：虚拟语气 .1语法难点精析之二：非谓语动词 .10语法难点精析之三：被分隔的定语从句 .19语法难点精析之四：besides,but,except,exept for,excepting,apart from 的区别.20语法难点精析之五：含义因有无冠词而迥异的短语 .21语法难点精析之六：用 to do 还是 of doing 作后置定语 .22语法难点精析之七：与-ly 副词同义的介词短语 .22语法难点精析之八：以 f(e)结尾名词的复数形式 .23语法难点精析之九：需要用名词复数的短语 .24语法难点精析之十：集体名词的类与

2、群 .25语法难点精析之十一：名词作定语的情况 .26语法难点精析之十二：no more(.)than 与 not more(.)than 的用法 .27语法难点精析之十三：rather than,more.than,other than 的用法 .28语法难点精析之十四：alive、live、living 和 lively 的用法 .28语法难点精析之十六：too.to 结构表示肯定含义的情况 .29语法难点精析之十七：every 表示”每隔“的用法 .30专转本英语试题语法难点精析(17)语法难点精析之一：虚拟语气虚拟语气的重点是： 1一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。 2虚拟语气的特殊形式

3、，即用来表示要求、的建议、的命令、的提议、的意愿等的主语从句、的宾语从句、的表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。 3主从句表示不同的时间概念、的事实或假设情况，从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。 4含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。 上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目，而在阅读理解里，我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助，了解哪些观点是作者假设的、的虚拟的，哪些是真实的，这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。 下面我们将主要从上述四个方面来重点论述在考试中应该注意的问题。一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句

4、型 (1) 由 wish 引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气 A用 wish 表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式（be 动词用 were） 。 B用 wish 表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。 C wish 用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或 could, would + have +动词过去分词。 The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it. -

5、“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.” -“Thats all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.” I wish that he werent so lazy. (2) had hoped 引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为 would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。 His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist late

6、r. (3) would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner 和 would prefer 所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如： Id rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。 I would prefer he didnt stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。 I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.

7、我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。 (4) Its (high, about) time that 句型中 that 从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。 Its time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown. It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。 (5)as, 或者 whetheror谓语多用 be 的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构： Church as we use the word re

8、fers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on. The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. (6)由连接词 in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that 引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即 should(might, would)+动词原形，例如： She put a blank

9、et over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。 The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself. (7) if it were not for与现在事实相反， if it had not been for 与过去事实相反，两个都相当于 but for： If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded. (

10、8) 虚拟语气用于 as if（though）引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与 wish 宾语从句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。 They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。 She

11、looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。(9)其它各种句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only 等等 If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.二、特殊形式的虚拟语气 虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、的建议、的命令、的提议、的意愿等的主语从句、的宾语从句、的表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，其虚拟语气的构成往往是由 should(可省略)+动词原形

12、 that 从句。 A、的 用于表示意愿、的建议、的命令、的提议、的请求等动词后的 that 宾语从句中，这类动词有： ask 要求 advise 建议 arrange 安排 beg 请求 command 命令 decide 决定 demand 要求 desire 渴望 determine 决定 insist 坚持 intend 打算 maintain 坚持主张 move 建议，动员 propose 提议 object 反对 order 命令 prefer 建议 require 需要 request 要求 resolve 下决心 recommend 推荐 suggest 建议 stipulat

13、e 约定，规定 urge 强调，促进 vote 公认，提议 decree 颁布（法令） pray 请求 注意：这类动词后面除了可接 that 虚拟句以外，也可以接 doing 或者 to do来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。 She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（书面体） She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口语） She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便 ) B、的用于 It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有： advis

14、able 合理的 decided 决定的 crucial 关键的 appropriate 恰当的 determined 决定的 commanded 命令的 arranged 安排的 essential 紧要的 complied 遵照 anxious 焦急的 imperative 迫切的 important 重要的 desirable 合意的 better 较好的 insistent 坚持的 desired 想要 asked 请求 keen 渴望的 incredible 难以置信的 adamant 坚定不移的 natural 自然的 insisted 坚持 necessary 必要的 sugge

15、sted 建议 urgent 紧迫的 ordered 命令 shocked 震惊的 vital 极其重要的 possible 可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一点）proposed 提议 requested 要求的 required 要求的 recommended 推荐 resolved 决定的 probable（可能的） pity 可惜，憾事 shame 遗憾 注意：这类形容词后面除了可接 that 虚拟句以外，也可以 forto do 来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。 It is essential that he should be prepared fo

16、r this. It is essential for him to be prepared for this. C用于由表示建议、的要求、的命令、的请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有： advice 忠告 decision 决定 demand 要求 desire 要求、的愿望 insistence 坚持 motion 提议 necessity 必要性 order 命令 preference 偏爱 proposal 提议 pray 恳求 recommendation 推荐 request 要求 requirement 要求 resolution 决心 suggest

17、ion 劝告、的忠告 例如： This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。 The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。 三、的混合虚拟语气 有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间，这时需要用混合虚拟语气。一般来说，在这种情况下，主从句谓语动词指代的时

18、间不同，所以我们又可以错综时间条件句，在这种虚拟情况，动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用，在做这些题目时候尤其要注意每道题目的提示语：时间状语。绝大多数情况下，从句或者主句都有相关的时间状语，这是我解题的关键。 If you that late movie last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy. A. havent watched B. didnt watch C. hadnt watched D. wouldnt have watched 答案选 C。 Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempte

19、d to return for something. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now. 混合虚拟语气还有一种情况就是事实和虚拟假设的混合句，这样的句子不仅仅是时间的不同，而重要是事实和假设的混合。 I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week. 该句前半部分是假

20、设虚拟，而后半部分是事实的陈述。 Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. 该句前半句用的是假设虚拟，后半句主句也用的是假设虚拟（如果你去并且解释的话） ，但是后半句的从句用的是事实语气，因为“父母病了” 是客观事实，故不需要用虚拟形式 had been。 四、的含蓄虚拟条件句 含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件

21、。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为 if 引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有： （1）介词或介词短语，如 but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition 等。 the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadnt been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today. A. In spite

22、 of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案选 B。 But that she was afraid, she would have said no. (2)连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是就好了)等。 She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he

23、wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted. If only I had more money, I could buy a car. (注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用 should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如： The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。 Care must

24、be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。 （3）通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有 but, otherwise, unfortunately 等类似转折词。 I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake. A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep 选择 B。 (4)形容词及其比

25、较级 A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes. A less conscientious man wouldnt have tried so hard to get this job done. (5)分词短语 Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident. Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father. (6)动词不定式短语。一般 intended/meant/ho

26、ped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或 had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。 I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time. To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman. She would be stupid not to accept his invitation. It would be easier to do it this

27、way. (7)名词短语和名词+and 结构 A judicious man would not have committed suicide. A diligent student would have worked harder. (8)独立主格结构 All things considered, the price would be reasonable. (9)定语从句 Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same. A nation, which stopped working, would be dead

28、in a fortnight.(10）情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气： I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didnt. The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke. (11)动词原形表示虚拟 动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟，最常见于正式文体中，动词原形一般用在条件从句中，有时倒装置于句首，同时这种用法也常见于独立句中表达愿望。

29、 God bless you! All magnets behave the same, be they large or small. Shell be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come). If that be so, we shall take action at once. 强化训练：虚拟语气 1Were it not for the snowy weather, we all right. A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be 2. more carefu

30、l, his ship would not have sunk. A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been 3. If he me tomorrow, I would let him know. A. should call B. should not have been able C. were not able D. are not able 4. If you asked your father you permissi

31、on. A. may get B. might get C. should have called D. maybe get 5. today, he would get there by Friday. A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves 6. _I you, I would go with him to the party. A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were 7.The millions of calculations involved, h

32、ad they been done by hand, _all practical value by the time they were finished. A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost 8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now. A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be 9. If you Jerry Brown until recently, youd think the photograph on the right