英语四级写作.doc

1、第六章 写 作一、写作概述1大学英语四级统考对写作的要求大学英语四级考试写作部分的目的是测试考生用英语表达思想的一般能力，考生应根据要求在 30 分钟内写出大约 100120 个词的短文。四级考试写作试题是一种指导性写作（Guided writing），实际上文章的语篇结构或主要内容已经确定，不需要考生进行独立的命题写作，考生只需根据题型的要求和提示适当地增添一些具体内容，不能自由发挥，如果题目规定的内容写不出来，考试就会失败。2大学英语四级统考写作的评分原则（1）CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学规定的四级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。（2）CET作文题采用总体评分(Global

2、 Scoring)方法，阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(Rewarding Scores)，而不是按语言的错误数目扣分。（3）从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适当地表达思想，也就是考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。（4）避免趋中倾向，该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括零分阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。3大学英语四级统考写作的评分标准（1） 本题满分为 15 分。（2） 评分标准共分为五等,2分、5分、8分、1

3、1分及14分，各有标准卷一至两份。（3） 阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，诺认为与某一分数(如8分) 相似，即定为该分数(即8分) ，若认为稍优或劣于该分数，则可以加 1分( 即9分)，或减一分( 即7分)，但不得加或减半分。（4）具体评分标准2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分基本切题，表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。8分基本切题，有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯，语言错误相当多，其中有许多是严重错误。11分切题表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分切题表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个

4、别小错。(注: 白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分)。（5）字数不足应酌情扣分。累计字数 90-99 80-89 70-79 60-69 50-59 49扣 分 1 2 3 5 7 9注：1如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句均不得计入所写字数。 2只写一段者：0一4分；只写两段者：09分(指规定三段的作文)。 二、大学英语四级统考写作题型及写作方法指导在已进行的四级考试中，前五次作文题目均为段首句或段尾句作文，1991 年为图表作文，其余的都是提纲作文。自全国大学英语四级考试实施以来，写作一直是考生的薄弱环节，尽管近年来考生的总体水平有了明显的提高，但他们的英

5、语写作能力和成绩却不是很理想，满分 15 分的作文，考生的平均分一直达不到及格标准（9 分）。为了使大家熟悉作文考试题型，提高应试能力，现将四级考试可能考到的题型逐类进行介绍和分析，其中将重点介绍最为常考的提纲式作文。(一) 段首句作文段首句顾名思义就是每个段落的第一句，一般来说段首句作文中的段首句也就是位于段落之首的主题句，各段首句都从不同角度支持着全文的主题，相互之间存在着一定的逻辑关系，同时又对该段起统帅作用，由此可见段首句有两层含义：一是点明该段主题，规定了文章的段落，二是限制每段的内容都要围绕着它扩展而不能偏离，因此段首句作文是测试考生能否通过对题目及段首句的分析，正确理解和把握段首

6、句所包含的该段的中心论点和全文的主题思想，写出与段首句在意义上连贯、形式上统一、语气上一致的文章，段首句作文的写作步骤与技巧如下：1认真审题。仔细阅读指令，明确写作目的与要求。2篇章构思。认真分析各段首句所包含的信息，仔细斟酌、推敲各段首句之间的相互关系，以获取对整篇文章的印象，把握文章主题，展开整体构思。3拟订提纲。即使不动笔，也要在脑海中形成一个全文的大体思路。4开展续写。考虑续写的方法与模式，紧扣主题句写好发展句，使其能起到支持和说明段落中心的作用，使全篇语义连贯，衔接自然。5检查修改。 下面是一道题为 No Smoking 的段首句作文题:No Smokingl . Smoking i

7、s harmful.2. Smoking harms not only the smokers but also people around them .3. Therefore很显然，作文的第一段是要让考生论述吸烟的危害，可从科学的角度，结合自己的所见所闻谈谈其危害性。第二段可以认为是第一段内容的延续，连词 not onlybut also 起到承上启下、自然过渡的作用。第三段提示词 Therefore 道出了“因果关系”，表明这一段应写结论（conclusion）- “因为吸烟有害健康，所以我们应该”下面是一篇范文：No SmokingSmoking is harmful. This ha

8、s already been proved by scientific researches. A great number of diseases are caused by smoking. Lung cancer is just one of these on the list. In addition, smoking is economically harmful. People spend a lot of money on it.Smoking not only harms the smoker but also people around them. With smokers

9、around them, non-smokers have to tolerate the dirty and stuffy air. Therefore, non-smokers are liable to become the victims of smoking and develop the same disease as the smokers do.Therefore, smoking is a bad habit. Everyone, especially the young people should get rid of it. If all of us can strive

10、 to prevent smoking, our air would be cleaner and we can be healthier.(二) 提纲作文提纲作文是四级考试写作题最为常见的形式。它一般给定一个题目，然后给出英语或汉语的段落大纲。写这类作文的方法和步骤和写段首句作文基本一样，都是要审清题目要求，准确把握提纲所提供的信息，紧扣题目的中心思想，按照提纲提供的要点和思路去选择素材和词语。下面我们以 95 年 6 月的题目作详细说明。 Advantages of a Job Interview1. 现在找工作一般都要进行面试，面试者(interviewer)和应试者(interview

11、ee)可以相互了解情况。2. 面试者可以向应试者介绍情况，如工作性质、条件、待遇等。3. 应试者也有机会给对方留下一个好的印象，如可以表现出自信心，可以介绍教育背景、工作能力等。从第一段提纲来看，这应是全文介绍部分，提示全文要写的内容，即面试的两方面的好处，提纲已把大概的内容讲明，只要稍加发展即可。第二、三段是第一段的延伸，分别论述面试对面试者和应试者的好处，主要内容提纲都已给出，再加上一两个发展句就行了。按照论述文写作的惯例和格式，最后还要加上一个总结性的结束段，对上面内容进行总结，或是发表写作者的个人见解。下面就是一篇范文。Advantages of Job InterviewNow， w

12、hen a person is hunting for a job, there will always be a job interview. I think that the job interview has a lot of advantages. The interviewer and the interviewee can know about each other from it.On the one hand, the interviewer can tell something about the job to the interviewee such as the sala

13、ry, the work conditions and something else that is relevant to the job. Then the interviewee can decide weather the job is really suitable for him.On the other hand, I think the job interview is a good chance for the interviewee to show his ability and knowledge by expressing himself to the intervie

14、wer. He can also show both his ability and self-confidence. Then the interviewer can figure out whether he is the right person for the job.In a word, I think the interview will do good to both the interviewer and the interviewee. By an interview, the interviewer can find a suitable person if both of

15、 them make the best of the job interview.综观历年的大学英语四级统考写作试题，可以看出提纲作文的主要形式有以下几种：（一） 比较/对比。对某一问题的两种看法进行分析说明，然后给出自己的看法或体会，常用的写作手法有分析、列举、举例等。如下面两题：Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports (93.1)Directions: For this pat, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Positive and Negati

16、ve Aspects of Sports. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1. 体育运动的好处。2. 体育运动可能带来的副作用。3. 我参加体育运动的体会。第一段要写体育运动的好处，可以用列举的方法，如体育可以增强体质（build up physical strength）、培养团队精神（develop team spirit）等等。第二段是说体育运动的缺点，比如它可能使我们受伤、过度运动有害身体等。

17、第三段要求作者写出自己的切身体会，一般会写其对自己好的影响，如可以广交朋友（make many friends ）、获得乐趣(gain pleasure)等。Can Money Buy Happiness? (95.1)Directions: For this pat, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Can Money Buy Happiness? You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition

18、 on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1. 有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happiness）.2. 也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of all evils）.3. 我的看法。（二） 解释说明。这类题目要求写作者对某一种事物或现象进行解释、说明，分析其原因或解决的方法：Bicyclesan Important Means of Transport in China (91.1)Directions: For this pat, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a compositio

19、n on the topic Bicyclesan Important Means of Transport in China. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1. 为什么自行车在中国这样普及。2. 和汽车的比较。3. 自行车在中国的前途。My Favorites TV Program (93.6)Directions: For this pat, you are allowed thirty min

20、utes to write a composition on the topic My Favorites TV Program. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1. 我最喜欢的电视（或无线电）节目是.2. 这类节目的内容和特点。3. 我喜欢它的原因。（三） 图表作文所谓图表式作文，顾名思义，就是利用表格或图画而写的作文。常见的图表式作文有曲线图，圆周图，标绘图等。图表式作文在历年的四级考试作文题里所

21、占的比例较小，而且主要是表格类，相对来说，图表式作文是比较难的题型。但只要掌握了图表式作文的要领，避免慌乱和恐惧，写图表式作文也能得心应手。写图表式作文的准备过程，一般可以分为三个步骤：第一，要理解图表的含义，把握图表所要传达的信息，这是写好图表式作文的前提；第二，选择那些能充分说明图表主题的典型数据；第三，根据自己的分析结果和文章的题目写出各段主题句 (有时，图表式作文也会给出主题句)。图表式作文一般可以分成三段来写：第一段用能充分表现图表主题的典型数据描述图表的总的内容；第二段对数据进行比较分析，找出产生变化的原因；第三段写自己对图表所表达内容的评论或看法，得出自己的结论。下面就是 一篇范

22、文：Directions: For this pat, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition about Changes in Peoples Diet according to the following outline in three paragraphs. Your part of the composition should be no less than 100 words, not including the words given. Remember to write clearly. You should

23、write this composition on the Composition Sheet.1. state the changes in peoples diet in the past five years2. give possible reasons for the changes3. draw your own conclusion 4. you should quote as few figures as possibleYearFood1986 1987 1988 1989 1990Grain 49% 47% 46.5% 45% 45%Milk 10% 11% 11% 12%

24、 13%Meat 17% 20% 22.5% 13% 21%Fruit he had straight black hair and bright black eyes that noticed everything that was going on around him.四、学生作文中常见的错误1 指代错误误 The word order of the sentence is totally different when translated into English.正 The word order of the sentence is totally different when th

25、e sentence is translated into English.分析 从句的主语是 the sentence 而不再是 the word order，所以不能省略。误 One must take care of oneself so that you can become stronger.正 One must take care of oneself so that he can become stronger.分析 句中指代混乱，前后不一致。 与 one 相对应的只能是 he 而不能是 you.误 She told my sister that she was wrong.正

26、“Im wrong,” she said to my sister.正 “Youre wrong,” she said to my sister.分析 原句指代模糊而是句子的意思含糊不清。2 一致错误误 Neither you nor I are guilty.正 Neither you nor I am guilty.分析 违背了主谓一致中的就近原则。误 Writing compositions are a good way to get practice.正 Writing compositions is a good way to get practice.分析 谓语应跟主语中心词一致。

27、类似的还有下面的句子：The resources of nature have provided man with his livelihood.The girl together with (in addition to) (along with) her ten classmates is leaving soon.误Two weeks are enough for a nice vacation.正Two weeks is enough for a nice vacation.分析 表示时间、金钱的多少，重量、容积的大小时，主语的表达方式尽管是复数，谓语仍用单数形式。类似的句子还有：On

28、e hundred cents makes a dollar.Two miles is much to run in one day.3 平行错误误 John looked for his cat but he could not find it.正 John looked for his cat, but he could not find it.误 Tony enjoyed singing, Mary enjoyed to talk.正 Tony enjoyed singing; Mary enjoyed talking.误 Government is moving people from

29、 the density to the empty areas.正 Government is moving people from the dense to the empty areas.Fromto 的后接成分应当相同，都应是形容词。误 Saying is one thing and to do is another.正 Saying is one thing and doing is another.分析 在一个句子中，平行结构应用相同的语法形式表达，名词对应名词，动名词对应动名词，不定式对应不定式，从句对应从句。 误 They thought he was charming, int

30、elligent, and a very capable young man.正 They thought he was a charming, intelligent, and very capable young man.分析 一个句子中应尽量使用同样的结构层次。 4 语法错误误 The police takes him to the police station.正 The police take him to the police station.分析 象 police ,family, audience 等集合名词表示具体人员时要用复数，表示整体是才用单数。误 Success dep

31、ends upon hard working.正 Success depends upon hard work.分析 hard work 是固定表达方式，意为 “勤奋的工作” 。误 My sister will come to Guangzhuo in next week.正 My sister will come to Guangzhuo next week.分析 表示时间的名词被一个形容词修饰时，不能在用介词。类似的错误还有 in last year, in the day before yesterday 等。误 If he is more careful, he is more lik

32、ely to make less mistakes.正 If he is more careful, he will be more likely to make less mistakes.分析 在主从复合句中，从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。误 His body is unhealthy.正 He is unhealthy.分析 这是典型 Chinese English。五、范文及解析1. AdvertisingAdvertising can be a service to the customers. This is true when advertisements give rel

33、iable information about the goods advertised. Such information is needed if the customer is to make a sensible choice when he buys.However, some ads are not very useful to the customer. These advertisements are cleverly done. Instead of helping the customer to satisfy his real needs, some advertisem

34、ents create a need. Some others set out to make us believe that what they advertise will make us cleverer, prettier, more handsome if only we use it. There are also some advertisements mislead customers by using part of the truth to suggest something false. They say a famous actress recommends a cer

35、tain brand of cosmetics to make her attractive, so as to give the idea that only this brand of cosmetics is good to the careless listener, reader or viewer.In a word, advertising has its advantages and disadvantages. We should be more alert when reading or listening to ads.本文第一段讲广告的好的作用为读者提供信息；第二段讲广

36、告的负面作用误导读者，本段采用了举例的方法，讲到三种不好的广告；最后一段是一个简单的小结，重复强调了本文的主题。2. Advantages and Disadvantages of AdvertisementsWe are all aware that everything has its two sides. Advertising is no exception. In its development advertising has brought both advantages and disadvantages.As far as we consumers are concerned,

37、 on the one hand, modern advertisements facilitate all kinds of services. As advertising provides the most direct, comprehensive and detailed information on commodities, culture, employment, student enrollment and even marriage, we can easily know about these from advertisements. In addition, with a

38、dvertisements, consumers save a lot of time in shopping, looking for jobs, etc. On the other hand, too many advertisements are not based on the quality of the goods, but regard profit as the most important. They are simply misleading and cheating us with flowery phrases and empty promises.In spite o

39、f these disadvantages, I think advertising does more good than harm to consumers. And the disadvantages, since they have been pointed out clearly, will be dealt with effectively.本文同上文主题相同，但写法却大不相同，第一段是一个总括，统领全篇，第二段具体讲广告的优点和缺点，第三段简要复现主题，文章的总体结构要优于上一篇文章。3. WaterWater is very important. It is the base

40、of life. People have to use water to satisfy their thirst, to maintain personal and their belongings cleanness, to wash the food they eat, to irrigate the crops they plant, and to build the houses they need. Animals and plants also need water in the similar way as man does.However, not everyone has

41、realized the importance of saving water and makes a point to do it. Every day they waste water by using much more water than necessary. Taps are left leaking, cups of water are poured out with more than half are untouched. Some factories pour into the rivers or the lakes their wastes, which have polluted the water.Water will become a serious problem unless it becomes everyones duty to take care that they make an effort in saving water.这篇文章的主题是节约用水，第一段讲水的重要性，第二段讲不节约用水的现象，这两段用的都是列举法，都是先给出一个主题句，再列举一些事实或事例来对主题句作进一步的阐释说明，第三段则简要说明了节水的紧迫性，以作为文章的结尾。