本科生毕业设计（论文）：Pessimism in The Man that Corrupted the Hadleyburg.doc

1、存档日期存档编号本科生毕业设计（论文）论文题目姓名学院外国语学院专业商贸英语年级、学号09级，09042014指导教师江苏师范大学教务处印制PESSIMISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGABSTRACTTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGISONEOFTHEMOSTFAMOUSWORKSOFMARKTWAININTHISWORK,HEEXPRESSEDHISPESSIMISMHEEXPOSEDTHEDEGENERATIONOFHUMANNATUREWHENPEOPLEWEREFACEDWITHTEMPTATIONANDTHEUGLYESS

2、ENCEOFTHEWORLDHEWASQUITEDISAPPOINTEDTOTHEWORLDTHISESSAYDISCUSSESTHEPESSIMISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGONTHEBASISOFNEWHISTORICISMTHEESSAYEXPLORESTHEREASONSOFMARKTWAINSPESSIMISMFROMHISPERSONALEXPERIENCEANDTHEREALITYOFAMERICANSOCIETYTHENITINTRODUCESTHEMEANINGOFHISPESSIMISMFURTHERMORE,THEESSAYMAKES

3、ASPECIFICANALYSISOFMARKTWAINSPESSIMISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGFROMASPECTSOFPLOTANDCHARACTERSMARKTWAINSPESSIMISMWASMAINLYDISPLAYEDINHISDISAPPOINTMENTTOHUMANNATUREANDHISBELIEFOFFATALISM,WHICHGREATLYAFFECTEDHISLATERWRITINGSASWELLASLATERWRITERSKEYWORDSPESSIMISMTEMPTATIONTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYB

4、URG摘要败坏了赫德莱堡的人是马克吐温晚年的一部代表作品，在这部小说中，马克吐温表现出了悲观主义思想。他剖析了在诱惑面前人性表现出的的黑暗和这个世界的丑陋，进而萌发了悲观主义的情绪。本文试图借助新历史主义的观点来分析马克吐温在败坏了赫德莱堡的人这部小说中流露出的的悲观主义，从个人经历和美国社会现实两个方面研究马克吐温悲观主义产生的原因，紧接着讨论马克吐温悲观主义的含义，并从小说的构思和艺术形象两个角度来研究马克吐温悲观主义情绪在败坏了赫德莱堡的人这部小说中的具体体现。马克吐温的悲观主义思想主要表现在对人性的失望和宿命论，这两方面的思想都对他的后期创作以及后来的作家产生了深远的影响。关键词悲观主

5、义诱惑败坏了赫德莱堡的人CONTENTSABSTRACTI摘要IIINTRODUCTION1CHAPTERONETHEFORMATIONANDMEANINGOFTWAINSPESSIMISM31THEFORMATIONOFTWAINSPESSIMISM32THEMEANINGOFTWAINSPESSIMISM4CHAPTERTWOTHESPECIFICANALYSISOFPESSIMISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURG71FROMTHEASPECTOFPLOT72FROMTHEASPECTOFCHARACTERS9CHAPTERTHREETHEEFFECTOFT

6、WAINSPESSIMISM121THEEFFECTONHISLATERWRITING122THEEFFECTONLATERWRITERS13CONCLUSION14WORKSCITED15PESSIMISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDTHEHADLEYBURGINTRODUCTIONSAMUELLANGHORNECLEMENSNOVEMBER30,1835APRIL21,1910,BETTERKNOWNBYHISPENNAMEMARKTWAIN,WASANAMERICANAUTHORANDHUMORISTTWAINGREWUPINHANNIBALMISSOURIDURINGHI

7、SLIFE,HEAPPRENTICEDWITHAPRINTERHEALSOWORKEDASATYPESETTERANDCONTRIBUTEDARTICLESTOHISOLDERBROTHERORIONSNEWSPAPERAFTERTOILINGASAPRINTERINVARIOUSCITIES,HEBECAMEAMASTERRIVERBOATPILOTONTHEMISSISSIPPIRIVERBEFOREHEADINGWESTTOJOINORIONHEWASAFAILUREATGOLDMINING,SOHETURNEDTOJOURNALISMASAREPORTER,HEWROTEAHUMORO

8、USSTORY,THECELEBRATEDJUMPINGFROGOFCALAVERASCOUNTYWHICHBECAMEVERYPOPULARANDBROUGHTNATIONWIDEATTENTIONTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURG,WRITTENIN1900，ISONEOFTHEMOSTFAMOUSWORKSOFMARKTWAINTHENOVELWASABOUTATOWNNAMEDHADLEYBURGWHICHWASFAMOUSFORITSGOODREPUTATIONEVERYONEBELIEVEDITWASANUNCORRUPTEDTOWNBUTASTRANGER

9、CAMETOHADLEYBURGWITHABAGOFGOLDCOINTOFINDOUTANUNKNOWNBENEFACTORBECAUSETHEBENEFACTOREVERGAVE20DOLLARSTOTHESTRANGERTHECHIEFNINETEENCITIZENSWANTEDTOBETHEBENEFACTORANDMADEEVERYENDEAVORTOGETTHEGOLDATLAST,THEHONESTANDUPRIGHTTOWNBECAMETHESYNONYMOFUGLINESS,LIARSANDTHIEFTHISNOVELISATURNINGPOINTINTWAINSWRITING

10、,WHEREHECHANGESHISSTYLEFROMHUMORTOSATIREALSO,HEISBECOMINGMOREANDMOREPESSIMISTICCOMPAREDWITHHISEARLYWRITINGCHINESESCHOLARSMAINLYEXPLORETHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGFROMTHEFOLLOWINGASPECTS,SUCHASFROMTHEWRITINGSKILLSORTHEREASONSOFHISPESSIMISMCHENHUIZHUEVERWROTEANESSAYTOLEARNINGTHEORY,ENTITLEDRESEARCHON

11、THECAUSESOFMARKTWAINSPESSIMISMINHISLATERLIFESHETRIEDTOEXAMINETHEREASONSOFHISPESSIMISMFROMMARKTWAINSPERSONALEXPERIENCEANDTHECHANGESOFAMERICANSOCIETYFOREIGNSCHOLARSMAINLYSTUDYTHISNOVELFROMTHEASPECTSOFCULTURALPESSIMISMANDPESSIMISTLITERATURETHEYTRYTOSTUDYMARKTWAINSPESSIMISMINHISLATERWRITINGSFEWSCHOLARSD

12、ISCUSSHISPESSIMISMREVEALEDINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGFROMTHEASPECTOFNEWHISTORICISMTHISESSAYEXPLORESTWAINSPESSIMISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGWITHTHETHEORYOFNEWHISTORICISMSCHOLARSOFNEWHISTORICISMHOLDTHEVIEWTHATLITERATUREISHIGHLYAFFECTEDBYTHECOMPLEXANDSUBTLESOCIALBACKGROUNDLITERATUREISAPRODUCT

13、OFASPECIFICSOCIETYWHICHHASITSOWNFEATURESINHISTORYANDCULTURETHISESSAYWILLFOCUSONTHEEFFECTSOFAMERICANCULTUREANDHISTORYONTHECHANGEOFMARKTWAINATTHESAMETIME,ITWILLTRYTOEXPLAINTHENOVELFROMTHEANGLEOFHISTORYTOPROCLAIMTWAINSPESSIMISMINHISLATERWRITINGTHROUGHTHERESEARCHOFPESSIMISMINMARKTWAINSTHEMANTHATCORRUPTE

14、DTHEHADLEYBURG,IWOULDLIKETOINSPIREPEOPLETOTHINKABOUTHOWTHEYWILLACTWHENTHEYFACETEMPTATIONPEOPLEALLLIVEINAWORLDFILLEDWITHTEMPTATIONANDTHEREISASEEDOFDESIREINPEOPLESMINDHOWDOPEOPLEACTWHENTHEYMEETWITHTEMPTATIONIFPEOPLECOULDTHINKABOUTITDEEPLY,THEYMIGHTKEEPASOBERINTHEPURSUITOFFAMEANDFORTUNECHAPTERONETHEFOR

15、MATIONANDMEANINGOFTWAINSPESSIMISM1THEANALYSISOFTHEWRITINGBACKGROUNDINTHELATE19THCENTURY,THEREISADRAMATICCHANGEINAMERICANCULTUREDARWINSTHEORYOFEVOLUTIONANDSPENCERSTHEORYOFSOCIALCOMPETITIONBROUGHTGREATDESTROYTOCHRISTIANITYANDRATIONALISMTHISMADETHETRADITIONALBELIEFWHICHWASBUILTONTHEFOUNDATIONOFMODESTYA

16、NDFAIRNESSLOSEITSSENSETHEREFORE,HUMANDIGNITYWASDECONSTRUCTEDANDTHEDESIREFORCIVILIZATIONANDDEMOCRACYWASREPLACEDBYMATERIALPURSUITPOWERANDWEALTHHADBECOMETHECENTEROFLIFEHOWEVER,WEKNOWMARKTWAINALWAYSHADADREAMFORAHIGHLYCIVILIZEDSOCIETYTHEREALITYWASFARAWAYFROMWHATHEDREAMEDFORSOHEWASQUITEDISAPPOINTEDATTHESO

17、CIETYMOREOVER,THEUSAENTEREDTHEPERIODOFIMPERIALISMTHECOUNTRYINVADEDOTHERCOUNTRIESINTHEWHOLEWORLDINORDERTOOPENAMARKETFORITSPRODUCTSTWAINWITNESSEDTHECOLONIALWARWHILEHEWASINROUNDTHEWORLDLECTURETOURHEHADADEEPAVERSIONTOTHEEVILBEHAVIORTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURG,WRITTENIN1900,WASSETINSUCHASOCIALBACKGROUN

18、DINTHISWORK,THENINETEENPRINCIPLECITIZENSDECEIVEDEACHOTHERANDDISGUISEDWHENTHEYWEREFACEDWITHABAGOFGOLDTHISWASATRUEPORTRAYALOFTHECAPITALISTSOCIETY,ORWECANSAY,THENINETEENPRINCIPLECITIZENSWEREASYMBOLOFIMPERIALISMTWAINMERCILESSLYCRITICIZEDTHESOCIALCORRUPTIONANDHYPOCRISYINAMERICANASWELLASTHEMAGICANDEVILROL

19、EMONEYPLAYEDINTHESOCIETYHOWEVER,MARKTWAINTOOKTHEGREEDANDSELFISHNATUREOFTHECAPITALISTASALLTHECITIZENSINCOMMON,WHICHMADETHEWORKSHROUDINPESSIMISTICCOLORANDPESSIMISTICIDEACONTINUEDINHISOLDAGETWAINSPESSIMISM,WHICHISSHOWNINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGISALSORELATEDTOHISPERSONALEXPERIENCEINTHE1890SIN1894,H

20、ISINVESTMENTSOFTHETYPESETTINGMACHINEANDTHEPUBLISHINGCOMPANYFAILED,WHICHBROUGHTADEBTOFONEHUNDREDTHOUSANDTOMARKTWAINTHEREFOREHEHADTOMAKEAROUNDTHEWORLDLECTURETOURTOEARNMONEYFORTHEDEBTASASICKLYMANOFNEARLY60YEARSOLDLATER，HEEVERUSEDWORDSTODESCRIBEHISFEELINGTOTHEBANKRUPTCY,WHICHWAS“PAINDESPAIRANDBETORNWITH

21、GRIEF”（TWAIN,76）THEBANKRUPTCYWASAHUGEHITTOMARKTWAININMATERIAL,WHILETHEDEATHOFHISBELOVEDDAUGHTERBROUGHTGREATPAINTOHISSPIRITJUSTDURINGHISTOUR,ONTHE15THOFAUGUST1896,WHENTWAINWASSTANDINGINADINNINGROOM,THINKINGOFNOTHINGINPARTICULAR,ACABLEWASPUTINTOHISHAND,“SUSYWASPEACEFULLYRELEASEDTODAY”（TWAIN,110）TWAIN,

22、UNPREPARED,COULDHARDLYACCEPTTHETHUNDERSTROKELIKETHATTHEWRITERSPERSONALEXPERIENCEINFLUENCESTHEWRITERSSPIRITHESAIDINHISLETTERTOAFRIENDTHATHEKEPTWORKINGJUSTFORWORKINORDERTOSTOPPAINSOWECANEASILYUNDERSTANDTHEEFFECTSOFTHEDISASTERSONEAFTERANOTHERINHISWRITINGHEJUSTEXPRESSEDHISEXTREMEPAINANDDISAPPOINTMENTTHR

23、OUGHHISWORKSTHROUGHTHEANALYSISOFTHEWRITINGBACKGROUND,WECANEASILYUNDERSTANDHISPESSIMISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURG2THEMEANINGSOFPESSIMISMAFTERGETTINGFAMILIARTOTHEWRITINGBACKGROUND,WECANKNOWTHATPERSONALEXPERIENCEANDTHEREALITYOFAMERICANSOCIETYCONTRIBUTEDTOMARKTWAINSPESSIMISMBUTWHATARETHEMEANINGSOFP

24、ESSIMISMSHOWNINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGTHEREARETWOASPECTSOFTHEMEANINGOFPESSIMISMFIRSTLY,MARKTWAINHOLDSTHEVIEWTHATTHEHUMANNATUREISEVILSECONDLY,HEBELIEVESINFATALISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURG,MARKTWAINWASPESSIMISTICTOWARDSHUMANNATUREHETHOUGHTHUMANNATUREWASEVILBECAUSEHUMANBECAMEHYPOCRITICALAND

25、GREEDYWHENTHEYWEREFACEDWITHTEMPTATIONPEOPLESWILLWASSOWEAKTOCONTROLTHEIRDESIRETHEREFORE,ALLTHEVIRTUESWERERUINEDBYTHEBAGOFGOLDCOINTHEWEAKESTOFALLWEAKTHINGSISAVIRTUEWHICHHASNOTBEENTESTEDINTHEFIRE230CITIZENSINTHETOWNEVERTHOUGHTTHEYWEREHONEST,KIND,ANDUPRIGHTBUTTHEHONESTYWASWEAKASWATERWHENTEMPTATIONCAME,W

26、HICHMADEHIMQUITEDISAPPOINTEDANDPESSIMISTICTOWARDHUMANNATUREINTHEGOVERNMENTHALL,WILSONDELIVEREDAPERSUASIVESPEECHWHENHEFOUNDBILLSONALSOGAVEALETTERTOMRBURGESSWHICHSAIDBILLSONWASTHEBENEFACTORTHEREISNOTHINGINTHEWORLDLIKEAPERSUASIVESPEECHTOFUDDLETHEMENTALAPPARATUSANDUPSETTHECONVICTIONSANDDEBAUCHTHEEMOTION

27、SOFANAUDIENCENOTPRACTICEDINTHETRICKSANDDELUSIONSOFORATORY223THECITIZENSWERETRAINEDTOBEHONESTFROMTHEVERYCRADLE,AGAINSTEVERYPOSSIBLETEMPTATIONBUTITWASFICTITIOUSHONESTYWHENTEMPTATIONCAMEMARKTWAINSPESSIMISMWASNOTONLYDISPLAYEDINHISDISAPPOINTMENTTOHUMANNATUREBUTALSODISPLAYEDINHISBELIEFOFFATALISMINTHEMANTH

28、ATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURG,MARKTWAINPRELIMINARILYEXPRESSEDHISVIEWPOINTOFFATALISMHEEXPLAINEDACCIDENTALEVENTSTOTHEORDEROFGODHEDIDNOTBELIEVETHEWILLPOWEROFHUMANINHISMIND,ITWASGODBUTNOTHUMANTHATCONTROLLEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFEVENTSHISVIEWPOINTOFFATALISMWASMAINLYDISPLAYEDINTHECHARACTEROFTHERICHARDS,WHOTENDEDTOEXPLA

29、INHISFAILUREORSUCCESSINGETTINGTHEMONEYTOTHEORDEROFGODFROMHERE,WECANSEEMARKTWAINTHOUGHTMANCOULDNOTDOMINATETHEDESTINYOFTHEIROWNTHISISAKINDOFNEGATIVEVIEWPOINTOFLIFECHAPTERTWOTHESPECIFICANALYSISOFPESSIMISMINTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURG1FROMTHEASPECTOFPLOTTHEPLOTOFTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDHADLEYBURGISVERYBIZA

30、RREWHENTHEGOLDCOINWHICHISTHESYMBOLOFTEMPTATIONAPPEARS,THEHONESTANDUPRIGHTTOWNLOSTITSPEACEHERE,MARKTWAINTOOKTHEGOLDCOINANDTHEPASSINGSTRANGERASTHEMAINLINE,ANDPLAYEDAFARCEFORTHEREADERSWECANTAKETHEFARCEASAPSYCHOLOGICALEXPERIMENTTWAINHADDESIGNEDACLEVERPSYCHOLOGICALEXPERIMENT,CONDUCTEDBYTHESTRANGER,TOMAKE

31、THEREADERSWATCHTHESEEXPERIMENTOBJECTSANDFINDOUTTHEREACTIONOFCITIZENSINTHETOWNBYDOINGSO,MARKTWAINREVEALEDTHEHUMANNATUREINAMATERIALSOCIETYANDTHEREALITYOFMORALITYDECAYTWAINSSATIRE,SIMILARTORIDICULE,ISLINKEDTOPESSIMISMINHISOLDAGEWHENHEWASQUITESUSPICIOUSHEWASSUSPICIOUSOFHUMANNATUREASWELLASTHEDEMOCRACYOFA

32、MERICANSOCIETYATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHESTORY,THEPASSINGSTRANGERCAMETOHADLEYBURGWITHABAGOFGOLDCOINANDBROKETHEQUIETLIFEORDERINTHETOWNTHECITIZENSWEREGREATLYEXCITEDBECAUSETHETRUSTFROMTHESTRANGERSHOWEDTHATTHEYLIVEDINANINCORRUPTIBLETOWNANDWEREPROUDOFITBUTTHECITIZENSWEREINANGUISHANDSIGHLATERASTHEYWANTEDTOKNOWWHA

33、TTHEREMARKWASTHATTHEBENEFACTORSAIDTOTHESTRANGERTHATWASYOUAREFARFROMBEINGABADMANFROMTHEIRREACTION,WECANFINDTHEYHADFALLENINTOTHETRAPOFTHESTRANGERANDATTRACTEDBYTHETEMPTATIONTHENTHEPASSINGSTRANGERCONTINUEDHISPLANOFEXPERIMENTBYTELLINGTHENINETEENCHIEFCITIZENSWHATTHEREMARKWASANDTHENINETEENCHIEFCITIZENSANDT

34、HEIRWIVESBORETHATEXPRESSIONOFPEACEANDHAPPINESSAGAINSOTHEMRBURGESSRECEIVEDNINETEENLETTERSWHICHALLMADEADECLARATIONTHATTHEGOLDCOINBELONGEDTOITSWRITERTILLNOW,THESELFISHNESSANDGREEDOFTHESECITIZENSHADALREADYBEENEXPOSEDTHENHERECOMESTHECLIMAXOFTHESTORYBEHINDTHEGOLDCOIN,THEREWASAHUGEFRAUDBUTTHEREADERSCANFIND

35、OUTTHEWEAKNESSOFHUMANNATUREOFTHESECITIZENSTHROUGHTHEFRAUDTHEIRSELFISHNESS,LIESANDGREEDWEREQUITECLEARANDTHESTRANGERDESIGNEDATRAPTOMAKETHERICHARDSONCEAGAINBETEMPTEDMRBURGESSHELPEDTHECOUPLESAVETHEIRHONORANDGAINEDAHUGEAMOUNTOFMONEYBUTBECAUSEOFFEARANDANXIETY,THERICHARDSBECAMEILLANDTOLDTHETRUTHTHATTHEYWER

36、ETEMPTEDBYTHEGOLDCOINTOOTHELASTOFTHESACREDNINETEENHADFALLENAPREYTOTHEFIENDISHSACKTHETOWNWASSTRIPPEDOFTHELASTRAGEOFITSANCIENTGLORYITSMOURNINGWASNOTSHOWY,BUTITWASDEEP（241）THECOUPLEREALIZEDTHEIRDESIREBUTDEADATLASTHERE,MARKTWAINTOLDABIZARRESTORYTOREADERSHEREVEALEDTHEMORALSTATUSANDSOCIALREALITYBYHISTEXTT

37、HROUGHTHEWONDERFULPLOTDESIGN,MARKTWAINREVEALEDTHEMORALSTATUSBYACTIONSOFPEOPLEINTHETOWNWHENTHEYFACEDTHEGOLDCOINFURTHERMORE,THEPROCESSOFTRYINGTOCLAIMTHECOINWASATRUEPORTRAYALOFCAPITALISTSWHENTHEYFACEDHUGEAMOUNTOFMONEYHEREHISTEXTISCLOSELYRELATEDTOTHECULTUREANDSOCIETYOFTHE19THCENTURYINAMERICAATTHATTIME,A

38、MERICAENTEREDASTAGEOFIMPERIALISMCAPITALISTRANAFTERMONEYWITHOUTCARINGABOUTANYTHINGTHISSOCIETYWASFARAWAYFROMMARKTWAINSIDEALSOCIETYANDMARKTWAINCOULDNOTFINDAREASONABLESOLUTIONANDEXPLANATIONTOTHEUGLYWORLD,SOHISMINDISFILLEDWITHPESSIMISTICMOOD2FROMTHEASPECTOFCHARACTERSMARKTWAINDESIGNEDTHECHARACTEROFTHESTRA

39、NGERMAINLYTOEXPOSETHEEVILESSENCEOFHUMANNATURETHESTRANGERWASAVISITORTOHADLEYBURG,WHOWASACONCENTRATEDREFLECTIONOFBLACKNESSINHUMANNATUREHEWASANARROWMINDEDMANHEREVENGEDTHETOWNFORHEWASOFFENDEDINTHETOWNANDHEKEPTTHEINJURYINMINDHEGAVEALLHISLEISURETIMETOTRYTOINVENTACOMPENSATINGSATISFACTIONFORITALSO,HEWASCUNN

40、INGANDMALICIOUSHEWANTEDTODAMAGEEVERYONEINTHETOWNNOTINTHEIRBODIESORINTHEIRESTATE,BUTINTHEIRVANITYTHEPLACEWHEREFEEBLEANDFOOLISHPEOPLEWEREMOSTVULNERABLETHEREFORE,WHATHEWANTEDWASAPLANWHICHWOULDCOMPREHENDTHEENTIRETOWN,ANDNOTLETSOMUCHASONEPERSONESCAPEUNHURTMARKTWAINEXPRESSEDHISVIEWPOINTOFHUMANNATURETHROUG

41、HTHECHARACTEROFTHESTRANGERINHISEYES,THEREWERENOMERITSINHUMANNATUREFROMTHEANGLEOFTHEAUTHOR,TWAINSPESSIMISMWASDISPLAYEDBYHISDISAPPOINTMENTTOHUMANNATUREASREADERS,WECANUNDERSTANDHISPESSIMISMFROMANOTHERANGLETHATISTAKINGTHESTRANGERASASYMBOLOFCULTURALINTRUSIONTHESTRANGERWASANOUTSIDERANDCAMETOHADLEYBURGWITH

42、AMOTIVATIONTODISTURBTHEORDEROFTHETOWNANDEXPOSETHEMOSTDISHONORABLEPARTSOFPEOPLEHECAMETOTHETOWNNOTTOBRINGPROSPERITYBUTDISASTERSTOITMARKTWAINTHOUGHTALLVISITORSONLYBROUGHTDESTRUCTIONANDDISASTERSTOLOCALPEOPLEHEWASDISGUSTEDABOUTTHEOUTSIDERSINTERVENTIONASWELLASITSDEVASTATINGEFFECTSHOWEVER,THEINTRUSIONOFANO

43、THERCULTURENOTONLYBROUGHTDESTRUCTIONTOLOCALPEOPLE,BUTALSOBROUGHTSOMEPOSITIVECHANGESTOTHEMFOREXAMPLE,THESTRANGERBROUGHTAMIRRORABAGOFGOLDCOINFORTHECIVILIZATIONSTOSEECLEARLYWHATTHETOWNWASLIKEMARKTWAINONLYFOCUSEDONTHENEGATIVEEFFECTSOFSUCHINTRUSIONHETHOUGHTCULTURALINTRUSIONWASTOTALLYBADSOTHATPEOPLESHOULD

44、DONOTHINGBUTPREVENTSUCHCULTURALINTRUSIONTOMAKEACONCLUSION,THECHARACTEROFTHESTRANGERWASACOMPLICATEDONEMARKTWAINCREATEDSUCHACHARACTERTODISPLAYHISDESPAIRTOHUMANNATUREANDHISPESSIMISTICMOODTOCULTURALINTRUSIONWECANALSOUNDERSTANDTWAINSPESSIMISMFROMTHECHARACTEROFTHERICHARDSTHERICHARDSWEREOLDERTHEYWERESOPOOR

45、THATTHEYCOULDHARDLYREFUSETHETEMPTATIONOFSUCHAHUGEAMOUNTOFGOLDCOINTHEGOLDCOINWEIGHEDAHUNDREDANDSIXTYPOUNDSFOUROUNCESFACINGSUCHAHUGEAMOUNTOFMONEY,THEYSELFISHLYHADTHEDESIREOFGETTINGTHEGOLDCOINANDTHEYGRADUALLYLOSECONTROLOFTHEIRWILLASTHEYHADTHEDESIRETOGETTHEMONEYTHEYEVERTRIEDTOFIGHTWITHTHEIRGREEDBUTFAILE

46、DLEADUSNOTINTOBUTBUTWEARESOPOOR,SOPOORLEADUSNOTINTOAH,WHOWOULDBEHURTBYITANDNOONEWOULDEVERKNOWLEADUS200ATLAST,THEIRWILLWASBEATENBYTHEDESIREANDTHEYWALKEDINTOTHETRAPDESIGNEDBYTHESTRANGERFROMTHECHARACTEROFTHERICHARDS,WESEEMTOFEELMARKTWAINSFATALISMATTHEBEGINNING,WHENTHEYLOSTTHEOPPORTUNITYOFGAININGTHEGOLD

47、COIN,MRRICHARDSAIDTHATITWASORDEREDTHENAFTERTHEYWERETEMPTEDONCEAGAINANDGOTTHEMONEY,HESAIDAGAINWEWECOULDNOTHELPIT,MARYITWELLITWASORDEREDALLTHINGSARE235WEKNOWTHATTHERICHARDSPREVIOUSLYHADTHEOPPORTUNITYTOREFUSETHETEMPTATIONBUTTHEYFAILEDTOGRASPITWHENFACEDWITHMONEY,THEIRWILLCOULDNOTWITHSTANDASINGLEBLOWJUST

48、BECAUSETHEYDIDNOTBELIEVETHATTHEYCOULDCONTROLTHEIRWILL,THEYWALKEDTODEATHWITHGREATANXIETYANDFEARMRRICHARDEXPLAINEDWHATHAPPENEDTOTHEORDEROFGODTHATWASAPORTRAYALOFMARKTWAIN,HEEXPLAINEDTHOSETHINGSTHATHECOULDNOTUNDERSTANDTOFATEINHISMIND,PEOPLECOULDNOTCONTROLTHEIRWILLWHENTHEYWEREFACEDWITHTEMPTATIONANDBECAME

49、THESLAVEOFDESIREBYCREATINGTHECHARACTEROFTHERICHARDS,MARKTWAINMADEANEXPOSUREOFGREEDANDSELFISHNESSOFHUMANNATUREALSO,HEDISPLAYEDHISBELIEFINFATALISMHETHOUGHTMANCOULDHARDLYDOMINATETHEIRDESTINYCHAPTERTHREETHEEFFECTSOFTWAINSPESSIMISM1EFFECTONHISLATERWRITINGINHISWORKTHEMANTHATCORRUPTEDTHEHADLEYBURG,MARKTWAINSHOWEDASENSEOFDESPAIRTOHUMANNATUREANDHEBECAMETOBELIEVEINFATALISMINTWAINSMIND,PEOPLEWEREHONESTJUSTBECAUSETHEYDIDNOTHAVETHEOPPORTUNITYTOEXPOSETHEIRUGLYANDGREEDYESSENCEFURTHERMORE,MANCOULDHARDLYCONTROLTHEIRDESIREANDWASEASILYTEMPTEDBYTHEBAGOFGOLDCOINTHENOVELTH