四级考试三层突破——写作完形翻译.doc

1、1第一部分 写作核心体裁分析 1. 现象解释型现象解释类作文是与实际生活关系十分密切的命题类型。现象解释型作文明确描述社会生活中存在的一种现象，据此作者对现象的原因或者危害等做出说明，同时论述这种现象反映出的社会问题；最后针对现象做出评论，表明自己的态度以及如何在日常生活中有效地实践以消除这种现象或其不利方面。此类作文所有的段落都围绕某种现象展开，所以我们称之为现象解释型作文。写作思路：第一段 Nowadays, there exists a public controversy about the issue of 引出现象.What amazes us most is 典型的一个方面.It

2、 is true that 进一步阐述现象. 第二段 There are many reasons explaining 这一现象 The main reason is 原因一. What is more, 原因二 . Thirdly, 原因三 .第三段 As a result, 总结上述观点 . Considering all these, 讲述导致结果及作者态度 . For one thing, 原因一 . For another, 原因二 .In conclusion,总结全文.描述现象，引起话题；表现较为典型的一个方面；进一步阐述现象。承上启下,解释这一现象的原因一；原因二；原因三；重

3、申观点，总结上述观点。讲述导致的结果；作者的态度；例举原因一；例举原因二；总结全文。现象引入段说明原因段总结观点段2. 问题解决型问题解决型作文通常要求考生通过提示性的文字或图表来描述其反映的社会生活中的某个现实问题，提出解决方案和应对措施。这类作文的所有段落都是以某个问题为主线展开，即提出问题分析问题和解决问题这一主线。这类作文中给出的问题通常是当今社会的热门话题。写作思路一第一段 Recently the issue /problem of_ _ has been in the limelight / brought into focus/ brought to public attent

4、ive concern总述该问题. It is obvious that _ _危害或原因一. Additionally, _ _危害或原因二. So it is high time _ _解决该问题的紧迫性. 第二段 The following ways can be adopted to 解决该问题. First of all, _办法因素一. The reason is _. 总述该问题；问题的危害或原因（可举两点） ；指出解决该问题的重要性和紧迫性。承上启下，引出对该问题的解决办法或重要影响因素；阐述问题段说明方法段2Secondly, _办法因素二 . That is to say,

5、 _. Thirdly, _ _办法因素三. In fact, more than three ways can be adopted. 第三段 It is undeniable that 解决该问题的意义 . As for me, _我的观点和建议 . When everyone is fully aware of the severity and take feasible measures, I firmly believe 做出展望 .解决办法影响因素一；解决办法影响因素二；解决办法影响因素三（可省略） ；对以上办法或因素进行总结，强调重要性（可省略） 。承接上文，强调解决问题的意义；

6、阐明“我的观点和建议” ；总结全文，发出呼吁或做出展望。总结观点段写作思路二第一段 has become a hot topic, and heated debates are right on their way 总述该问题 . 表现/ 作用一 . Additionally, 表现/ 作用二 . Therefore, it is of great importance for us to 解决该问题的重要性.第二段 However, we have figured out many ways to 解决该问题 ./ However, there are many factors that 影

7、响该问题的解决 . First of all, 解决办法一 ./The first role that should be blamed is 影响因素一.Secondly, 解决办法二./Another equally important factor lies in 影响因素二. Last but not least, 解决办法/ 影响因素三. 第三段 As far as Im concerned, 我的观点和建议. 理由一. Whats more, 理由二. I firmly believe that 做出展望.开门见山，指出问题及现状；表现或作用（可举两点） ；指出解决该问题的重要性和

8、紧迫性。承上启下，引出对该问题的解决办法或重要影响因素；解决办法影响因素一；解决办法影响因素二；解决办法影响因素三（可省略） ；对以上办法或因素进行总结，强调重要性（可省略） 。承接上文，阐明“我的观点和建议”；说明理由（可举两点） ；总结全文，发出呼吁或做出展望。阐述问题段说明方法段总结观点段写作思路三第一段 Recently, 指出问题 has become a matter of a public concern, especially for those who are confronted with this problem. On the one hand, _表现一. On th

9、e other hand, _表现二 . 第二段 There are many reasons accounting for 该问题. Firstly, _危害原因一. Secondly, _危害原因二. For example, _举例说明. Thirdly, _危开门见山，指出问题及现状；问题具体表现（可举两点） ；承上启下，引出对该问题的危害或重要原因；危害原因一；阐述问题段说明原因段3害原因三. In other words, _进一步解释. Therefore, how to is worth paying attention 强调解决该问题的重要性.第三段 However, we

10、have figured out several effective measures to 引出解决办法/影响因素. Firstly, 解决办法影响因素一. Secondly, 解决办法影响因素二. Thirdly, 解决办法影响因素三. Its time that 强调其重要性.危害原因二；危害原因三（可省略） ；承上启下，强调解决该问题的重要性。承上启下，引出对该问题的解决办法或重要影响因素；解决办法影响因素一；解决办法影响因素二；解决办法影响因素三（可省略） ；对以上办法或因素进行总结，强调其重要性（可省略） 。提出办法段第一部分 写作热门话题分析1.校园生活相关话题：学生兼职/就业

11、出国留学校外住宿大学生选课以及课外活动等 热门词汇：part-time job 兼职工作 economic burden 经济负担 working experience 工作经历 competition and cooperation 竞争与合作 tuition 学费 course arrangement 课程安排 extracurricular activities 课外活动 distance education 远程教育 required coursecompulsory course 必修课 take an examinationsit an examination 参加考试live o

12、utside campus 住在校外 food services 饮食 application form 申请表 withdrawdraw cash 取钱 instructor 辅导老师 student union 学生会 undergraduate 本科生 postgraduate 研究生 credit 学分 degrees 学位 经典句式： In recent years, studying abroad has become a new craze among college students. 如今，留学在大学生中成为一种新的热潮。 With the admission expansi

13、on of colleges, a lot more graduates have to face the fierce competition in the job market.随着大学的扩招，越来越多的毕业生在就业市场面临激烈的竞争。 Diploma and certificates are still significant standards by which many employers measure a persons ability. In order to increase the qualifications for a job, the students compel

14、themselves to run from one exam to another.学位和证书仍然是很多雇主衡量一个人能力的重要标准。为了增加找工作资格条件，学生们被迫不断参加考试。 During the holidays, a growing number of students choose to be volunteers, take part-time jobs, or take part in other practical activities alike. 在假期，大量的学生选择做志愿者，做兼职工作或者参加其他类似的实践活动。 Some students spend too m

15、uch time in taking part-time jobs so as to ignore their study. Therefore, we are supposed to try to balance the relationship between social practice and study.4有些学生花大量的时间做兼职工作，从而忽视了他们的学业。因此我们应该平衡社会实践和学习之间的关系。2.网络科技: 相关话题：电脑/互联网的普及 信息安全媒体广告、通讯设备的进步网络教学及网上阅读网上娱乐（游戏博客开心牧场等）热门词汇：cyber culture 计算机文化 onli

16、ne love affairs 网恋 net bar 网吧 shopping online 网上购物 cyber chat 网上聊天 virtual net 虚拟网络 net partner 网友 surf the Internet 网上冲浪 net citizen 网民 cyberspace 网络空间 cyber college 网络大学 convenient and effective 方便有效 e-bank 电子银行 kill time 打发时间 information security 信息安全 the popularity of computer 电脑的普及 be addicted

17、to 对 上瘾 campus network 校园网络 release ones pressure 减轻压力 e-mail 电子邮箱 经典句式： No invention has received more praise and abuse than the Internet.没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。 It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary pr

18、ogress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.人们普遍认为现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。 As a product of modern computer and the Internet, online games have become extremely popular among college students.作为现代电脑和网络的产物，网络游戏已经在大学生中变得相当普及。 But as we see, some students lacking self-disci

19、pline are too much indulged in these games so that their health and academic performances are affected. 但是，正如我们看到的，一些缺乏自律的学生沉迷于网络游戏以至于影响了健康和学习。 More significantly, it does bring college students much pleasure and release their pressure greatly.更重要的是，它能带给大学生们很多快乐并且极大地减轻压力。3. 体育健康相关话题：体育运动、节食减肥、吸烟、流行性

20、疾病、心理疾病热门词汇：lung cancer 肺癌 smoking-related diseases 抽烟引起的疾病 lose weight 减肥 go on die 节食 under the weather 生病、不舒服 flight-headed 头昏眼花 drowsy 昏昏欲睡 flu 流感 5epidemics 瘟疫 rampant 猖獗的 contract infections 得传染病 pick up the habit 养成这种习惯 physical and mental condition 身体与精神状态 overweight/fat(肥胖的) mentally unheal

21、thy 精神不健全的 be good for/do good to 对有益处 good living habits 良好的生活习惯 take regular exercise 进行有规律的运动 unhealthy eating habit 不健康的饮食习惯 junk food 垃圾食品 stay/keep healthy/fit 保持健康 build up ones body/ improve ones health 强身健体 经典句式： Epidemics are rampant throughout the whole human history, and they have caused

22、 the most devastating impacts on us. 在整个人类历史上瘟疫肆虐，他们给我们带来了灾难性的影响。 For example, the outbreak of H1N1once killed lots of people and brought great economic loss to the whole country. 例如，H1N1 甲型流感的爆发夺去了很多人的生命并且给整个国家带来了重大经济影响。 According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases

23、linked to smoking. 依照最近的一项调查，每年有 4，000，000 人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。 Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。 In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as importa

24、nt as life itself. 事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。第一部分 写作写作步骤核心指导2009 年 12 月四级作文真题Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Creating A Green Campus.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:1.建设绿色校园很重要2.绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境3.为了建设绿色校园，我

25、们应该(一)审题立意1.首先审题目以及提纲，考生很容易判断出这是问题解决类作文。2.该作文体现出一种较新的命题方式，首先在题材上，依然是我们所熟悉的校园类话题，同时兼顾社会的热点：环保问题，这也与社会的大背景有关系，刚刚闭幕的哥本哈根世界气候大会也同时关注环保减排这个主题，因此我们的作文也与社会热点有很大的关系。分析题目 Green “绿色”和 Campus “校园”是本作文的关键词。考生应该考虑绿色校园具体是什么含义。重点应放在绿色校园的含义以及我们应该采取的措施上。考卷已经列出了提纲，这是对“三段式”提纲类作文写作结构的考查。6(二)草拟提纲段落一阐述问题段开门见山，绿色校园引发人们关注；

26、建立绿色校园对自己、他人及社会都有重要影响。段落二说明原因段绿色校园具有两层含义；绿色，无污染；人文精神、文明建设、人文关怀、和谐。段落三解决方法段为了建设绿色校园，个人、学校、政府和社会各界应该采取哪些措施；对未来的展望。根据以上构思，写作提纲如下：Creating A Green CampusWhats a green campus and how to creat a green campus?Creating A Green CampusI.Nowadays the topic of a green campus has aroused public attention.1.It is

27、 of vital importance to the students2.It has a profound impact on societyII.The idea of “a green campus” is beyond a green environment.1.green environment preservation and protection2.a civilized atmosphere for students mental healthIII.It is imperative for us to take effective measures to creat a g

28、reen campus.1.The law and regulations should be worked out2.Enhanced the awareness of the students themselves(三)落笔写作1.阐述问题段 根据题目中的提纲，首先强调建立绿色校园的重要性，最好在此句之前做一个铺垫，介绍建立绿色校园受到人们广泛关注这一背景信息，即 the topic of a green campus has aroused public attention.常见问题：用词匮乏。如：“很重要” important。使用对策：使用精彩替换词。如：the indispensa

29、ble part for, has a profound impact on, significance 等。2.说明原因段 对绿色校园的两方面含义进行论述。另外在展开论证过程中，抽象句子要举例说明，如：such as planting more trees and flowers, for example, students will be severely punished in case of cheating in exams，这些具体信息使文章更生动，容易理解。常见问题：结构不清，缺乏层次感。使用对策：要注意各个理由之间的逻辑关系，适当地运用表示层次关系的词语，如：to begin

30、with, in addition to; furthermore/not only but also / whats more; for example/for instance/such as; in other words/ in particular 等。本文的说明原因段可分为如下三个层次进行论证：开门见山：首先对“绿色校园”在下文要涉及的内容进行总体概括：The idea of “a green campus” is beyond a green environment.正面论证：说明“绿色校园”的第一层含义，也就是我们最熟知的一层含义，即campus construction re

31、fers to green environment preservation and protection。然后举例进一步解释此含义，并强调其重要性：which makes campus an ecological and natural resort.在这个过程中考生要注意亮点词汇以及句型的使用。反面论证：使用 in addition to 引出“绿色校园”的第二层含义，即 create a civilized atmosphere for the sake of students mental health.然后举例进一步解释此含义。如：For example, students will

32、 be severely punished in case of cheating in exams and plagiarizing in 7academic papers.3.解决方法段 鉴于“绿色校园 ”的重要性，说明采取措施的必要性，如：To bring “green campus” to its full play, effective measures should be taken.常见问题：用语过于直白或极端。如：We must/ We should等。使用对策：要站在中庸的立场上，客观地提出建议，可使用一些表示客观立场的词语，如：It is essential that ;

33、Only by the co efforts of the whole society could “green campus” work smoothly.这样使自己的观点表达得既委婉又客观。Creating A Green CampusNowadays the topic of a green campus has been widely debated which has aroused public attention.Undoubtedly, a green campus, the indispensable part for the development of college s

34、tudents, has a profound impact on both individuals and society, for its significance cannot be denied.The idea of “a green campus” is beyond a green environment.To begin with, campus construction refers to green environment preservation and protection, such as planting more trees and flowers, which

35、makes campus an ecological and natural resort, and advocating green products.For example, students are encouraged to avoid using disposable plastic containers in campus dining hall and recycle wasted batteries and other electrical products properly.In addition to the environmentally friendly practic

36、e, we shall make every effort to improve the moral standard and ethical level of university students in order to create a civilized atmosphere for the sake of students mental health.For example, students will be severely punished in case of cheating in exams and plagiarizing in academic papers.To br

37、ing “green campus” to its full play, effective measures should be taken.First, based on its education function, campus should bring the theory of “sustainable development” into classrooms, set environmental management rules and conduct environmental education activities.Second, it is essential that

38、law and regulations be worked out and enforced by the government and school authorities.Only by the co-efforts of the whole society could “green campus” work smoothly and bring benefit to peoples well-beings.(四)修改润色作文基本完成以后，主要有以下两项任务：1.检查检查是否包含考卷提纲列出的所有信息；各段落衔接是否连贯，使用 In the first place, Furthermore

39、, On the one hand， For instance， On the other hand 等词可以达到这种效果；语法上单词拼写上是否有误，如较长单词 indispensable，environmentally friendly，preservation ，plagiarizing 等，以及短语 has a profound impact on，disposable plastic containers，in case of， bring to its full play, bring benefit to 以及最后一段中虚拟语气、倒装句使用是否正确。避免使用“汉语式英语” ；检查文

40、章标点符号是否正确。2.润色例如：Only by the co efforts of the whole society could “green campus” work smoothly and bring benefit to peoples well beings 中使用倒装句的结构，凸显考生的语法功底。第一部分 写作出现亮点四级作文在追求明白、通顺、完整的同时，还要力求语言的生动、形象、让开头结尾更新颖脱俗，为作文增色，取得高分。8(1)词汇选择标新立异1)尽量使用同义词避免简单重复。在使用同义词的时候需要考生在选词时斟酌其含义的微妙差别，辨析同义词在具体语境中的不同用法。如“认为”

41、可用 harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 等；“好的”可用 conducive /beneficial/advantageous 等。但要注意词汇的准确性，即必须还要考虑适合的语境。比如形容眼睛“大”,很显然，great, large, huge, vast, titanic, enormous 这些“大”都是不恰当的，而只能使用 big。2)尽量使用词性变化来丰富自己的表达手

42、段。如 to voice some different opinions 替代 to give/express some different opinions; to double/triple 替代 twice or three times;3)尽量使用派生形式来点缀文章亮点。如 be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of 替代 indicate, suggest ,fear；it is of great importance/ help/ use/ significance 替代 it is very important/ signi

43、ficant/ helpful/ useful；not unnecessary/ not unimportant。4)四级考试词汇不足采取措施：在四级作文写作过程中，很多考生往往有很多话要说，但是词汇量不足无法完整表达自己的意思。为了应付这种情况，我们总结简便易行的应急措施：试用笼统词英语中有些具体词音节较多，使用频率不高，容易遗忘，而英语中笼统词有 have, take 等，它的意义广泛，搭配性强，构成词组后可以替代众多具体动词，大致表达意思。例如：这个男孩跟他爸爸长得很像。The boy resembles his father.分析：这个句子中，如果考生想不起 resemble 这个单词时，用 take after 代替。如：The boy takes after his father.其效果及表达的意义决不亚于第一句。这样的例子还很多。如：I experienced a terrible hard time.= I had a terrible hard time.I will preside over the meeting.= I will take the meeting.联想有关词汇当遗忘单词时，发挥想象力，想出一切与之有关的单词，多角度地运用语言。一般情况下