北京师范大学2011年考博英语真题.doc

1、（专业 权威 轻松 快乐 北京师范大学 2011 年考博英语真题（回忆版）1.第一篇听力是执业咨询师给一个咨询者一些建议；第二篇听力是说如何减少房间内噪音的方法和经验；第三篇是说美国的造纸业？(第三篇没听太懂)。2.阅读的第一篇有点难，说的是妇女在生产力革命的背景下就业的境遇；第二篇第三篇第四篇都比较短，词句也短：老年人和青年人的观念冲突；水在变成冰的条件和过程。 记不太清了）；最后一篇和第一篇难度一致。3.英译汉，有一个超长句，我译完了我也不知道自己在说什么：大致是文艺复兴的源头是在中世纪就开始了4.汉译英：提笔忘字，呵呵，始终是打得最不靠谱的一道题；5.summay：一向的工整，清晰，挑主

2、题句抄，不得法。总结是比 2010 年难了，听力难度不变，阅读的难度集中于较长的文章（约两篇），汉译英难度不变，英译汉有超级长难句，summay 稍稍比去年难一点点。英译汉原题，凭记忆出来的，出自一本书的前言：The subjects of the following studies are taken from the history of the Renaissance, and touch what I thinkthe chief points in that complex, many-sided movement.I have explained in the first of t

3、hem what I understand by the word, giving it a much wider scope than wasintended by those who originally used it to denote that revival of classical antiquity in the fifteenth century whichwas only one of many results of a general excitement and enlightening of the human mind, but of which the great

4、aim and achievements of what, as Christian art, is often falsely opposed to the Renaissance, were another result.This outbreak of the human spirit may be traced far into the middle age itself, with its motives already clearlypronounced, the care for physical beauty, the worship of the body, the brea

5、king down of those limits which thereligious system of the middle age imposed on the heart and the imagination.I have taken as an example of this movement, this earlier Renaissance within the middle age itself, and as anexpression of its qualities, two little compositions in early FrenchSummary 原题，g

6、oogle 出来的 too，一个百科全书里的词条：computer-assisted instruction (CAI), a program of instructional material presented by means of a computer orcomputer systems.The use of computers in education started in the 1960s. With the advent of convenient microcomputers inthe 1970s, computer use in schools has become w

7、idespread from primary education through the university leveland even in some preschool programs. Instructional computers are basically used in one of two ways: either theyprovide a straightforward presentation of data or they fill a tutorial role in which the student is tested oncomprehension.If th

8、e computer has a tutorial program, the student is asked a question by the computer; the student types in ananswer and then gets an immediate response to the answer. If the answer is correct, the student is routed to morechallenging problems; if the answer is incorrect, various computer messages will

9、 indicate the flaw in procedure,华慧考博网： 手机：15011015907 QQ 号： 858664873 华慧使命：让天下没有难学的学问专业 权威 轻松 快乐 and the program will bypass more complicated questions until the student shows mastery in that area.There are many advantages to using computers in educational instruction. They provide one-to-one intera

10、ctionwith a student, as well as an instantaneous response to the answers elicited, and allow students to proceed at theirown pace. Computers are particularly useful in subjects that require drill, freeing teacher time from someclassroom tasks so that a teacher can devote more time to individual stud

11、ents. A computer program can be useddiagnostically, and, once a students problem has been identified, it can then focus on the problem area. Finally,because of the privacy and individual attention afforded by a computer, some students are relieved of theembarrassment of giving an incorrect answer pu

12、blicly or of going more slowly through lessons than otherclassmates.There are drawbacks to the implementation of computers in instruction, however. They are generally costlysystems to purchase, maintain, and update. There are also fears, whether justified or not, that the use ofcomputers in educatio

13、n decreases the amount of human interaction.One of the more difficult aspects of instructional computers is the availability and development of software, orcomputer programs. Courseware can be bought as a fully developed package from a software company, but theprogram provided this way may not suit

14、the particular needs of the individual class or curriculum. A coursewaretemplate may be purchased, which provides a general format for tests and drill instruction, with the individualparticulars to be inserted by the individual school system or teacher. The disadvantage to this system is thatinstruc

15、tion tends to be boring and repetitive, with tests and questions following the same pattern for every course.Software can be developed in-house, that is, a school, course, or teacher could provide the courseware exactlytailored to its own needs, but this is expensive, time-consuming, and may require

16、 more programming expertisethan is available.-关于大英博物馆的，我可以确切告诉大家，大英博物馆正确译法是 The British Museum听力语速超快，而且 2 道题目之间间隔也短，需要高度集中精力去听，并最好提前浏览选项，确定听的重点。汉语的除非能记住完整的一句话，否则搜索起来太难了，我刚才试了一下“大英博物馆、马克思、青铜、希腊、罗马”，结果搜出来一大堆。而英语的题找到几个关键词就可以大概找出来了，我还在继续凭记忆找阅读理解的题，呵呵-结冰条件的那道阅读理解我找到了，貌似是一道托福真或模拟题，见 Deltas Key to the Next

17、 GenerationTOEFL Test: Advanced Skill Google 图书结果 Nancy Gallagher - 2005 - Study Aids - 699 页下边的这个是从一个论坛里复制过来的，题目与北师大考试的有一道不一样。Two conditions are necessary for the formation of ice: the presence of water and temperatures below freezing. Ice华慧考博网： 手机：15011015907 QQ 号： 858664873 华慧使命：让天下没有难学的学问in the

18、atmosphere and on the ground can assume various forms, depending on the conditions under which wateris converted to its solid state. Ice that forms in the atmosphere can fall to the ground as snow, sleet, or hail. Snowis an assemblage of ice pellets. Hail consists of rounded or jagged lumps of ice,

19、often in layers like the internalstructure of an onion. Ice also forms directly on the ground or on bodies of water, it may not form until latewinter because there must be several months of low temperatures to chill such large amounts of water.On puddles and small ponds, ice first freezes in a thin

20、layer with definite crystal structure that becomes lessapparent as the ice thickens. On lakes large enough to have waves, such as the Great Lakes, the first ice to form isa thin surface layer of slush, sometimes called grease ice, which eventually grows into small floes may freezetogether into a fai

21、rly solid sheet of pack ice. Pack ice may cover the entire lake or be restricted to areas near theshore.Because water expands when it freezes, ice is less dense than liquid water and therefore floats rather than sinks inwater. As ice floats on the surface of a lake, ocean, or river, it acts as an in

22、sulator and is thus important inmaintaining the balance of the ecosystem. Without the insulating effect of floating ice sheets, surface water wouldlose heat more rapidly, and large bodies of water such as the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay might freeze upcompletely.Questions:1. What condition is necess

23、ary for water in the atmosphere to change to its solid state?A. A solid cloud cover that absorbs the suns heat.B. A weather forecast for snow, sleet, or hailC. A position directly above a large body of waterD. A temperature below waters freezing point2. Ice that forms in the atmosphere in the form o

24、f layered lumps is known as“ F.A. snowB. pack iceC. hailD. grease ice3. Why does ice form later on very large bodies of water?A Most large bodies of water are located at low elevations or low latitudes.B. It takes several months of cold temperatures to cool a large body of water.C. Large bodies of w

25、ater are fed by underground springs of warmer water.D. The waves on large bodies of water prevent the water from freezing quickly.4. The word it in paragraph 3 refers toA. waterB. iceC. surfaceD. river5. Which of the following is an effect of the density of ice?A. Ice that forms on large lakes has a

26、 greasy consistency.B. Each ice crystal is unique, but all are six-sided structures.C. Pack ice is restricted to areas near the shore of a lake.D. Floating ice sheets prevent bodies of water from losing heat.-代燃料的那道貌似是一道 GRE 考过的题，呵呵。注意选项可能和考博的不一样，但大部分是差不多的，我实在记不清了，大家一起回忆一下。Although recent years have

27、 seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles， thenumber of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. Consequently， more than 100 cities in the United Statesstill have levels of carbon monoxide， particulate matter， and ozonethat exceed legally established limits

28、. Thereis a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions short ofa massive shift away from the private automobile is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline withcleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas， liquefied petroleum ga

29、s， ethanol， or methanol.All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline.These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline， in part because they have fewer， if any， carbon-carbonbonds and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to ge

30、nerate ozone. The combustion of larger molecules，which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increasethe probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically activehydrocarbon compounds into the a

31、tmosphere. On the other hand， alternative fuels do have drawbacks.Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have set of heavy fuel tanks a serious liability in terms ofperformance and fuel efficiency and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.Ethanol and methanol， on the

32、 other hand， have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels:they have higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network fordistributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement， but it is currently about twice asexpen

33、sive as methanol， the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanols most attractivefeature， however， is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone， the mostserious urban air pollutant.华慧考博网： 手机：15011015907 QQ 号： 858664873 华慧使命：让天下没有难学的学问专业 权威 轻松 快乐

34、Like any alternative fuel， methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of “gasolineclone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with theuse of methanol. It is true， for example， that a given volume of methanol provid

35、es only about one-half of theenergy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal， the fuel tank would have to be somewhat largerand heavier. However， since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than“gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol they would

36、 need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporatingonly the simplest of the engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to animmediate lessening of urban air pollution.!1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with.A countering a flawed argument that dismisses a

37、possible solution to a problem.B reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem.C identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem.D discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it.2.According to the text， incomplete combustion is more likely to oc

38、cur with gasoline than with an alternativefuel becauseA the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons.B the combustion of gasoline embraces an intricate set of reactions.C gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure.D gasoline is composed of small molecules.3.The t

39、ext suggests which of the following about air pollution?A Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not help lower urban air-pollutionlevels.B Attempts to reduce the pollutants that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle emits have been largelyunsuccessful.C Few serious

40、attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles.D Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source of urban air pollution.4.Which of the following most closely parallels the situation described in the first sentence of the

41、 text?.A Although a town reduces its public services in order to avoid a tax increase， the towns tax rate exceeds thatof other towns in the surrounding area.B Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material that can be disposed of in publiclandfills， illegal dumping continues

42、 to increase.C Although a towns citizens reduce their individual use of water， the towns water supplies continue todwindle because of a steady increase in the total populating of the town.D Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by adding a tax to the price of importedgoods， the sale of imported goods within the country continues to increase.