英语应用文之写作.doc

1、1英文应用文写作大全专题（一） 书信书信分为公函和私函。二者主要区别在对象和内容。前者如资讯信、推荐信，后者如问候信、邀请信。书信的构成一般为：1. Heading（信头）：信头是指发信人的单位名称、地址、电话号码、电报挂号等，以及发信日期。发信人的名称和地址等应写在信纸的右上角，即在日期的上边。日期也可以写在信纸后的签名下边。2. Inside Address（信内地址（这部分只应用于正式商业书信） ）：信内地址是收信人的地址包括姓名、职务、公司名称、街道名称或信箱号、城市、州或省、邮政编码和国家。信内地址通常写在左手边，在日期线和称呼之间。3. Salutation（称呼）：称呼一般低于信

2、内地址两行，与之平齐。一般在人名前加上dear 并冠以尊称，具体如下：（1） Mr.（Mister） ，用于无职衔的男子。（2） Mrs. ( Mistress)，用于已婚女子。（3） Miss 用于未婚女子。（4） Misses（Miss 的复数） ，用于复数未婚女子。（5） Dr.（Doctor） ，用于博士。（6） Pro.（Professor） ，用于大学教授。（7） Ms. 用于女士通称。4. Body of Letter（信的正文）：正文内容一般包括下面几点：写信人身份，写信事由，写信的理由，写信的目的。考场书信一般讲究简单准确，不需辞藻华丽。5. Comp1imentary Cl

3、ose（结束语）：信尾问候语是写在信尾的告别话语，例如“Sincerely”， “Sincerely yours”。通常位于正文两三行以下。第一个单词的第一个字母要大写，最后以逗号结尾。6. Signature（签名）：写信人的签名、名字和头衔(如果适用)，写在信尾问候语同侧三四行以下的位置。7. Postscript（附言）：附言用来说明没有包括在信中的想法和内容。通常在附注下两三行的地方，从左侧顶格写起。在促销和私人信件中，附言也可以用来强调写信人请求收信人采取的行动和做出的考虑。书信写作是 PETS 三级应用文写作的重中之重，考试机率很大。下面再从往年考生暴露出来的问题谈谈书信写作应注意

4、的几个方面：1明确试题要求一般来讲，应用作文试题会在字数、话题、情景和作者身份等方面提出要求。考生应认真读，积极构思，确定文章所要表现的主题。2确定读者应用文写作要求在写作之前明确读者身份，根据情景，根据自己与虚拟读者的关系确定文章的语气和措辞。3注意格式PETS 三级的应用文写作多以信函为主。因此应熟悉信函的格式。主要是信头、称呼、结尾。4用词得当、语法准确、标点拼写无误写作完毕要认真检查，避免有关语法、拼写和标点的错误。（二）通知通知是上级对下级、组织对成员或平行单位之间部署工作、传达事情或召开会议等所使用的应用文。通知的写法有两种，一种是以布告形式贴出，把事情通知有关人员，如学生、观众等

5、，通常不用称呼；另一种是以书信的形式，发给有关人员，次种通知写作形式同普通书信，只要写明通知的具体内容即可。通知要求言简意赅、措辞得当、时间及时。布告形式的通知：通常此类通知上方正中写 Notice 或 NOTICE(通知)，发出通知的单位的具体名称可放在正文前，也可放在正文后，右下角处，发出通知的日期写在左下角处。书信形式的通知格式和一般书信类似。（三）便条2便条其实是简单化的书信。在格式和内容上都比书信简单。一般不需要写发信人的地址，因为彼此都比较熟悉。所以，对收件人的称呼语也比较自由，语言更接近口语。结尾的落款和客套话也常常省略。三、短文写作写作的 B 节要求根据所给情景，写出一篇不少于

6、 120 字的文章。情景主要是图表、数据或图画。考试中，最多出现的是图表写作与图画写作两种，下面分别介绍。（一） 图表写作图表写作往往是用数据或比例来表示相关因素的相互关系和变化规律，从而说明一定的道理。常见的图表有：表格、扇形图、线性图、条形图和柱形图。图标写作应注意以下几个方面：1仔细看图，全面领会图表中的信息。2根据题目的要求，认真分析图表中的信息，得出结论，构思文章的整体布局。3严格按照题目要求写作。4引用图标数据要有针对性。要写好图表作文，应该熟悉图表写作的常用句型，这样既能节约时间，又可以使文章显得较专业。下面给出图表概述或描述中常用的句型：1. As is shown by th

7、e graph, （概述图表）/in the table.2. It can be seen from the table that （得出结论）shown graph/concluded figures/estimated statistics3. amount to （数量总计）/add up to/come to /sum up to4. increase from to （数量增减）decrease/rise/fall /drop5.（be）three times as + 形容词 + as总产量 total output钢的年产量 the annual output of上升 17%

8、 rise by 17 per cent steel日产量 the daily output导致产量下降 result in a diminished output6.Compared with , (作比较)7.There is (was) a rapid rise in be on the rise/hasbeen sharp increase on the increase/sudden decreaseon the decline/steady decline/gradual fall/slow drop（二）图画写作图画写作就是通过图画提供的图象信息写一篇短文，包括叙述一故事，或通过

9、几幅相关的图画说明某个问题或得出结论。书面表达试题要求考生从图像信息中分辨或综合作文主题的层次，然后写出不少于 120 字的短文。就看图作文内容而言，是要求考生写出观察到的背景，也可以借助想象力适当地进行发挥来补充一些内容；从看图作文的表达方式看，此类作文可以单纯地理解、说明、也可以在说明中加以描写、叙述，另外还可以将图画中的内容改编成故事。看图作文不仅考查考生对图形的观察力和想象力，而且也考查考生分析能力、概括能力。做好看图作文试题其实不难，考生在平时一定要读一些范文，学习范文写作的套路。看图作文的写作步骤：1认真审题，理解图画中的主题、梗概。看图作文的第一步应该是“看图” ，根据题目要求认

10、真、细心地观看图画，看看图中都有什么。包括人物及人物的动作、行为、装饰、表情和与他们有联系的物品及物品的形态、位置、大小，画的背景等。2罗列写作大纲。在图画写作中，写作大纲十分重要，它可以帮你防止遗漏写作要点，又能帮助合理分配和利用时间。3增加细节、连续成文。在大纲的基础上添枝加叶，润色成文。注意写完后同样要进行仔细的检查，看有无语3法、拼写、标点错误。要写好一篇英语文章，关键要在平时下功夫，打好牢固的基础，但是如果这一功夫在使用的时候不讲技巧，不但不能事半功倍地发挥出最高技巧，取得最佳成绩，甚至可能出现与实际水平相去甚远的低成绩。因此，上面讲到的四个问题应该是相辅相成，缺一不可的，做到了这几

11、点，写出好的作文应该是不难的。写作模板(此节请结合实际应用)（一） 对立观点式(1)给出两个对立的事物或者一个事物对立的两个方面，要求考生支持一方并进行说明。具体表述如下：TOPIC: Some people like A; others like B. Which one do you prefer A or B? Give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.(2)给出两个对立事物或一个事物对立的两个方面，要求考生说明二者为什么不同或比较它们的优缺点，并给出理由。 具体表述如下：TOPIC: Some people

12、 believe that A while others consider B more appropriate. Give advantages and disadvantages of the two positions and explain which position you support.对立观点式的三种模板：1 人们往往看到 B 的明显优点而忽视了它的缺点，同时 A 的内在优势没有被重视。第一段：To choose A or to choose B is something of a dilemma to the public because they sometimes ar

13、e confused by the seemingly good qualities of B while neglect the genuinely good aspects of A.第二段：For B, people are often driven to believe that / It is quite easy for common people to CHOOSE B because of the obvious reason that _. (As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides“.) Although B does hav

14、e its seemingly profound advantages, in the meantime there lie harmful characteristics/ intrinsic drawbacks in it such as _ / it can be achieved only conditionally because_ . Some people/experts maintain/warn that_. However, it is often overlooked by the public/most people. (Therefore we have no com

15、plete evidence to suggest that B is always better than A.)第三段： Unfortunately, the innate quality of A is often underestimated.或：What is more, if you notice the invisible benefits of CHOOSING A, you can understand A more deeply. Here I would explain a few of the most important reasons for choosing A.

16、 第一点原因。第二点原因。第三点原因。 （列举原因的句式见最后的“通用句型“）第四段：Therefore from what we have discussed, we may safely come to the conclusion that CHOOSING AAA is a rather wise decision.2 选 A 还是选 B 的确是一个热门话题，我们来研究一下，A 比 B 至少有三大优势：1，2，3。第一段：There is no denying the fact that _(whether it is better to choose A or B) is a pop

17、ular topic which is much talked about not only by _, but also by _/by people across the world/ in a modern society.或：There is no denying the fact that _(whether it is better to choose A or B) is a popular topic which has caused heated debate over a long period of time (because it affects everybody i

18、n his or her daily lives).或：In a modern society, people are always faced with the dilemma of whether to choose A or B. This problem is a much-debated one in that it affects everybody in his or her daily lives.4或：（如果是针对某一事件的题目，不是什么 popular topic）If _(it is announced that a new movie theater may be bu

19、ilt _), I will not be surprised to see _ (whether it is better to choose A or B) become a popular topic which is much talked about not only by _, but also by _. Although it seems that sometimes we can not tell which one outweigh the other between A and B / they normally coexist peacefully, they dese

20、rve some close examination. If three criteria were taken into account in comparing these two, I would prefer A. / As far as I am concerned, I vote for the latter. There are no less than three advantages in A as rendered below:第二段 第一点原因。第二点原因。第三点原因。第三段 In conclusion, （it must be explained that these

21、three reasons sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive than any one of them.） Only these three reasons are enough to make a person draw the conclusion that _ , not to mention there are more.3 选 A 还是选 B 的确是一个热门话题，我们来研究一下，二者各有优势，不过我来选的话，A 的优点还是比 B 多。第一段前两句同 2，第三句Wh

22、ile both the two methods/choices may have their advantages and disadvantages, they can be applied under different circumstances. Later on, I will explain my opinion about it.第二段：A has the obvious advantage that / One very strong argument for A is that _. But there lies intrinsic harmful characterist

23、ic in this method. Some people/experts maintain/warn that_ Furthermore, _. Therefore we have no complete evidence to suggest that A is always better than B.第三段：On the other hand, choosing B also has advantages to some extent, For example, _. However, once again, it is important to see that under cer

24、tain circumstances B will_(disadvantage)或：Yet there are some people who cast serious doubts on B或：Although B does have its seemingly profound advantages/ reason,in the meantimethere lie intrinsic harmful characteristics/drawbacks in it such as _ / it can be achieved only conditionally because_.第四段：（

25、针对我个人的情况又可以说出一套理由）But if all these factors are contemplated, as far as I am concerned / according to my knowledge, the advantages of A carry more weight than those of B because A fits me/us students better in two ways: In the first place, _, In the second place/secondly,_Therefore from what we have

26、discussed, we may safely come to the conclusion that choosing A is a rather wise decision.或：（我个人的情况说不出什么新的理由，只好说我觉得 A 优点就是比 B 多）It seems very difficult for us to prefer one to another because all of them have their advantages and disadvantages to the extent that it is hard to distinguish. Yet that d

27、oes not mean that they are all the same to me. Which one I prefer depends on my own experience, life style and emotional concerns / educational background/_. As far as I am concerned / According to my personality and fondness/ To be frank, I would like to choose A, because there are too many benefit

28、s that outnumber its disadvantages not to choose it. B, on the other hand, has advantages no more than its disadvantages.(二)单一观点式两种形式：(1)给出一个论点，此论点不包括两种事物的比较，要求考生支持或反对并给出理由。5具体表述如下：TOPIC: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? AAA. Use specific reasons and details to support your ans

29、wer.(2)给出一个论点，主要是对两个事物进行比较的陈述，要求考生支持或反对并给出理由。具体表述如下：TOPIC: A is superior to B. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Use specific reasons to support your point of view.注：在模板中用 A、B 表示相比较的两个事物，这种形式与对立观点式有着很大的相似之处，考生可以进行适当的借鉴。(2)可以使用对立观点式的模板。(1)的两种模板如下：1 disagree 这个问题的确是个热门话题，支持的人的理由是_，但是它的错误在于

30、_。第一段：There is no denying the fact that _(if one should _ /if _ is right) is a hot topic which is much talked about not only by _, but also by _ /by people across the world/ in a modern society.或：There is no denying the fact that _(if one should _ /if _ is right) is a popular topic which has caused

31、heated debate over a long period of time (because it affects everybody in his or her daily lives).或：There is no denying the fact that _(if one should _ /if _ is right) is a basic (moral/philosophical) problem that can not be circumvented by anybody,( because the opinion on this problem will determin

32、e ones attitude toward the world and the life).或：（如果是针对某一事件的题目，不是什么 popular topic）If _(it is announcedthat a new movie theater may be built _), I will not be surprised to see _ (whether the plan should be supported or opposed) become a popular topic which is much talked about not only by _, but also

33、 by _. Before rendering my opinion, I think it is important to take a glance at the arguments on both sides.第二段：People who support AAA usually give (some, even all of) the following reasons. 第一点 原因。第二点原因。第三点原因。第三段：At the first glance, the opinion saying yes to the above question perhaps sounds reaso

34、nable and appealing. Nevertheless, many people do not think this view can hold water / we can find that it presents us with numerous negative effects along with its benefits.或：Although _(the opinion in question) does have its seemingly profound advantages/reasons, in the meantime there lie intrinsic

35、 harmful characteristics /drawbacks/faults in it/this method such as _ / it can be achieved only conditionally because_.Some people/experts maintain/warn that_. Unfortunately, it is often overlooked by the public/most people. (Therefore we have no complete evidence to conclude that the statement is

36、right.) What is more, _第四段：In a word, despite the fact that the argument I disagree does hold a little bit of water, I think that_2Agree 或 disagree 都可以用。这个问题的确是个热门话题，乍一看不好说，不能仓促下结论，但是我同意/不同意它，至少有 3 条理由：1，2，3。 （下面是按 agree 写的，容易改为 disagree 的模板）第一段6第一句同 1 ，第二句:At first glance it seems very difficult fo

37、r us to draw a definite/quick conclusion that _ is right or wrong, because it has both advantages and disadvantages / since everything has two sides. However, after serious considerations we can see that under most circumstances _(this approach) will do more good than harm / is a rather wise viewpoi

38、nt.或：As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion. However, it is unfair to draw a quick conclusion without serious considerations. There are no less than three advantages in A/three reasons to agree with the opinion as rendered below:第二段 第一点原因。第二点原因。第三点原因。第三段 In conclusion, （it must be explai

39、ned that these three reasons sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive than any one of them.） Only these three reasons can make a person/me draw the conclusion that _ , not to mention there are more.（三）选择观点式具体表述如下：TOPIC: In order to do XXX, there are many ways: A,

40、 B, C, D. Which do you choose? Give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.注：在模板中用大写 XXX 表示一件事情，A，B，C，D 代表做此事所用的不同方法。1面对这么多选择很难作出抉择，但是只考虑我个人的喜好，我选 A，选 A 至少有三条好处：1,2,3。所以我得出结论 A 好。当然，这仅限于我。第一段:With so many choices it seems very difficult for us to prefer one to another because all of

41、 them have their advantages( and disadvantages) to the extent that it is hard to distinguish. Yet that does not mean they are all the same to me. Which one I prefer depends on my own experience, life style and emotional concerns / educational background/_. To be frank, I would prefer A if personal q

42、uality is considered as a criterion to choose things. (However, it is unfair to draw a quick conclusion without serious onsiderations.) There are no less than three advantages in A as rendered below:第二段:第一点原因。第二点原因。第三点原因。第三段:In conclusion, （it must be noted that these three reasons sometimes intertw

43、ine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive than any one of them.） Only these three reasons can make me draw the conclusion that _ , not to mention there are more (reasons/advantages of A that can account for my fondness for it). (Anyway, it is confined to me, and different persons

44、can make different choices according to their personality and fondness.)（四）分析列举式具体表述如下：人们喜欢参观博物馆，分析一下都有什么原因? 你认为一个好邻居应该有哪些品质?有人搬到你们城市，你认为他会对这个城市有些什么看法?两种模板：1_的确是一个值得探讨的话题。不同的人有不同的看法，有的认为_，有的认为_，还有的认为_我认为最重要的一点是_.第一段：There is no denying the fact that (why/how/what) _ is a hot 7topic which is much tal

45、ked about not only by _, but also by _ /by people across the world/ in a modern society.或：There is no denying the fact that (why/how/what) _ is a popular topic which has caused heated debate over a long period of time (because it affects everybody in his or her daily lives).或：There is no denying the

46、 fact that (why/how/what) _ is a basic (moral/philosophical) problem that can not be circumvented by anybody,( because the opinion on this problem will determine ones attitude toward the world and the life).或：（如果是针对某一事件的题目，不是什么 popular topic）_(Why people visit museums) is a interesting question that

47、 deserves careful investigation not only by_(museum managers), but also by _(visitors themselves). People with different experience, life style and emotional concerns / educational background/_ differ greatly in their attitudes toward this problem /question. Some people hold the opinion that _. Others, however/on the co