HistoryoftheStarkEffect.ppt

1、宏观、微观斯塔克效应产生子线分裂的电场来源于外部的稳恒电流场可称宏观，稳恒可理解为观测积分时间内电场不发生改变；微观即导致子线分裂的电场来源于辐射原子附近的带电粒子，碰撞辐射原子的带电粒子分离子和电子，他们对辐射原子的库仑场是随机变化，需要用统计理论解释，但产生的效果是谱线加宽。微观宏观的区分：是否用统计理论处理；所测电场的最小空间尺度内电场是否是均匀和稳恒。,线性、非线性斯塔克线性和非线性效应都同时存在，但弱场强时线性显著，强场时非线性（二次）对分裂起住到作用。y=ax+b(x2),对Halpha,ax和b(x2)的交点在10(5)V/cm估算太阳上可能的分裂线距量级（5mA0.5A）图,T

2、here are actually two types of stark effect: the linear stark effect and the quadratic version of the stark effect. As expected, the linear stark effect is linearly dependant on the applied electric field while the quadratic stark effect is smaller in the value of splitting and varies as the square

3、of the applied electric field.,纵向横向电场图,实测中的线偏振和圆偏振横向场观测只看到线偏振（吸收？发射？），偏振方向平行于横向电场；纵向场观测看到“非偏振”的圆偏振强度？sigma线的位置在pi线内侧。他们的相对强度计算？,可以观测的对象考虑磁场的存在，将电场分解为平行磁场和垂直于磁场去寻找可观测量。1）验证电流片的存在（电流闭合假设）；2）非完全冻结下，流场拖拽引起的霍尔电压（正负粒子分离），发向垂直于磁场；3）暗条系统的电场,观测仪器和观测方式谱线观测（不行？）两维滤光器快速扫描式滤光器,History of the Stark EffectWhen Zee

4、man discovered the effect of magnetic fields on the wavelengths of emitted spectra from an excited gas, the Zeeman effect, it sparked a search for a similar effect due to electric fields. For fifteen years the search failed to show such an effect and as a matter of fact, Woldemar Voigt of Gttingen (

5、known for the discovery of the Voigt effect) showed on a theoretical basis, with some assumptions, that no such effect should be expected. Experimental failure to find the effect of electric fields on emitted spectra was actually due to a very simple phenomenon. Excitation of atoms to show spectra w

6、as usually performed by passing an electric arc through a gas. The gas would be ionized allowing current to flow via motion of the freed electrons and collisions between electrons and ions or electrons and neutral atoms would excite the ions or atoms and then spectra would be visible as the ions or

7、atoms decayed back down from their excited states. The problem is that applying an external electric field to this highly conductive gas simply rearranges the charges such that the electric field within the gas is neutralized and you have no appreciable fraction of the emitting ions or atoms experie

8、ncing any electric field at all. Johannes Stark, in 1913, recognized the importance of lowering the conductivity of the luminous gas in order to maintain a strong electric field within the gas. His method for accomplishing this was to examine the spectra emitted by the luminous canal rays behind a p

9、erforated cathode. Goldstein discovered these canal rays were discovered by Goldstein and used by Stark to demonstrate the doppler effect. Stark added a second electrode immediately behind the perforated cathode and applied a strong electric field between this new electrode and that cathode. He foun

10、d that he could maintain several hundred thousand volts per centimeter between them. He also found that the Hydrogen lines emitted by these canal rays were split into polarized components.,Johannes Stark won the Nobel Prize for his demonstration of the Stark Effect.,When Stark aimed his spectroscope

11、 at the region between the electrodes from the side, he found the transverse effect where spectral lines were split into symetrically polarized components on the right and left of the original line. Separation between these components varied linearly with electric field strength, the linear Stark ef

12、fect. If the field is strong enough, you can also see the quadratic Stark effect in which the separation varies with the square of the applied electric field. With a different arrangement of electrodes, Stark also observed the longitudinal effect parallel to the electric field. Each Balmer line was

13、separated into a number of components. That number increased with the serial number of the line so that the red H line is split into the smallest number (9). Observing perpendicular to the field some of the components seen are polarized parallel to the field while others are polarized perpendicular to the field. Observing in a direction parallel to the electric field, those perpendicularly polarized components appear unpolarized, while the parallel polarized components disappear.,