十字花科蔬菜害虫及其防治.ppt

1、十字花科蔬菜害虫及其防治,贤振华,十字花科蔬菜主要种类,一、白菜类Family: CruciferaeGenus: Brassica包括大白菜 Chinese Cabbage 小白菜 Pak-choi菜心 Flowering Chinese Cabbage,二、甘蓝类包括甘蓝 Cabbage芥蓝 Chinese kale椰菜 Broccoli花椰菜 Cauliflower,三、芥菜类 包括叶用芥菜（Brassica juncea Coss.）类 茎用芥菜（Brassica juncea Coss. var.tsatsai Mao ）类,四、萝卜类包括白萝卜的多种品种品系,十字花科蔬菜害虫主要种

2、类,鳞翅目 小菜蛾、 菜青虫 斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、 粉纹夜蛾、 菜螟 同翅目 甘蓝蚜、萝卜蚜 桃蚜 烟粉虱 鞘翅目 黄条曲跳甲 大、小猿叶甲,小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella (L.),Diamondback moth,菜青虫Pieris rapae (L.)Cabbage Butterfly,1. Its host include Brassica species. Cultivated and wild Cruciferae. It is widespread throughout Europe and much of Asia, North Africa, Australi

3、a, New Zealand, Hawaii, Canada, USA and Mexico. 2. Damage:The larvae feed singly, usually deep in the cabbage heart, making holes in the leaves, even eat up all leaf blade, only the main veins are left, with frass accumulation. The caterpillars prefer to feed in the heart of the cabbage and occasion

4、ally cause heavy infestations and partial defoliation. In Guangdong Province there may be 7-8 generations per year. 3. IdentificationAdult:Adult is a white butterfly with a wingspan about 45-55 mm in the female. The wings bear several black markings.Eggs:The bulletin-like eggs are laid singly on low

5、 surface of the leaves. There are many vertical ridges on the surface of egg.Larva: Fully-grown larva is about 30 mm long, velvety green with a faint yellow dorsal strip, and a row of yellow spots along each side in line with the spiracles. Pupa:The pupa is shuttle-like form, sharply angled, attache

6、d usually to the underside of the leaf by a loop of silk.,Eggs,Larva,Adult,Pupa,1.It is a totally polyphagous pest and feed on a very wide range of crops including vegetables, cotton, rice, tomato and tobacco. Other host plants include Citrus, cacao, sweet potato, rubber legumes, sorghum, maize etc.

7、2.Distribution:It mainly distributes in South and Eastern Old World tropics, including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, China, Korea, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia, Austral-Asia, Pacific islands, Hawaii and Fiji.3.Damage:This caterpillar is basically a leaf-eater. Heavy inf

8、estations can seriously defoliate the crops, especially the young plants. Newly hatched larvae are gregarious and remain together and skeletonize the leaf on which they feed. Later they disperse and become more solitary and nocturnal in habits. One generation can be completed in as little as 24-30 d

9、ays, and in the humid tropics there may be 8 generations annually. 4. Identification:Adult : The adults are pale brownish moth, with the yellow-brown forewing having a distinctive pale band medially: wingspan is 30-40 mm.Eggs:Eggs are spherical (0.3 mm) in diameter, and laid on the undersides of lea

10、ves in batches of 100-300 and covered with yellow colored hair-scales.Each female lays about 100-2000 eggs, hatching requires 2-6 days.Larvae:The newly hatched larvae are pale green at first, and with a distinct black band on the first abdominal segment. Later they become brown with dark marking, wi

11、th yellow lateral and dorsal stripes.The lateral yellow strip is bordered dorsally with a series of semi-lunar marks. Pupa :Pupation takes place in the soil in an earthen cell, just beneath the surface, The pupa is dark red, 15 -20 mm long.,斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura (F.)Common Leafworm,Adult,Eggs,Larvae

12、,1.It attacks more than 170 different species of host plants including cabbage, radish, lettuce, eggplant, pepper, tomatoes, potatoes, beans gourds, rice, cotton, sugar beet, tobacco, etc.2.Distribution:Africa, Southeast Asia, Central and South Europe, Middle East, Australia, Southern USA, India, So

13、uthern China, Philippines, Indonesia, and Canada.3.Damage:Young larvae eat foliage within webs underside of the leaves. The caterpillars are gregarious, moving in swarms, and destroying the young leaves and stems of the host plants. Young seedlings can be completely destroyed, but older plants often

14、 recover after an attack and may be still vigorously. Young larvae skeletonize the underside of the leaves, but later as they grow they eat the entire lamina. In South China there are usually eight generations. 4. Identification:Adult:The adult is a small brown moth of wingspan up to 25 mm, and the

15、fore wing is grayish-brown with two yellow spots near the center. The hind wing is a translucent white with narrow brown borders, There are rather nondescript in appearance and not easy to recognize. Eggs:Eggs are laid on the leaves of the host plants, in clusters, several layers thick, and covered

16、with hairs from the female abdomen. Each cluster contains 50-300 eggs, one female can lay 300-900 eggs (up to 1700). Eggs usually hatch after 2-4 days.Larvae: The larvae are very gregarious, at first green, later becoming variable green or brown usually with a lateral strip. Young larvae skeletonize

17、 the underside of the leaves, but as they grow they eat the entire lamina.Pupa:Pupation takes place in the soil and lasts about 6 days.,甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua Beet Armyworm,Adult,Eggs,Larvae,粉纹夜蛾Trichoplusia niCabbage looper,Eggs,Larvae,蔬菜蚜虫Vegetable aphids,1 萝卜蚜 Lipaphis erysimi Turnip Aphid2 桃蚜 Myz

18、us pericaeGreen Peach Aphid3 甘蓝蚜 Brevicoryne brassicae Cabbage Aphid,1. Cabbage aphid and turnip aphid mainly feed on cruciferae. Cabbage aphid prefers cabbage and other Brassica spp but turnip aphid likes Chinese cabbage and radish better. Green peach aphid is truly a polyphagous species; about 875

19、 plants in 35 different families are recorded as its hosts. The main host is peach, the alternative hosts include potato, tomato, tobacco, beet, cereals and vegetables. All three species of aphids occur commonly and mixed on cruciferous vegetables in China. 2.DistributionCabbage aphid: The aphid dis

20、tributes throughout the world in temperate and subtropical climates. In China it occurs nearly all parts of the country besides Tibet . Turnip aphid: Mostly in temperate and subtropics regions. In China it is dominate species in Xinjiang autonomic distract.Green aphid: A completely cosmopolitan spec

21、ies with a worldwide distribution.All species of the aphids occur year around in South China. No eggs are found in the host plants during the winter. All stages of the pests can be found on the vegetable crops in winter season. They reproduce by parthenogenesis. The population increases very rapidly

22、 under favorite conditions.3.Damage: Cabbage aphid: The aphid attacks many crucifers, especially cabbage, cauliflower. It is known to transmit a number of virus diseases in the host plants. Nymphs and adults suck plant sap, causing distortion, stunting. curling, wilting and often lead to death of th

23、ese host plants when severely attack happened. 4. IdentificationTurnip Aphid: Turnip aphid is similar to the cabbage aphid in appearance, but has a more distinct green to yellow-green color with less noticeable powdery wax on the body, and it lacks the dark transverse marks on abdomen.Green Peach Ap

24、hid: Green peach aphid is rather slender in form, light green or yellow, with indefinitely darker stripes on the abdomen.Cabbage Aphid: Cabbage aphid is grayish-green in color and the body is covered with a fine powdery wax, which gives heavily infested plants a whitish appearance.,Turnip Aphid,Gree

25、n Peach Aphid,Cabbage Aphid,黄曲条跳甲,黄曲条跳甲 Phyllotreta striolata， Stripped Flea Beetles,1.Host:The two species are common pests on vegetable crops, especially on Brassicous. In South China, these pests mainly attack radish and cabbages. 2.Damage:Both the larvae and the adults feed on the foliage of the

26、 host plants. When heavily damage almost the whole foliage is eaten and just the veins are left.3.Life history:In South China, Colaphellus bowringi can complete 5-6 generations per year, while Phaedon brassicae occurs 5 generations. Usually the two species are mixed occurrence in a same vegetable pl

27、antation. Adult female of Colaphellus bowringi lay eggs in cluster with several to 20 individuals, but eggs of Phaedon brassicae are laid separately on the surface of the host plants. Both the larvae of the two species undergo 4 instars.4.IdentificationColaphellus bowringi (Cabbage leaf beetle)(1)Ad

28、ultShape: Elliptical Size: 4.7 mm longColor: Blue to blackPunctures on the elytra: Irregulars arrangementScutum: Triangular(2)LarvaSize: 7.5 mm longColor: head is black, thorax and abdomen are grayish yellowSpots: A pair of dark lateral-spots on each segment of thorax and abdomenSize: 6.0 mm long Ph

29、aedon brassicae(Daikon leaf beetle) (1)AdultShape: Oval Size: 3.5 mm longColor: Blue to greenPunctures on the elytra: Arrange in vertical lines. Scutum: Oval(2)LarvaSize: 6.0 mm long Color: head is black, thorax and abdomen are grayish yellow Spots: Four pair of dark lateral-spots on each segment be

30、side the prothorax and the last segment of abdomen,小猿叶甲Phaedon brassicae Daikon Leaf Beetle,Adult,Damage,Adult,Larvae,大猿叶甲Colaphellus bowringiCabbage Leaf Beetle,烟粉虱A型 Bemisia tabaci,Sweetpotato Whitefly,Adult,Nymph,Pupa,Eggs,Tobacco Whitefly,Adult,Nymph,Pupa,烟粉虱B型（银叶粉虱）Bemisia tobacciSilverleaf whi

31、tefly,小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)Diamondback Moth(DBM),俗称：小菜蛾、吊丝虫Common name: Diamondback moth分类地位：鳞翅目，菜蛾科 寄主：十字花科蔬菜和杂草以甘蓝、芥蓝、萝卜、西洋菜为害最重，白菜、油菜、芥菜次之。,简介,一、分布和为害,1、分布,以幼虫取食为害叶片，造成孔洞和缺刻。幼虫四龄。幼虫喜欢集中在心叶和花上为害。1龄幼虫潜叶。2 龄以上幼虫在叶背面啃食下表皮和叶肉，仅上表皮，俗称“开天窗 ” 。4龄暴食，占总食量的80%。严重时叶片被吃成网状仅留叶脉。,2、为害,明显的地域性热带、亚热带重于温带。大发生

32、频率越来越高自70年代以来已经成为南亚、东南亚和中国南方地区蔬菜上的主要害虫。由于化学杀虫剂的大量施用，抗性严重产生在深圳的菜场，所使用的化学农药中80%的是杀虫剂，其中又有90%用于防治小菜蛾，平均2-3天喷药1次。防治费用高全世界用于防治小菜蛾的费用每年高达10亿$。,3、发生为害特点,二、生物学特性,世代一年多代，发生世代由北到南不断增加。新疆、东北4-5代，华北5-6代，长江流域9-14代，广东19-21代。越冬在东北不能越冬，其虫源由南方迁飞而来。在长江流域以南无越冬现象，终年可以繁殖。发生高峰新疆：7-8月，华北、东北：5-6月，长江流域以南：双峰型，春、秋季节为害严重。,1、年发

33、生动态,生活史,成虫2-3 days,卵3-5days,幼虫8-15 days,蛹5-8 days,小菜蛾生活周期15-20 days,小菜蛾对温度有较强的适应能力对温度的适应范围广从0-35都能存活，最适温度为20-30，在8-33条件下均可产卵繁殖，在最适温度23时，在实验室内繁殖一代后可以增加77倍。在30 时繁殖最快，月增长倍数达1307倍。耐低温的能力较强幼虫在-1.4条件下照常取食，在0条件下可以忍耐42天 。小菜蛾有较强的扩散能力在国外有小菜蛾远距离迁飞的报道。,3、对温度的适应能力,成虫的选择性成虫喜欢选择含芥子油（硫代葡萄糖苷）高的蔬菜如萝卜，芥菜产卵。幼虫的选择性幼虫偏嗜叶

34、片较厚的芥蓝、甘蓝类，但对完成发育所需的营养要求不高，落叶、老叶、黄叶、残株甚至取食茎和叶柄都能完成发育。十字花科的连年、连片种植，为小菜蛾的发生提供了丰富的食物来源，是小菜蛾上升的一个重要原因。田园清洁的重要性。,4、对食料条件的要求,抗虫谱广对使用过的几乎所有杀虫剂都产生了抗性，甚至对Bt也产生了抗性。抗性发展快对有些杀虫剂只需1-3年就可产生抗性。抗性水平高对拟除虫菊酯台溴氰菊酯可产生上万倍的抗性。抗性的产生造成防治效果下降，促使用药量加大，最终导致小菜蛾陷入愈防愈重的恶性循环中。,5、对化学杀虫剂的抗性,三、环境条件对小菜蛾的影响,食物:十字花科作物,捕食天敌,寄生天敌,病原微生物,栽

35、培措施,气候条件,6、小菜蛾成灾原因分析,充足的食物来源:十字花科作物种植 面积的扩大。化学杀虫剂的大量使用，杀伤天敌，抗性的产生。小菜蛾本身的繁殖能力以及对环境条件的适应能力。,发生量预测虫源基数调查：在田间随机取样调查各虫态的数量。用性诱剂监测成虫数量。性诱剂购买。性诱剂自制：用酒精、苯、三氯甲烷提取雌蛾腹部。根据气候条件预测。发生期预测用上一代成虫高峰期推测下代幼虫高峰。用成虫高峰期推测幼虫高峰。,四、预测预报,五、防 治,农业防治 Cultural Control 生物防治 Biological Control 诱杀 Pheromone Trapping 化学防治 Chemical C

36、ontrol,1、农业防治,轮作 Crop rotation 将十字花科蔬菜中的早、中、晚熟品种，生长期长、短不同的品种与其它蔬菜轮留种植。间作 Intercropping与豆科、茄科等非十字花科蔬菜间隔种植。田园清洁 Field sanitation收获后及时清除和集中消处理残株、落叶和杂草，田块立即耕翻。,2、生物防治,引进天敌弯尾姬蜂 Diadegma semiclusum 颈双缘姬蜂 保护天敌寄生性天敌捕食性天敌 蚂蚁,蜘蛛 ,草蛉,叉角厉蝽,2、生物防治,增加释放天敌寄生性天敌 Parasitoids卵期: 拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum幼虫期: 小菜蛾啮小蜂

37、Ommyzus sokolowsakii , 小菜蛾绒茧蜂 Cotesia plutellae病原微生物 Entomo-pathogens 苏云金杆菌 Bacillus thuringiensis：选用含有Bt制剂的杀虫剂如菜蛾敌。小菜蛾颗粒体病毒 Polygranuous virus：防治时期为卵2龄，加活性炭或墨水防阳光照射，加洗衣粉作展着剂。,3、诱杀法,灯光诱杀安装黑光灯诱杀成虫，每10 亩地安1 灯。性诱剂诱杀结合预测预报诱杀雄虫。,4、化学防治,防治适期 幼虫初期（12龄）。合理用药根据防治指标决定是否用药。防治指标：甘蓝上前期 50头/百株，后期100-120头/百株。选用高效、

38、低毒、低残留的农药。轮换用药，避免抗性产生。常用农药Bt制剂（可与杀虫双混用）、巴丹、安打（茚虫威）、菜喜（多杀霉素）、米满（虫酰肼） 、除尽（虫螨腈）、印楝素等。阿维辛、阿维高氯、氟虫腈毒死蜱等。,黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata,Stripped Flea Beetle,俗称：黄条跳蚤、狗虱虫Common name: Stripped flea beetle分类地位：鞘翅目，叶甲科 寄主：8科19种，偏嗜十字花科蔬菜包括白菜、萝卜、芥菜、油菜、甘蓝、芥蓝、花菜以及茄科、豆科、葫芦科作物。,简介,1、分布,常见有黄曲条跳甲、黄直条跳甲、黄宽条跳甲、黄狭条跳甲。国外分布于亚

39、、欧、北美等50多个国家。国内除新疆、西藏、青海外各省区都有分布，且虫口密度都很高。,成虫：成虫咬食叶片。常数十头成群在一张叶片上为害，尤以叶背为多，被害叶片布满稠密的椭圆形小孔。成虫取食为害叶片，造成孔洞和缺刻。成虫喜欢取食叶片的幼嫩部位，所以苗期受害最重。常造成毁苗现象。幼虫食根幼虫生活在土中，专门为害寄主植物的根皮，使其表面形成许多不规则的条状疤痕。同时咬断须根，使植株发黄萎蔫死亡。,2、为害,黄曲条跳甲为害状,自80年代以来大发生频率增加，在中国南方菜区变成了十字花科蔬菜的主要害虫，在有些地方甚至超过了小菜蛾。广谱性杀虫剂的使用使其产生严重的抗性。没有有效的防治方法，喷施杀虫剂仍然是主

40、要的防治手段。,3、发生为害特点,二、生物学特性,世代一年多代，发生世代由北到南不断增加。新疆、东北2-3代，华北3-5代，长江流域4-6代，广东7-8代。越冬在南岭以北以成虫匍匐于地面的菜叶下面或残枝落叶、杂草中越冬。华南地区无越冬现象，终年可以繁殖。发生高峰双峰型，春、秋季节为害严重。,1、年发生动态,生活史,成虫4-9 days,卵3-9days,幼虫11-16 days,蛹 10-14 days,黄曲条跳甲生活史28-48 days,土中,地上,活动习性活泼，善于跳跃，高温时能飞翔。早晚或阴天躲藏于叶背或土块下，中午前后活动最盛。趋性趋光性：成虫有较强的趋光性，对黑光灯特别敏感。趋黄性

41、：成虫有较强的趋黄光性黄板诱虫法。趋嫩性：常集中于幼嫩的心叶为害。,2、成虫习性,寿命成虫寿命极长，平均50天，最长可达一年。世代重叠的原因。产卵习性产卵期较长，可达30-45天，产卵前期4-9天。产卵时间多为晴天中午的前后。卵散产于植株周围3厘米左右的湿润土壤中或细根上。产卵量一般来说100-150粒/雌，越冬代可达到620粒/雌。卵在土壤中的分布是个体群。,2、成虫习性,幼虫共3 龄，在土内栖息的深度与作物根系分布有关。从须根向主根，从上向下。无转株为害习性。在土壤中的分布与卵一样，属于聚集分布。其基本成份是个体群。蛹老熟幼虫多在3-7厘米深的土壤中作土室化蛹。,3、幼虫及化蛹习性,5、对

42、湿度的要求,卵孵化要求较高的湿度，不到 100%的相对湿度多数卵不能孵化。沟边的菜地由于湿度大而发生重。湿度大的春季为害重。含水量多的壤土和粘土比砂土重。,6、对寄主植物的选择性,成虫取食的选择性,菜心芥菜萝卜 芥蓝,五、防治 CONTROL,农业防治 Cultural Control 生物防治 Biological Control 成虫诱杀 Adult Trapping 化学防治 Chemical Control,1、农业防治,田园清洁及时清理残株落叶。轮作与非十字花科蔬菜轮作。深翻土壤 -播种前7-10天深翻土壤晒垄或用大水浸田。间种紫苏,2、生物防治,病原线虫用斯氏线虫Steinerne

43、ma carpocapsae,施于土壤中防治幼虫，用量：70 万条/平方米。植物杀虫剂2.5%的印楝素和鱼藤精喷于叶片表面。植物次生代谢物质一条防治黄曲条跳甲的新途径。紫苏提取物具有较好的拒食、驱避作用,3、成虫诱杀,黄板诱杀 利用黄曲条跳甲喜欢的黄色诱集成虫，在田间间隔性地放置粘性黄板或黄盘。作物诱杀间隔种植成虫喜欢的植物如芥菜诱集成虫后用化学杀虫剂集中喷施.,利用黄板和间种紫苏防治黄曲条跳甲,4、化学防治,土壤处理在播种前在苗期，当发现幼虫为害时溉根处理。常用农药：辛硫磷、氟虫腈、毒死蜱、噻虫嗪等药杀成虫在苗期成虫开始迁入时喷施杀虫剂。常用农药：敌百虫或敌敌畏与功夫（高效氯氟氰菊酯）混用、

44、毒死蜱或氟虫腈与功夫混用。,甜菜夜蛾防治药剂,甲氨基阿维菌素虫酰肼氟铃（啶）脲茚虫威,蔬菜害虫的无公害控制,1、无公害蔬菜的定义,无公害蔬菜就是指没有受到有害物质污染，卫生、安全质量指标达到国家相关标准的蔬菜。污染蔬菜的有害物质包括三方面。有毒农药污染硝酸盐含量过高带来的污染环境污染带来的公害,蔬菜的农药污染,间接污染通过污染大气、水、土壤等间接对人体产生公害。直接污染：食用有毒蔬菜后引起的中毒急性中毒：引起头痛、头昏、恶心、疲倦、腹痛、痉挛、呼吸困难、昏迷、死亡。慢性中毒：人们长期从环境或从食物中摄入微量的残留农药，在体内积累到一定量时表现的中毒。如肝、肾、神经的损害，贫血以及癌症、畸形等。

45、,2、无公害蔬菜的标准,农药残留不超标不含有禁用的高毒农药其它农药残留不超过允许标准硝酸盐含量不超标一般控制在432ppm以下“三废”等有害物质不超标无公害蔬菜的生产应选择在清洁无污染的地区。,3、无公害蔬菜害虫治理原则,优先采用农业措施，通过选用抗虫品种，非化学药剂种子处理，培育壮苗，加强栽培管理，中耕除草，秋冬季深翻晒土，清洁田园，轮作倒茬、间作套种等一系列措施起到恶化害虫发生环境及控制危害的作用。尽量利用防虫网防虫、灯光、色彩诱杀害虫，利用机械、人工捕捉害虫以及采用天敌、生物药剂等措施，防治害虫为害。必须用药时，只能选用低毒、低残留农药种类,可归纳为“八字方针”,选：选种抗性品种轮：轮作

46、避：种植驱避作物、调整种植时间避开虫害高峰诱：杀虫灯、性诱剂、种植诱杀作物等封：防虫网隔离保护等工：人工摘除群集的幼虫、卵叶或枝等准：准确把握病虫防治适期药：使用允许的应急防治药剂，如生物农药、植物源农药及低毒低残留的化学药剂。,4、选择农药应注意,选择特异性昆虫生长调节剂。选择高效、低毒、低残留的农药。选择植物质杀虫剂。针对性地选择药效好、中等毒性和低残留的农药。选择性的施药方试，合理的施药时间。尽量进行挑治，避免大面积同时施用同一种杀虫剂。根据防治指标进行防治。选择效果好，对人、畜、自然天敌毒性较小或无毒的生物农药。,5、无公害蔬菜生产常用农药,（1）、生物农药苏云金杆菌（B.t制剂）防治

47、对象：小菜蛾、菜青虫、豇豆荚螟、斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾等鳞翅目害虫。线虫防治对象：小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、黄曲条跳甲等。病毒制剂斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（NPV），小菜蛾颗粒体病毒（GV），菜粉蝶GV等。,5、无公害蔬菜生产常用农药,（3）特异性杀虫剂抑太保可防治夜蛾类、菜青虫、豇豆荚螟、小菜蛾。主要作用是抑制几丁质的合成，阻碍昆虫的正常脱皮。药效较高，但作用较缓慢，属低毒化学杀虫剂。灭幼脲和除虫脲防治菜青虫效果较好，作用机理同抑太保。（4）植物质杀虫剂印楝素、鱼藤酮等。,5、无公害蔬菜生产常用农药,（5）高效、低毒、低残留杀虫剂有机磷类马拉硫磷、敌百虫、辛硫磷等。菊酯类百树菊酯、除虫菊酯、氯菊酯、甲醚菊酯、多来宝、功夫等。防治蓟马和螨类的农药七星宝、抗螨23、克螨特、托尔克、螨代治。,中等毒性的杀虫剂，只能选择使用 ：,敌敌畏、乐果、巴丹、杀虫双、克蚜星、抗虫922、好年冬、辟蚜雾、螨克、灭扫利、速灭杀丁、来福灵、天王星、兴棉宝、高效百可灭、敌杀死。,6、蔬菜上禁止使用的农药,高毒或含高毒的农药：甲胺磷、乙酰甲胺磷、呋喃丹、三九一一、 一六0五、苏化203、甲基一六0五、一0五九、久效磷、磷胺、异丙磷、三硫磷、氧化乐果、磷化锌、氰化物、磷化铝、氟乙酰胺、杀虫脒、水胺硫磷等。含有甲胺磷等高毒农药的混配剂,