第三讲语法的考查重1.doc

1、第三讲 语法的考查重点二、虚拟语气 英语中的虚拟语气有 4 种，一种是条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是名词性从句中的虚拟语气，还有一种是状语从句中的虚拟语气。其中虚拟时态的运用很大程度上和其所处的句型有关。95 年以来，对虚拟语气的考查有 28 题之多，占词汇/语法总数的 15.2%。下面我们也分四部分来看一下四级考试中虚拟语气的运用。 1.条件句中的虚拟语气 Test yourself 在我们分析虚拟语气的考查特点也应对策略之前，还上请同学们先做做一下以下各题：1) If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when

2、 you fell, you _ now. (1999.1) A. wouldnt be smiling B. couldnt have smiled C. wont smile D. didnt smile 2) _ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. (19995.1) A. Not being B. Had it not been C. Without being D. Not having been 3) _before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have

3、 a wonderful dinner party. (1997.1) A. Had they arrived B. Would they arrive C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive 4) Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.(1996.1) A. has to get B. were to get C.

4、had got D. could have got 5) _ right now, she would get there on Sunday.(1996.6) A. Would she leave B. If she leaves C. Were she to leave D. If she had left 6) Had he worked harder, he _ the exams.(1997.6) A. must have got through B. would have got through C. would get through D. could get through 7

5、) If the whole operation _ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (1999.6) A. was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned Explanation and Expansion A. 参考答案：1) A 2) B 3) D 4) C 5) C 6) B 7) C B. 评析 对于虚拟条件句中时态的运用，首先应该区分主从句的不同。从句中用过去时，过去

6、完成时，或 were to/should +原形动词，而主句中用 would/could/might/should + 原形动词或动词的完成形式。 虚拟条件句有单一条件句，也有混合虚拟条件句，所以不能只根据从句与某一事实相反来判断主句就与该事实相反，同样，也不能想当然地认为主句与某一事实相反，从句也就与该事实相反。 如 1）从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反。再如： If he werent such a kind man, he wouldnt lent a hand to such people as you the other day. (从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。)

7、 Were my friends not to come tomorrow, I wouldnt have bought so many foods. (从句与将来事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。) 熟记主从句动词与不同事实相反时的时态运用规则。解题时根据句子所表达的时间概念确定与什么事实相反，然后采用相应的时态。 如果与过去事实相反，从句中用过去完成时，主句中用 would/should/could/might + have done 的形式，如 2）6）和 7） 。 如果与现在事实相反，从句中用一般过去时，主句中用 would/could/might/should + 原形动词，表示与正在进

8、行的事实相反用 would/might/could/should + be doing的结构，如 1） 。 如果表示将来不可能实现的事情，从句中用过去时，或 were to / should + 原形动词，以上 3） 4） 5）表示的都属于这种情况。 if 引导条件状语从句时，可以将 were/had/should 提至句首，省略 if。考试时经常是将省略 if 的与含有 if 的选项并列，在这种情况下，应注意分清从句的时态，尽管多数情况下都是倒装的结构为正确选项。如 2）3）5 ） 。 If it werent/hadnt been for 以及其倒装结构 were it not for/h

9、ad it not been for 表示“如果不是的话“ 正如真实条件从句中不用 will 一样，虚拟条件从句中也不可使用 would，应特别注意。Self-practice 上面我们一起分析了虚拟条件句中虚拟语气的考查特点和解题规律，下面请自己做以下语法分词第十一章第一节的有关题目，进行自测。 2含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气 Test Yourself 首先还是请同学们先做一下下面两题。 1) Some women _a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake

10、of the family. A. must make B. should have made C. would make D. could have made (2000.1) 2) We didnt know his telephone number, otherwise we _ him. A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned C. would telephone D. had telephoned (1995.6) Explanation and Expansion A参考答案 1）D 2）A B评析 含蓄虚拟条件句指没有明确

11、的条件从句的虚拟条件句，一般是条件用介词短语、分词短语或并列句的方式表达，这时主句的时态要求与含有条件从句的主句要求相同。四级测试中常考的含蓄虚拟条件句句型有： But for/Without, 主句 But for/Without your help, we wouldnt have accomplished the task on time. , otherwise/or He hadnt had food for two days, or/otherwise he wouldnt have fainted out at work. 上面 2）题就属于该句型，表达的是与过去事实相反的情况，

12、所以用 would have telephoned 的结构。 分词/不定式，主句 Having been born ten years earlier, you could have witnessed the disaster. Given more time, we could have done the work much better. You would be foolish to make friends with such people. ，thought/but Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been

13、 very rich. He could have got the job, but he didnt apply for it. 上面的 1）题就属于该句型，表示他本来可以做那份工作弄到一份很不错的薪水。 Self-practice 下面同学们试做一下语法分册150 页有关含蓄条件句的几道题。 3名词性从句中的虚拟语气 Test yourself 与上述虚拟语气不同，名词性从句的虚拟语气大都与谓语动词有关，用法也比较简单，请同学们先做一下几题，然后我们一起总结以下都有哪些规律可以遵循。 1) Wouldnt you rather your child _ to bed early?(2000

14、.1) A.go B.went C.would go D.goes 2) Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel.(2000.1) A.staying not B.not to stay C.that he would not stay D.that he not stay 3) Sometimes I wish I _ in a different time and a different place.(2000.1) A.be living B.were living C.would live D.would have lived 4) It is esse

15、ntial that these application forms _ back as early as possible.(2000.1) A.must be sent B.will be sent C.are sent D.be sent 5) It is recommended that the project _ until all the preparations have been made. (1995.6) A.is not started B.will not be started C.not be started D.is not to be started 6) We

16、are all for your proposal that the discussion _.(1998.6) A.be put off B.was put off C.should put off D.is to be out off 7) The suggestion that the mayor _the prizes was accepted by everyone.(2000.6) A.would present B.present C.presents D.ought to present 8) Its already 5 oclock now.Dont you think it

17、 is about time _? (1996.6) A.we are going home B.we go home C.we went home D.we can go home 9) As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _ for our defense.(1999.6) A.had been taken B.would be taken C.be taken D.to be taken 10) It is vital that enough money _to fund

18、 the project. (1997.1) A.be collected B.must be collected C.is collected D.can be collected 11) I dont think it advisable that Tim _ to the job since he has no experience.(1997.6) A.is assigned B.will be assigned C.be assigned D.has been assigned 12) If only the committee _the regulations and put th

19、em into effect as possible.(1997.1) A.approve B.will approve C.can approve D.would approve Explanation and Expansion A.参考答案：1 ）B 2） D 3）B 4）D 5）C 6）A 7）B 8）C 9）C 10）A 11）C 12) D B.评析 与以上两种虚拟语气句式不同，这里虚拟语气中时态的变化比较少，主要依据所处的句型。考生所需要的是了解在哪些情况下用这种句式，测试中考生只需从四个选项中辨认答案即可。该部分所包含的句型有： 表示 “命令 “建议“或“要求“的动词后面的宾语

20、从句中用 should + 原形动词，should可以省略。常用于该句型的动词有 direct, order, command, require, ask, request, demand, insist, suggest, recommend 等。 这里句型的考题中，一般都会有 would, must 等干扰项，正确选项以省略 should 者居多，并且常是 not do something, 或 be 的形，尤其是 not be done 的形式。如 2）5 ）和9） 。 另外这类考题还常借助于动词本身的句法结构设干扰项。如 insist 后可接 doing something, bein

21、g done 或 on doing something 的结构， suggest 后也可接动名词。另外，这两个单词也有不用虚拟语气的句式，如 insist 表示“坚持认为“，suggest 表示“说明“表明“时，从句中就不用虚拟语气，考生应注意分别。 表示“命令“建议“或“要求 “的名词后面的同位语或表语从句中同样是用 should + 原形动词，should 可以省略。 与上面一条相同，表示这些概念的名词如 suggestion, order, proposal 等后面的 that从句中虚拟语气使用规则相同，如 6）7）中都是 that 同位语从句中使用 should + 原形动词，shou

22、ld 省略的结构。 It is + 表示重要，有必要，吃惊，难以相信的名词或形容词，或表示“命令“建议“要求“的过去分词 + that 从句中用 should + 原形动词，should 可以省略。 这一句型可分解为 It is important/necessary/vital/advisable/essential .that (should) It is strange/surprising/unbelievable that (should) It is a surprise/wonder .that (should) It is suggested/requested/recomme

23、nded that (should) 这些句型一律使用 should + 原形动词的结构，should 可以省略，如 4）5）10 ）题。 注意 It is strange/surprising/unbelievable that (should)句型中如果表示过去的事情可以用 should have done 的形式，如： It is strange that he should have failed in the election. wish wish 后面的从句时态可以有以下几种情况 表示与现在事实相反用一般过去时： How I wish I had a memory as good

24、as yours. 表示与现在正在进行的事情相反可用过去进行时，如 3） 。 表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，也可以用 could have done 的形式，如： I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A.could have slept B.slept C.might have slept D.have slept (1995.6) 由于 might 表示“也许“，与这里的意思不合，只能用 A。 表示将来不可能实现的情况用 would/might + 原形动词。 How I wis

25、h you would be able to come here for another visit. If only 表示愿望时与 wish 用法相同。再如： If only that photograph werent missing. If only the letter had arrived in time. would rather would rather 的虚拟语气形式在这几年考查是最多的，有 7 道题，但 would rather 从句的时态规则并不复杂。 如果表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，否则用一般过去时。在如以下各题： 1) The manager would r

26、ather his daughter _ in the same office. A.had not worked B.not to work C.does not work D.did not work (2000.6) 2) To be frank, Id rather you _ in the case. (1995.1) A.will not be involved B.not involved C.not to be involved D.were not involved 3) You dont have to be in such a hurry.I would rather y

27、ou _ on business first. (1998.1) A.would go B.will go C.went D.have gone 4) Frankly speaking, Id rather you _ anything about it for the time being.(1999.1) A.didnt do B.havent done C.dont do D.have done 5) Id rather you _ make any comment on the issue for the time being.(1998.6) A.dont B.wouldnt C.d

28、idnt D.shouldnt 答案为: 1) D 2) D 3) C 4) A 5) C) Its (about/high) time that 该句型中一律用一般过去时，再如： “You are very selfish.Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person in the world,“ Edgar said to his boss angrily.(1999.1) A.realized B.have realized C.realize D.should realize Self-practice 下

29、面请试做语法分册153-159 页的相关题目。 4状语从句中的虚拟语气 Test yourself 状语从句中的虚拟语气主要指 as if/though 从句中的虚拟语气，首先请同学们做一下下面三道题： 1) He walked past the pole and soldiers as if they _. A.didnt exist B.dont exist C.hadnt existed D.were not existing 2) He operates the new computer as if he _ special training in it. A.has received

30、 B.had received C.would receive D.received 3) They talked in such an uneasy manner as if something terrible _soon. A.had happened B.happened C.would happen D.has happened Explanation and Expansion A参考答案 1）A 2）B 3） C B评析 谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气的状语从句一般是由 as if/as though 引导。该从句中时态的选择原则是： 如果从句中谓语动词与主句谓语动词同时进行，用过去进行时； 如果从句中谓语动词表示与主句谓语动词同时存在的状态，用一般过去时，如 1） 。 如果从句中谓语动词表示先于主句谓语动词的动作或状态，用过去完成时，如 2） 。 如果从句中谓语动词后于主句谓语动词发生，用 would/might + 原形动词。